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Scheduling
Algorithms in Open
Pit Mining
I N G . J O S E G O N Z A L E S B O R JA
FA C U LTA D D E I N G E N I E R I A G EO LO G I C A , M I N E R A Y M E TA LU R G I C A
LIMA, AUGUST 2015
Summary
- Lack of universally accepted methodology:
Ad-hoc solutions for specific cases are useless for other cases
Partially explained by commercial interests of software and consulting
companies
, , +
( , + )
1+
,0
Which means:
The maximum NPV (V) of the entire reserve (R), at a time (T), can be
calculated by considering all feasible strategies () and picking the
maximum sum of the cash flow (c) of a portion of the reserve (r) and
the maximum value of the remaining reserve. A discount rate () is used
to adjust the remaining value by the time (t) taken to mine an
increment of the reserve.
Subject to
, ,
,
0,1 ; 0,1
where
, ,
: set of destinations
=
: profit obtained from processing block b when sending it
(1+ )
to destination d at time period t; is discount rate
=1
=1
+
=1
Subject to
+
=0
=1
= 0
+
=1
where
= deficit of ore tonnage below the lower limit, in period for block
model
Models
MSSP
Milawa
Tolwinski
COMET
Branch and cut
Lagrangian relaxation
Fundamental trees
Ant colony optimization
Genetic algorithms
Critical Multipliers
DeepMine
BP
MILP
DP
SIP
BP algorithms
MSSP
- Cai and Banfield, 1979 United States
- Used in Minesight Strategic Planner (MSSP), now with support
discontinued
- The bottom benches are mined in fractions via linear programming
with the status of direct mill feed stockpiles considered automatically
Milawa algorithm
- Unknown author, 1999
- Used in Whittle , now a product of Dassault Systmes - France
- Variables are benches in each pushback and regions of high value are
identified with a heuristic approach
- considers two constraints per period:
Minimum and maximum separation between pushbacks
Maximum vertical advance
DP algorithms
Tolwinski algorithm
- Tolwinski, 1992 - United States
- Used in NPV Scheduler, now a product of CAE Inc. - Canada
- It combines ideas from dynamic programming with stochastic search
heuristics to produce feasible solutions to the problem.
- Dynamic programming states grows exponentially with number of
blocks, making the problem intractable for large open pits.
COMET algorithm
- King, 2000 - United Kingdom
- Used in COMET, a product of Comet Strategy - Australia
- Works as an add-in to Microsoft Excel
- Simultaneous optimization of cutoff grades, dilution and comminution
MILP algorithms
Lagrangian relaxation
- Dagdelen, 1985 - United States
- Used in Colorado School of Mines Not available commercially.
- In his PhD thesis, Dagdelen solves the MILP problem with Lagrange
multipliers, but failed in guaranteeing convergence for the general case.
- Akaike (1999) and then Kawahata (2006) expands this procedure to
solve the convergence issue by using more multipliers and changing the
iteration scheme for determining the value of the multipliers.
- After generating the fundamental trees for a given orebody model, the
MILP model uses each tree as a block having certain attributes.
- A case study showed a reduction from 38,457 variables in the raw
MILP model to 5,512 with the use of the FT algorithm.
- Requires pre-defined pushbacks
Genetic algorithm
- Bitanshu Das, 2012- India
- Not available commercially
- Mimics natural selection where a population of candidate solutions
are mutated to increase the fitness of the solution.
- In his thesis, the author starts from a random solution performing
several crossovers, mutations and eliminations to reach the optimized
solution and shows an example for an iron ore mine.
- The critical multipliers are break-point values from the ultimate pit
parameterization that define a piecewise linear profit function.
- It solves the Marvin deposit example in 12 seconds, but blocks mined
in a given period may be scattered over the pit.
DeepMine algorithm
- Echeverra et al., 2013 - Chile
- Used in DeepMine, a product of Boamine, Chile
- It creates multiple possible states in which the mine might be at a
particular period. Then for each of these possible states, the algorithm
develops new states, and selects the path that leads to the highest NPV.
SIP algorithms
Simulated annealing
-Dimitrakopoulos and Consuegra, 2009 Canada
- Not available commercially
- Finds a global optimum in a large discrete search space, by changing
the rate of decrease in the probability of accepting worse solutions as it
explores the solution space.
- It takes several mine production schedules corresponding to each one
of the simulated orebody models, and focus the attention to those
blocks that have less than 100% probability of being mined in a
particular period. These blocks will be accepted to the extent that they
exceed a predetermined annealing temperature.
Final Note
We are living a change of paradigm: phase
design was considered previous to mine
scheduling. Now, it has been shown that
phases emerge from the scheduling
algorithm, leaving the phase design as a
post-process after the mine schedule is
completed.
References
- Dagdelen,K. and Johnson, T. 1986: Optimum Open Pit Mine Production Scheduling by Lagrangian
Parameterization. 19th APCOM Symposium, pp. 127-142
- Tolwinski, B. and Underwood, R. 1992: An Algorithm to Estimate the Optimal Evolution of an Open Pit
mine. 23rd APCOM Symposium, pp. 399-409
- Wharton, C. 2000: Add Value to Your Mine Through Improved Long Term Scheduling. Whittle North
American Strategic Mine Planning Conference, Colorado
- Caccetta, L. and Hill, S. 2003: An Application of Branch and Cut to Open Pit Mine Scheduling. Journal
of Global Optimization 27: 349-365
- Ramazan, S. 2007: Large-Scale Production Scheduling with the Fundamental Tree Algorithm Model,
Case Study and Comparisons. Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning, pp. 121-127
- Wooller, R. 2007: Optimising multiple operating policies for exploiting complex resources An
overview of the COMET Scheduler. Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning, pp. 309-316
References (cont.)
- Dimitrakopoulos, R. and Consuegra, A. 2009: Stochastic mine design optimisation based on simulated
annealing: pit limits, production schedules, multiple orebody scenarios and sensitivity analysis. Mining
Technology Vol 118 #2 p. 79-90
- Newman et al. 2010: A Review of Operations Research in Mine Planning Interfaces 40(3), pp. 222
245, 2010 INFORMS
- Sattarvand, J. and Niemann-Delius 2011: A New Metaheuristic Algorithm for Long-Term Open Pit
Production Planning. 35th APCOM Symposium, pp. 319-328
- Chicoisne et al. 2012: A New Algorithm for the Open-Pit Mine Production Scheduling Problem.
Operations Research 60(3), pp. 517-528
- Bitanshu 2012: Open Pit Production Scheduling Applying Meta Heuristic Approach. Thesis, National
Institute of Technology India
- Juarez, G. et al 2014: Open Pit Strategic Mine Planning with Automatic Phase Generation. Orebody
Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning. pp. 147-154
Thank you!
EMAIL TO:
JOSE.GONZALES.BORJA@GMAIL.COM