(8.

1) Introduction :
Substations consisting of one or more transformers , with
associated switchgear , protective gear and control panels are
required where transmission lines terminate or where power is
transferred between two or more voltage levels . Indeed , it is
the facility of transforming from one voltage to another which
has made alternating current predominant in the electric power
field . In addition to linking the various parts of the system at
different voltage levels , the power transformer fulfills an
important control function in providing the means of voltage
control of the lower voltage networks by means of tap-changing
on load .
Transformer substations equipment includes bus bars ,
transformers, and H.V. transmission lines and cables
entrances , MV feeders and switchgear . Switchgear , either at
the highest transmission voltage or at lower voltages has two
separate functions, to determine the paths of power flow, and a
protective function which may require it to break the

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fault MVA at the point at which it is situated . Switchgear thus,

include circuit breakers , isolating switches , earthling switches
potential and current transformers , lighting arrestors , ... etc.
protective gear is generally associated with switchgear , since
the former initiates operation of the later .

(8.2)Substation Single Line Diagram And Layout :

Single line diagrams are used to represent three phase
systems among which transformer substations . The single line
diagram shows the circuit connections of the various substation
equipment as well as its order arrangements . Meanwhile , the
substation layout shows the locations of equipment and its
arrangement on the substation land and or inside the substation
building .
The substation switchgear may be outside or indoor . Indoor
substations have less trouble with pollution flashover on
insulators but are more expensive than outdoor substations .
The number of feeding H.V. lines , the number of
transformers and the number of medium voltage feeders in a
substation depend on the location of substation in the H.V. grid
as well as on the area loads . The number of switchgear is
consequently function of the number of feeding lines ,
transformers and outgoing feeders .

(8.3)Power Transformers of Substations :

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Transformers may be made in 3-phase units up to any

required capacity but , as with generators , the size is limited by
the possibilities of transportation . It is usual to provide some
standby plant , since transformers require maintenance in
respect of their cooling system and tap-changing equipment, so
the operation of two or three 3-phase transformers in paralleled
to carry a given load , with one similar unit as standby, is
usually, there by providing 50 to 33 percent spare plant capacity
.
Power transformers are roughly classified by their means
of cooling and by whether the circulation of the insulating oil,
which is also the cooling medium, takes place by natural
circulation, using the thermal head , or is forced by an external
pump. In the latter case the hot oil is passed through coolers ,
external to the transformer , which may be cooled either by air
blast or water .

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