Be able to discuss the process of nonverbal communication including several features

specific examples
Nonverbal communication is a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words.
Rather than thinking of nonverbal communication as the opposite of or as separate from verbal
communication, its more accurate to view them as operating side by sideas part of the same
system. Non-verbal communications include facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice,
gestures displayed through body language (kinesics) and the physical distance between the
communicators (proxemics). These non-verbal signals can give clues and additional information
and meaning over and above spoken (verbal) communication.
Body Language or Body Movements (Kinesics)
Body movements include gestures, posture, head and hand movements or whole body
movements. Body movements can be used to reinforce or emphasize what a person is saying and
also offer information about the emotions and attitudes of a person. However, it is also possible
for body movements to conflict with what is said. A skilled observer may be able to detect such
discrepancies in behaviour and use them as a clue to what someone is really feeling.
Posture
Posture can reflect people's emotions, attitudes and intentions. Research has identified a wide
range of postural signals and their meanings, such as:
Open and Closed Posture: Two forms of posture have been identified, open and closed,
which may reflect an individual's degree of confidence, status or receptivity to another person.

Someone seated in a closed position might have his/her arms folded, legs crossed or be
positioned at a slight angle from the person with whom they are interacting. In an open posture
you might expect to see someone directly facing you with hands apart on the arms of the chair.
An open posture can be used to communicate openness or interest in someone and a readiness to
listen, whereas the closed posture might imply discomfort or disinterest.
Eye Contact
Eye contact is an important aspect of non-verbal behaviour. In interpersonal interaction, it serves
three main purposes:

To give and receive feedback: Looking at someone lets them know that the receiver is
concentrating on the content of their speech. Not maintaining eye contact can indicate
disinterest. Communication may not be a smooth process if a listener averts their eyes too
frequently.

To let a partner know when it is their 'turn' to speak: This is related to the above
point. Eye contact is more likely to be continuous when someone is listening, rather than
speaking. When a person has finished what they have to say, they will look directly at the
other person and this gives a signal that the arena is open. If someone does not want to be
interrupted, eye contact may be avoided.

To communicate something about a relationship between people: When you dislike

someone, you tend to avoid eye contact and pupil size is often reduced. On the other
hand, the maintenance of positive eye contact signals interest or attraction in a partner.

Para-language

Para-language relates to all aspects of the voice which are not strictly part of the verbal
message, including the tone and pitch of the voice, the speed and volume at which a

message is delivered, and pauses and hesitations between words.

These signals can serve to indicate feelings about what is being said. Emphasizing
particular words can imply whether or not feedback is required.

Closeness and Personal Space (Proxemics)

Every culture has different levels of physical closeness appropriate to different types of
relationship, and individuals learn these distances from the society in which they grew up. In
today's multicultural society, it is important to consider the range of non-verbal codes as
expressed in different ethnic groups. When someone violates an 'appropriate' distance, people
may feel uncomfortable or defensive. Their actions may well be open to misinterpretation.
Feedback
Feedback consists of messages the receiver returns, which allows the sender to know how
accurately the message has been received, as well as the receiver's reaction. The receiver may
also respond to the unintentional message as well as the intentional message. Types of feedback
range from direct verbal statements, for example "Say that again, I don't understand", to subtle
facial expressions or changes in posture that might indicate to the sender that the receiver feels
uncomfortable with the message. Feedback allows the sender to regulate, adapt or repeat the
message in order to improve communication.

What is an outline? What is its purpose? What are the functions of each part of an
outline?
What is an Outline?
An outline is a way of formally arranging and developing your ideas. Though formal in form,
there is a great amount of flexibility in how you might approach making an outline. It can be
made either before youve written a single word on the topic or after a draft or two. It can
quickly cover the main ideas or become a detailed, in-depth undertaking.
The purpose of an outline is to help you organize your paper by checking to see if and how your
ideas connect to each other, or whether you need to flesh out a point or two. No matter the length
of the paper, from a three-page weekly assignment to a 50-page senior thesis, outlines can help
you see the overall picture.

Macro Outlines

Macro outlines, also known as topic outlines, help you to see the larger picture through a series
of short phrases. Each part of the outline consists of just a few words and conveys the basic idea
of what belongs there, without going into too much detail. It is very easy to quickly look over
and see the big picture, making sure youve covered all the points that you want to discuss

Micro Outlines

A micro outline (also known as a sentence outline) goes into the little details of the paper and is
particularly useful when the topic you are discussing is complex in nature. It can sometimes be
useful to insert the quotations you may use and subsequent analysis into your micro outline.

A micro outline tends to be much longer than the macro outline. By using complete sentences,
you are able to see exactly what you are writing about instead of relying on key words to spark
ideas.
What is criticism? How does one handle it? Be specific
It is the act of expressing disapproval and of noting the problems or faults of a person or thing;
the act of criticizing someone or something is a feedback mechanism to help us constantly
improve our work and relationships. It's different from the feedback we give each other naturally
in that it is more deliberate: we all enter into this agreement to criticize ourselves and each other,
to work on doing it lovingly and well, to criticize within the context of our shared political work
and values. We can handle criticism by;

i.

Don't take it personally. If you want to know how to best deal with criticism, then you
can't take it personally. If your boss says you've been a little less productive than usual
lately, it's not because he thinks you're fat and lazy; it's because he wants you, his
employee, to step up your game.

ii.

Work on being less sensitive. If you always find yourself crying, getting defensive, and
feeling generally upset when someone gives you what was supposed to be helpful
feedback, then you have to start thickening your skin. Work on accepting your flaws and
being able to hear about some areas where you can improve. If you never improve, then
you'll be flat-lining, and you don't want that, do you? Try to focus on the message and its

intention to help you instead of focusing on all of the "mean" or "hurtful" things that were
said to you.
iii.

Understand what you're really being told. If you want to deal with criticism, then you
have to understand the message behind it. If you've determined that the criticism is meant
to be constructive, then you have to break it down so you can start figuring out what to do
next. Sometimes, you may be focused on the hurtful aspects of the feedback and your
pride may be too wounded for you to see what is right in front of you.

iv.

Stop making excuses. If someone is giving you valid criticism, stop making excuses for
why that person is completely wrong, especially if you know that there is some truth to
what he or she is saying. If you get defensive and make excuses, then the person won't be
able to finish telling you exactly what he or she means, and you won't get the information
you need to really improve. It's natural that we feel defensive and get the feeling that we
can do no wrong, but it's important to hear people out before you cut them off to prove
you're perfect.

Discuss the process (steps) for preparing a speech.

The Speech Preparation process is a series of articles examining each of the six steps which are
necessary to properly prepare for a speech. These steps are briefly introduced here.
i.

Select a speech topic

This may seem like an easy task, but there are infinite public speaking topics. How do you
choose the right one? How do you select a topic which is a perfect fit between you and your
audience?

Your topic leads to your core message the entire presentation aims to deliver this core
message to your audience.
ii.

Create a speech outline

Your speech needs structure. Without structure, your audience will either wonder what your core
message is or they will lose interest in you entirely. Sadly, this step is often skipped to save
time. A planned outline is vital.
iii.

Write the speech

Speech writing is an iterative process which begins with your first draft. Writers block can
handicap speakers at this stage. Once the first draft is created, speech writing involves iteratively
massaging your speech into its most effective form. Keeping your ego in check, you are wise to
edit mercilessly. Remember that speeches should be written for the ear; adopting figures of
speech will keep your speech from sounding like an essay or legal document.
iv.

Apply gestures, staging, and vocal variety

At this stage, the words are ready, but thats all you have words. A presentation is not read by
the audience; it is listened to and watched. These elements should seamlessly complement your
words and punctuate key phrases.
v.

Practice and solicit feedback

Great speakers seem natural when they speak, almost as though they are speaking the words for
the first time. Nothing could be more wrong. Rehearsing your speech makes you a master of the

content. Soliciting feedback and acting on it gives you confidence that your presentation will be
a success.
vi.

Self-Critique: Prepare for the next speech

Although listed as the final step in the process, its really the first step in preparing for your next
speech. After youve delivered your speech, examine your performance objectively. This will
solidify lessons learned as you prepare for your next speech challenge.
What types of speeches are there?
Informative Speeches
Imagine sitting in the audience of a large lecture hall listening to your professor talk about the
theory of relativity. It may sound like confusing words to many, but what he is really doing is
giving an informational speech. This kind of speech is delivered mostly to convey information to
the audience about something they don't already know. There are a few types of informational
speeches:

Speeches about objects

Speeches about events

Speeches about processes

Speeches about concepts

When a public speaker talks about things that can inspire your senses, like touch, smell or feel, it
is a speech about objects and involves talking about things in the sensory and physical world.
Maybe he is talking about the way a spider looks or the way freshly snipped herbs smell. It may
even be a speech about your favorite president. Either way, the speech is written to appeal to the
senses.
Some speeches are written to inform people of a current or past happening. This is a speech
about an event, and it is meant to bring people up to speed on things that have, are or will be
going on in the world. Upon taking the presidential oath, a newly elected president will give his
Inaugural Address, where he tells the citizens of the United States his plans for his term. This
speech is done to get the nation excited about the prospect of a new president.
A cooking demonstration is a good example of a speech about processes because it instructs the
audience on how to do something through a process. So, the next time you happen to pass a
gourmet store and see a chef showing onlookers how to make homemade pasta, know you are
listening to a speech designed to show you how to do something step by step.
There are speeches that are a bit more abstract than a current event or even a how-to talk. Some
are speeches about concepts, written about theoretical ideas and notions, like world peace,
freedom or love. Unlike the other types of informative speeches, this type of speech is intangible.
As with any of the informative speeches, they should be written as topical (by topic),
chronological (by date) or spatial (how things physically fit together).
A writer may use a topical organization if writing about types of wines. The writer may start with
a wine type, then go into region and then grape varieties. Chronological organization would most

likely be used when writing about an event, such as events that led up to the Civil Rights Act.
When writing about things to do in Miami Beach, a writer may break down the area to a few
important sightseeing locales and then list important places of interest for each. Not all speeches
are informative. For instance, persuasive speech writing is a little different.

Demonstrative Speeches
This has many similarities with an informative speech. A demonstrative speech also teaches you
something. The main difference lies in including a demonstration of how to do the thing youre
teaching. Some examples of demonstrative speeches:

How to start your own blog

How to bake a cake

How to write a speech

How to just about anything

Entertaining
The after-dinner speech is a typical example of an entertaining speech. The speaker provides
pleasure and enjoyment that makes the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal
information. Some examples of entertaining speeches:

Excuses for any occasion

Explaining cricket to an American

How to buy a condom discreetly

Things you wouldnt know without the movies

Special Occasion Speech

A Special Occasion (or ceremonial, commemorative, or epideictic) speech should pay tribute or
praise a person, an institution, an event, idea, or place.

Persuasive Speech
So, you get roped into attending a How To Get Rich in Real Estate seminar. After a few minutes,
you realize that the lecture is less about real estate and more about buying the speaker's set of
CDs and books on tape. Likely, this was a persuasive speech, and it is designed to change a
group's thinking or behavior. This type of speech is often used in sales and advertising to get
people to buy things.
A persuasive speech could be an emotional appeal, where the speaker attempts to elicit
sensitivity from the group, or it could be a logical appeal, where the speaker wants the audience
to rely on their own reasoning to make a decision. A speech about hunger in America may pull at
your heartstrings and make you quickly dial a number to send money. That is a purely emotional
decision based on the persuasive talk of the speaker.

Why would we consider speech a discipline?

Speech is the oldest academic discipline, (tracing its roots to Aristotle), and one of the most
modern in its concern with interpersonal relationships. Communication helps us form
relationships, allows cultures to evolve, encourages understanding among people; in short,
communication is the thing that makes us human. Without it, we would perish. The study of
speech is based on the assumption that ones ability to communicate in an effective manner is
vital to successful human interaction.
Four major areas are included in the speech discipline, each of which focus on unique
characteristics of particular situations. Interpersonal communication includes the study of
symbolic behavior in dyadic, two person, relationships. Group communication concentrates on
the small group of three to seven persons. Organizational communication examines the effects
that organizational structure and membership have on human communication. Rhetoric and
public address is the study of discourse and its role in shaping public perceptions and practices.
All areas emphasize effective oral and written communication.
A broad and diverse speech communication program is available at Idaho State University. In the
classroom students study rhetorical theory and criticism, public address, interpersonal
communication, small group communication, conflict management, public speaking,
argumentation and persuasion. Students gain insight into the effects of public address on history
and an understanding of such leaders

With the general study of speech communication, the student examines all aspects of the
discipline in a variety of contexts. An organizational communication emphasis focuses more
closely on the context of formal organizations.
Many studies have shown that an ability to communicate effectively is a prerequisite for success
in almost all careers as well as social situations thus, practical public speaking skills and diverse
communication experiences are facilitated in two laboratories: the speech practicum and
internship programs.

What are the four points to keep in mind when breathing? Identify/explain each step
including sounds and what each sound evokes.
Calming response
Natural breathing or abdominal breathing
Deep diaphragmatic breathing and can be used during times when you are feeling anxious or
panicky
Calming Counts
What are speaking notes? How does one handle them? Be specific
These are written notes prepared by a speaker that remind him/her about what to say but dont
tell the speaker how to say it.

Make sure only keywords are on the notecards and not everything.
Practice your speech using your notes. Since you havent memorized it, your speech will be a
little different each time, but it will sound more natural than a memorized speech.
Use the notes you create to practice to avoid confusion during delivery and if you realize you
cant deliver your speech smoothly and completely, then make changes to your notes.
Never utilize visual supports, for example, slides, to give you with the notes to your discourse.
The gathering of people will read your slides as opposed to listening to you, and will get to be
exhausted sitting tight for the following slide. Never forget that visual supports ought to serve the
crowd, never the speaker.

Discuss what is persuasion? How does one develop supporting materials and how does one
locate verbal materials? (What are verbal materials?) What types of appeal can one
incorporate in this type of speech? Review notes included possible data bases for sources.

Persuasion is a methodology aimed at changing an individual's (or a group's) state of mind or

conduct toward some occasion, thought, object, or different person(s), by utilizing composed or
talked words to pass on data, sentiments, or thinking, or a blend of them.
Verbal materials are those materials concerned with words only rather than with ideas or content.
Supporting materials alludes to the information an individual gives to create and/or support a
thought that is offered for an audience's consideration. Supporting materials serve an assortment

of functions in oral presentations: to elucidate the speaker's point, to emphasize the point, to
make the point additionally fascinating, and to outfit a premise that empowers others to accept
the speaker's point. Without supporting materials, an oral presentation is minimal more than a
series of attestations (claims without sponsorship). Three essential qualities your supporting
materials ought to have are:

Accuracy - they ought to be valid.

Relevancy - they ought to apply straightforwardly to your subject.
Dependability - the data ought to be from a source your gathering of people can trust.

The speaker can incorporate ethical (ethos), emotional (pathos) and logical (logos) appeals
appeal in this type of speech. Logical appeal is the vital utilization of rationale, claims, and
confirmation to persuade a group of people of a certain point. Ethical appeal is utilized to build
the essayist as reasonable, receptive, genuine, and learned about the topic. The author makes a
feeling of him or herself as reliable and trustworthy. Emotional appeals focus on the feelings of
the reader to make an association with the author. Since people are from various perspectives
emotional creatures, pathos can be a capable methodology in contention.