Fluids - Microfluidics - Jens DucréeFluids

Contents
1. Introduction
9. Liquid Handling
2. Fluids
10.Microarrays
3. Physics of Microfluidic
Systems
11.Microreactors
12.Analytical Chips
4. Microfabrication Technologies
Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha
Au tsarbei ungde rStand ard-Ze el
13.Particle-Laden Fluids
5. Flow Control
a. Measurement Techniques
6. Micropumps
7. Sensors
b. Fundamentals of
Biotechnology
8. Ink-Jet Technology
c. High-Throughput Screening
Microfluidics - Jens Ducre
Fluids: Transport Phenomena
2. Fluids
2.1. General Characteristics
2.2. Dispersions
2.3. Thermodynamics
2.4. Transport Phenomena
2.5. Solutions
2.6. Surface Tension
2.7. Electrical Properties

2.8. Optical Properties
2.9. Biological Fluids

2.4.1. Diffusion
2.4.2. Viscosity
2.4.3. Transport of Heat
2.4.4. Characteristic Numbers

2.4 Summary of Phenomenological Laws

Transport processes
Arbitrary thermal motion on molecular level
Driven by gradients (inhomogeneities)
Mostly linear relationship
Flow = coefficient force

2.4.1. Diffusion
Diffusion
Counteracts nonuniform particle densities
Thermal Brownian motion
Process underlying all other transport phenomena in fluids
Ficks first law

Current density jN antiparallel to gradient

Systems seeks homogeneity
Diffusion coefficient D [m s-1]
2.4.1. Diffusion
Ficks second law
Time domain
Fixed location
Combining Ficks first law and equation of continuity

Laplace equation
Stationary conditions
2.4.1 Molecular Picture

Derivation of diffusion constant D
Flow through surface z1
Between two planes with diverging
particle densities
Distance = mean free path lmfp
Particles reach plane without collisions
(statistically)
Linear term of Taylor expansion

2.4.1 Diffusion coefficient

Calculation of diffusion coefficient
Assumption: uniformly distributed directions of all vectors v
average over
Ensemble

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusional Processes

Example
Bilateral diffusion from 2-D layer
Within pure solvent
Initial conditions

Solution by educated guess
2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

10

11

12

13

14

Example
Diffusion through permeable diaphragm
Initial conditions

15
2.4.1. Laminar Mixing

16
2.4.1 Time and Length Scales

Distance
2
(rules of thumb)
Time

2
~l2/D
17
2.4.1 Brownian Motion

Discovered by Scottish
Botanist Robert Brown
in 1827
Random thermal
motion of pollen under
microscope
Closely related to
thermal velocity

Mesoscopic particle
Width of distribution
of particle locations
r0 = 1 m
m = 10-15 kg
T = 293 K
vT 3 mm s-1
18
Fluorescent particles
4 seconds of data
2 m in diameter
Left picture
Particles moving in pure water
Right picture shows

Particles moving in concentrated solution of DNA
I.e., in viscoelastic solution in other words
From http://www.deas.harvard.edu/projects/weitzlab/research/brownian.html
19

Erratic motion of single milk droplets in water

Droplets size of about 1 micrometer
Continuously kicked by fast-moving water molecules
Size 5000 times smaller
Magnification factor of about 10,000

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/
20
2.4.1 Boltzmann Distribution

System at T in thermal
equilibrium
Each particle with certain
kinetic energy
Potential gradient
Particles accumulate in
potential minimum
Counteracting diffusive current

Boltzmann distribution
Ratio of particle densities Ni
at two locations separated by
potential difference E
Boltzmann function at T = 273 K
calibrated to N0 = 1
21
2.4.1 Maxwell Distribution

Maxwell distribution
Fraction of molecules in
velocity interval [v, v + dv]
f(v)dv is probability of finding a vector v
in [v, v + dv]
Normalization of integrand function f(v) to
unity
Leads to Maxwell distribution
22
2.4.1 Maxwell Distribution

Transformation into energy
space
Replacing v with kinetic energy
E = 1/2 mv2

Helps determining which fraction

of particles is capable of
jumping over a certain potential
energy barrier E0
Analytical expression for this
fraction
23
2.4.1 Reaction Kinetics

Chemical Reactions
Binary collisions
Collision rate scales linearly with vT and thus with T1/2
Concentration of reaction partners c also influences speed of reaction
For single step reaction

Reaction rate
- Governed by stoichiometry (x, y, ...)

Concentrations c(X), c(Y),
Reaction velocity constant kc
24
2.4.1 Reaction Kinetics

Chemical reactions
Activation energy (Gibbs energy)
Simple model reaction
For simplicity: G = U = Eact

Typically Eact = 60 to 250 kJ mol-1
G = Gact Gact
G < 0 exothermic
G > 0 endothermic
Velocity constant of reaction

Strongly dependent on T
Reaction-specific
Arrhenius equation
25

2.4.1. Diffusion
2.4.2. Viscosity

26
2.4.2. Viscosity
Viscosity
Transfer of momentum from one plane sliding parallel to another
Mediated by fluid sandwiched between them
Internal friction of fluid
Newtons law of viscosity

Relates flow of axial momentum pz = m vZ along lateral x-direction

from one plane sliding parallel to another one by viscosity
Unit of : Pa s = kg m-1 s-1 or old Poise with 1 Ps = 0.1 Pa s
27
2.4.2 Viscosity of Gases

Assumptions for picture:
- Flow in z-direction
- Uniform particle density
Net flux in x-direction of longitudinal momentum pz
Newton
Viscosity of gases
Kinematic viscosity
- Momentum diffusivity
28
2.4.2 Viscosity of Gases
Order: 10-5 Pa s
29
2.4.2 Viscosity of Liquids

Liquid
Very dense gas
lmfp average distance
between molecules
Macroscopic behavior governed
by intermolecular potentials
Picture
Moving A to A
Activation energy E0
External shear stress xz

- Force f on each particle on wall

- f counteracts motion in
negative z-direction
- Momentum loss transferred to B
- Activation energy E = f a / 2
30

Transfer of momentum pZ = m vZ
Lateral velocity gradient
net difference between number of jumps +Z and -Z in

positive and negative z-direction, respectively
Evaluation of gradient (using Boltzmann Ansatz)
0 fundamental oscillation frequency

of molecule between neighbors
31

First order Taylor expansion for E / kBT
Viscosity of liquids
32
Order: 10-3 Pa s
(gases: 10-5 Pa s)

33
2.4.2 Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluids
Classical idealized fluids
Linear stress-strain relationship
I.e. linear relationship between tension tensor
and tensor of rate of deformation (strain rate)
- Viscosity : constant of proportionality
Approximated by gases and

simple liquids like water

Non-Newtonian fluids
Dispersions containing large
structured macromolecules
E.g. polymers and proteins
34

2.4.1. Diffusion
2.4.2. Viscosity

35

Equilibrium thermodynamics
System seeks uniform temperature distribution
Inhomogeneous T-distribution
Transport of heat
Two basic modes

Diffusion
- Statistical phenomenon (related to entropy)
- Summarized in macroscopic thermal conductivity
Convection
- Far more complicated
- Macroscopic ramifications
- Minor importance in microworld
Another frequently encountered issue

Transfer of thermal energy at interface between two media/phases
No inter-phase diffusion / exchange of particles
Transmission and transition of heat
36
2.4.3 Thermal Conductivity

Fouriers law
Basic equation quantifying diffusive transport of heat
Net flow of energy jQ

Thermal conductivity
Power

Cross-section of flow A
Relaxation time for temperature gradient

Distance d
37

Molecular picture
Net energy flow in positive z-direction
Using linear terms of Taylor-expansion

38

Thermal conductivity
Approximating on lmfp

Independent of particle density N for ideal gas
Heat diffusion coefficient

kinematic viscosity
39

Typical values

40
2.4.3 Convection
Macroscopic transport of particles

Characteristic for macro-devices
Important for heat transport in liquids and gases
Forced convection
Transport of heat by macroscopic particle flow
E.g., by an external mechanical source
Free convection
For instance driven by buoyancy
41
2.4.3 Convection
Convective currents
Stationary or non-stationary flow patterns
Simulation of convection
Often fail to coincide with experimental observations
E.g., atmospheric weather and climate
Free Convection of minor importance in microdevices

Laminar conditions
42

2.4.1. Diffusion
2.4.2. Viscosity

43

Fourier mass number
Characterizes diffusion
Time t, e.g. residence in chemical reaction chamber

Typical diffusive time scale tD = l2 / D
Schmidt number
Relates viscosity and diffusion
Roughly 0.8 for gases
44

Fourier number
Diffusion of heat
Stored thermal energy
Prandtl number

Ratio between momentum diffusivity (via dynamic viscosity )

and heat diffusivity (via thermal conductivity )
Specific heat capacity Cm

Typically 3 to 300 for liquids and 0.7 to1.0 for gases
45

Fluids - Microfluidics - Jens DucréeFluids

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Contents

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.7. Electrical Properties

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4. Transport Phenomena

Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4 Summary of Phenomenological Laws

Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

Ficks first law

Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha

Current density jN antiparallel to gradient

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

Combining Ficks first law and equation of continuity

Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Molecular Picture

Linear term of Taylor expansion

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Diffusion coefficient

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Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusional Processes

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Solution by educated guess

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

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Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1 Examples for Diffusive Processes

Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena

2.4.1. Laminar Mixing

Pr isbexa ispel: Ausar beitun gspha

Microfluidics - Jens Ducre

Fluids: Transport Phenomena