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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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(a)
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(b)
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(c)
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Based on Diagram 4.1 describes briefly the pathway of transmission of information from the
moment you hear the sound of the ringing telephone until you pick up the phone.
F1 receptor detects stimulus
P1 (is stimulated to) trigger nerve impulses in afferent neuron
P2 (nerve impulses) are carried to the central nervous system
P3 (the central nervous system) integrates and interprets the information
P4 then send new impulses
P5 are carried by motor/efferent neuron to effectors//effectors produces responds
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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(b)
(c)
(d)
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The neurons
Diagram shows the pathway of transmission of information from receptor to the effectors
Name the part labelled P,Q,R and S
P:afferent neurone
Q:effector
R:receptor
S:efferent nuerone
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SULIT
Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
No
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(a)
Ahmad is a Johor state goal keeper .Explain how Ahmad able to push the ball away from the
goal post area in the penalty kick 10
P1-(moving ball is an external stimulus
P2-receptor in the eye pick up /detect the ball /stimulus
P3-the receptor trigger/generate nerve impulses
P4-The nerve impulse transmit from the afferent neuron to interneuron in the brain
P5-The brain interprets the nerve impulse (from interleukins that the ball is moving to goal
keeper/Ahamad)
P6-The brain decides what to do stimulus (to catch or push away the coming ball)//coordinate
response
P7-Nervw impulse are transmitted from interneuron to efferent neuron across the synapse
P8-Nerves impulse then transmit to muscle (effectors
P9-The muscle (in arm /leg) carry out the response
P10-Ahmad able to push away the ball form goal post
P11-impukse is transmitted across the synapse
P12-Between afferent neuron and interneuron//interneuron//interneuron and efferent neuron
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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(a)
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The nuerones
Diagram 4.2 shows gap P between the axon terminal and dendrite terminal of two neurones.
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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Name gap P
Synapse
F -P is synaptic vesicle
E1 contains neurotransmitters
If the chemical substances release from P across W is reduced due to a neurodegerative disease,
explain its effect to a persons health.
F due to lack of acytalcholine in the brain
E3 can be inherited
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
No
(a)
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Axon of neurone P
Synaptic knob
Dendrite of neurone R
Explain how the nerve impulse is transmitted across the synapse/ Explain the transmission of a
nerve impulse from neurone P to neurone R across Q.8
P1 Q is a synapse/ synaptic cleft.
P2 The transmission of information across a synapse involves the conversion of electrical
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P4 Synaptic knob contains abundant mitochondrion to generate energy for the nerve
transmission.
P5 When an impulse arrived at the synaptic knob, the vesicles release the
P8
P9
P10 since the vesicle containing neurotransmitter is only found in pre-synaptic membrane.
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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(b)
Explain the effect of a pain killer drug on the transmission of nerve impulses.
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SULIT
Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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Involuntar
y action
&reflex
arc
Labeling
Name then part label P,Q and R in the spaces provided in diagram 3
P-Brain
Q-spinal cord
R: Peripheral nervous system/Spinal nerve
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Diagram shows the nerve pathway of a reflex arc when the hand touches a ho iron
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
Aspect
Arrange
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Based on the diagram ,complete the reflex arc for the impulse pathway in diagram 5.3
Note:
2-synapse
1-interneurone
Drawing
Skill
2
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Figure 5 shows the reflex arc that occurs when the finger is accidentally
Pricked with a needle. Complete the above figure by drawing the appropriate neurons
involved in the reflex action. 2
2
1
3 Neurone -2m
2 nuerone-1m
A boy steps on a thorn when running in a field,he retracts his leg immediately. Draw
and label
Criteria
Functional diagram (d) -3neurones,receptor and effector
Labelling
5-6
3-4
Arrow (direction of impulse) (a)
Total
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4
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
Aspect
Drawing
Skill
Marking scheme
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Diagram 4.1 shows the cross section of the spinal cord and the reflex arc.
On diagram 4.1 draw the arrow on X, Y and Z to show the direction of the nerves
impulses on the reflex arc.
Importance
Difference
Explanatio
n
Voluntary action
Involuntary action
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P5-the arm bend and move away form the hot object
Explain why the brain is not involved in controlling this reflex action.
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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Essay
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P3-The nerve impulse travels along X /afferent neurone to the spinal cord
P6-Nerve impulse travels along efferent neurone/Y and reach the effectors/muscle
tussue/fingers
Diagram show coordinating system in the human body Diagram 8.1 shows a reflex are
and diagram 8.2 shows the regulation of the blood glucose level
P4-When the tip of finger touches sharp object pain receptor will be stimulated and
produced nerve impulse
P5-The impulse travels in the sensory neurone into the grey matter of spinal cord
P7-Effector will produce the respond (hand withdrawn from the shard object)
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
Aspect
Essay
(knee-jerkreflex)
Marking scheme
In an accident, a motorist was seriously injured and was sent to a nearby hospital. A
doctor is going to do a knee jerk test to examine the patients nerve system.
D-1
L-1
P1 -The knee jerk action involves two types of neurons named afferent and efferent
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neurons.
P2 -As the hammer strike, the force stretches the quadriceps muscle and stimulates the
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P5 - If the patient is able to swing the leg forward, it indicates that the patients nerve
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
Aspect
Predict
Disease of
nervous
system
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If efferent neurone is injured and damaged, predict what will happen to the person. 1
1. The nerve impulse will be sent from afferent neurone to the effectors
2. The effector / muscles will not contract
3. The hand will not be removed immediately from the needle.
(Any one )
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Explain the possible effects if the parts of X (afferent neurone) in the spinal cord is
damaged.
Loss of some touch sensations
A disease related to the nervous system which usually affect the elderly people is
caused by lack of the chemical substances in (c) ( ii)
Explain the disease .
F Alzhemeir`s disease
P1- lack of acetylcholine
P2- brain shrinkage
P3- show loss of intelligence/loss of memory/ mild confusion/poor concentration
Any 2 OR
F2 Parkinson disease
P4 Lack of neurotransmitter / dopamine // hardening of cerebral arteries
P5 tremors / weakness of the muscle / muscle cannot function Any 2
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Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases are related to nervous system. Explain the causes
and the effects of the diseases on victims
Alzheimers
Caused by
- the shrinkage of brain tissues
and lack of neurotransmitter.
- usually affects the elderly
Effect:
- Loss of intelligent
- Loss of memory
- Poor concentration
Parkinsons
Caused by
- the reduced level of
neurotransmitter in the brain
caused tremors and weakness of
the muscles
- the hardening of the
cerebral arteries
Effect:
- The muscle cannot function
smoothly and become stiff and
jerky in their action
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
Aspect
Disease of
nervous
system
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SULIT
Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
No
Difference
(Nervous&
Endocrine )
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The endocrine system and the nervous system play importance roles in maintaining
homeostasis. Both systems often work together. For example ,certain part of nervous system
stimulate or inhibit the release of hormone promote and inhibit the generation or nerve
impulse .Hence despite having the nervous system the body needs the endocrine system
Based on the statement, explain the difference between the endocrine system and the
nervous system 10
Nervous system
Aspect
Endocrine system
Stimulus
Internal stimulus
External stimulus
No
Sensory organs
Receptors
Sensory cells
Impulse//nature of impulse
Chemical// hormones
Medium of transport
Blood
Rapid/fast
Specific locations, organs
Response
Long lasting
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The role of coordination and response are carried out by two different system as shown in
diagram, 7.2(a) and 7.2(b)
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
(b)
(c)
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Some people have their gland P grows two or three times its size.
(i) Name the condition mentioned above
Goiter
Based on the diagram, explain how hormone R is responsible for the difference of physical
appearance if individual X and Y3
E1-Hormoane R stimulate growth
E2-Lack of hormone R cause stunted growth in Y
E3-Over secretion of hormone cause gigantism
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Hormones Q stimulate the development of follicle in the ovary and spend in the testis. Identify
hormone Q
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The presences of hormone Q causes the secretion or hormone Y which affect the development
of uterus
Estrogen hormone
The pituitary gland is known as \master gland .Explains why
F-Its secreted hormones which control the activities of other endocrine glands to secrete their
hormones
E-FSH control the secretion of estrogens in ovary (or any other suitable examples)
(e)
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
The involvement of both the nervous system and the system in a flight or fight situation
No
(a)
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Explain the condition between the system shown in diagram, 7.2(a) and 7.2(b) to respond
toward the situation
P1 Stimuli is detected by hypothalamus
P2 Hypothalamus sends impulse through sympathetic nervous system to the effector / heart /
respiratory muscle / blood vessel
P3 Hypothalamus send nerve impulse to adrenal medulla
P4 Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
P5 Both hormones are sent to target organ / heart / respiratory muscle /blood vessel through
blood
P6 These two system cooperate each other
P7 Causes increase in blood glucose level
P8 Causes blood vessel constrict to increase the blood pressure
P9 Causes respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster// increase breathing rate
P10 Causes heart to pump faster // increase heart rate
P11 To transport more oxygen and glucose to the skeletal muscle & brain
P12 Brain more alert to mobilise body into immediate action /run away from the dog
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SULIT
Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
No
(b)
Marking scheme
Diagram 7.2 shows the sequence of organs and tissue that responded when a man was attacked
by a robber
Explain the involvement of nervous system and endocrine system in this situation
P1The receptors / eyes detect stimulus
P2Sent nerve impulse to brain
P3Integration and interpretation of information
P4Sent nerve impulse to adrenal gland
P5Secretes adrenaline
P6Transported by blood (to liver, lungs and heart)
P7(In the liver,) glycogen converted into glucose
P8Increase breathing rate
P9Increase ventilation rate // gaseous exchange in the lungs
P10- Increase heartbeats
P11- More blood / glucose / oxygen (in skeletal muscles)
P12- More cellular respiration
P13- More energy released
P14- For muscles contraction // To respond / fight back / run away
(c)
When a man is chased by a fierce dog ,he is experiencing flight or fight situation
Explain how the nervous system nd the endocrine system of the man coordinate to respond to
this situation
P1-the receptor in the eye detect the dog
P2-Nerve impulses are generated and transmitted to the brain via an afferent neurone
P3-The hypothalamus in the brain is stimulated
P4-It actives the sympathetic nervous system to generate nerve impulses
P5-Nerve impulses are transmitted to the adrenal medulla to stimulate secretion of adrenaline
P6-Adrenaline carried /transported by circulatory system to targeted organs
P7-Adnernaline promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
P8-(Adrenaline) increases the breathing rate
P9-More oxygen will be taken into the body
P10-(Adrenaline) increases the rate of heartbeat/blood pressure
P11-Rate of the blood flow increase
P12-More glucose and oxygen will be supplied to the muscle
P13-More energy produced by the muscles/metabolic rate increase
P14-Body has enough energy to face the flight or flight situation
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SULIT
Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
No
(d)
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Marks
A boy saw fierce dog barking and running toward him .The boy ran away and finally
climbed up the big tree
Explain how the endocrine system and nervous system both work together to bring about
immediate response of the boy in the above situation
P1- Light enters the retina and the image of the fierce dog is formed
P2- Nerve impulse s generated by the sensory nerves at the retina
P3- The nerve impulse are transmitted
the brain /central nervous system to be
analysed/interpreted
P4- Sound waves enter the cochlea in the ears
P5- The nerve impulse are generated and transmitted to the brain /central nervous system to be
analysed /interpreted
P6- The hypothalamus is activated to send the nerve impulse to the adrenal medulla
P7- Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline into the blood stream
P8- Adrenaline will increase the metabolic rate
P9- It stimulated the heart beat beat faster
P10- And also breathing rate
P11- and increase the conversion of glycogen to glucose
P12- Finally send more oxygen and glucose to the brain and skeletal muscles
P13- The brain is highly alert to mobilise the various parts of the body for immediate action
P14- The skeletal muscle become energised to flee immediately form danger to run away from
danger /to climb a big tree
P15- This reaction is celled fight-or-fight action
P16- These changes will prepares the boy to respond to the dangerous situation /threatening
situation
Any 10
(c)
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10
A mother and her young child were involved in an accident. The child was pinned under
their car. Upon seeing her child under the car to free her child
Using your biology knowledge, explain how the endocrine and nervous systems coordinate the
mothers response in such situation
When the mother sees her child under the car
P1-the receptor in the eyes/retina detect the stimulus
P2-and trigger a nerve/stimulus impulse
P3-a nerve impulse is sent /transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS)Spinal cord /brain
/interneurone
P4-Through afferent neurone
P5-Across a synapse
P6-The CNS/Spinal cord /brain /internuerone sends a nerve /response impulse to the adrenal
glands
P7-Through efferent neurone(across synapse)
P8-Adernal glands are stimulated to produce /Secrete adrenaline
P9-Adrenaline cause the heart to beat faster/ventilation breathing rate increase//blood pressure
increase//glycogen converts to glucose
P10-and cellular respiration rate to be higher
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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After watching a horror movie at a cinema, Salim went back to his home. On
the way home, he saw a monster exactly the same as he watched in the movie.
He was very shocked and frightened. So he ran away as fast as he could.
Explain the involvement of both the nervous system and the endocrine system in that critical
situation.
P1 - The situation is called fight or flight situation
P2 - Nerve impulses from the eyes (receptors) travel to the brain
P3 - The information is interpreted and the brain sends nerve
impulses to the adrenal glands
P4 - The adrenal glands are stimulated to release adrenaline
P5 - The hormone increases the heartbeat rate, blood pressure
and blood flow to the muscle
P6 - The breathe become faster and deeper
P7 - metabolic activity and glucose level in blood increase
P8 - The skeletal muscles become more energized and enable
a person to fight off an attacker or flee immediately
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Marking scheme
Definition
What is meant by
(i) Internal environment
P1-(physical and Chemical) condition within our body
P2-Extracellular fluid that surround our body cells
P3-Example are body temperature, blood glucose level, pH, blood osmotic potential and
blood pressure
P1&any other P
MAX 2
(ii)Homeostasis
P4-A process of maintaining internal environment/physical and chemical condition in
our body at a constant value
P5-through corrective mechanism based on negative or positive feedback
P6-which revert the internal environment back to normal condition of there is a change
P4& any other P
MAX 2
Importance
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
Aspect
Marking scheme
The
nephron
Marks
: Bowmans capsule
Loop of Henle:
N
Name the organ in the human body where the structure in Diagram 4 could befound?1
Kidney
Name the structure on right side
Nephron
Name the processes that occur in parts inJ, K and M at the nephron3
J:Ultrafiltration
K: Reabsorption
M: Secretion
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Name two blood components found in renal artery but not in the part labeled J.
Red blood cell
Plasma proteins
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Label P and Q
P-Glomerulus
Q-Bowman Capsule
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Ultrafiltration
Reabsorbtion
Different
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Chapter 3:Coordinaiton and Response 2014
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P1 The formation of urine involves three main processes :
ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion
Ultrafiltration
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space/bowmans capsule
1
small molecule but does not contain red blodd cells and plasma protein
P4-useful substance are reabsorbed (form the filtrate into the blood _while toxic
P5-in proximal convoluted tubule,sodium ions and chloride ions are pumped into
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capillary network
P6-reabsorbed of glucose and amino acids by active transport
P7-in the loop of Henle ,water sodium ,chloride ions are reabsorbed
P8-at distal convoluted tubule and more water, sodium and chloride ions are
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reabsorbed
P9-at collecting duct ,99% of water has been reabsorbed (into blood stream )and 1%
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Diagram 12.3 shows a part of a nephron structure.
Marks
Bowmans
capsule
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Collecting
duct
Loop of
Henle
Distal
convoluted
tubule
Label and complete Diagram 12.3 above. State the role of a nephron.
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D-1
L-1
P1 - A nephron is a basic structural and the functional unit of the kidney
P2 - It is responsible for the actual purification of blood in producing urine
(b)
Base on the Table 6.2, explain why the concentration of solutes in the plasma, glomerular
filtration and urine of the adult are differ.10
glomerular filtrate
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(c)
Base on Diagram 6.1 , describe briefly the formation of the glomerular filtrate 4
Process Y = ultrafiltration
A process whereby
F1 water and solutes from glomerulus being forced to filter through the membrane of
Bowmans capsule
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(e)
Marking scheme
Table 6 .2 shows the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma, glomorular filtration and
urine of an adult.
Concentration of solutes (g/dm3)
Solute
Blood plasma
Glomerular filtrate
Urine
Glucose
1.0
1.0
0.0
Amino acid
1.5
1.5
0.0
Protein
80.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
20.0
3.2
3.2
1.6
Urea
Sodium ion, Na
Diagram 7.1 shows part of the circulatory system and a nephron in human kidney.
F1 Glucose reabsorb by facilitated diffusion into blood capillary
E1 Glucose needed by our body
F2 Acid amino reabsorb by facilitated diffusion
E2 Acid amino is needed for body growth / tissue repair
F3 Protein is a big molecule and cannot move via membrane plasma.
E3 Protein is still circulate in blood capillary.
F4 Urea is secreted substances and cannot move back to blood capillary
E4 Water is reabsorb by osmosis and the concentrate of urea increase.
F5 Sodium ion is move back to blood capillary via active transport
E5 Sodium is importance for maintain the blood pressure.
(f)
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Table 7.1 shows the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine
of an adult.
Based on Table 1, explain why the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma, glomerular
filtrate and urine of the adult are differ.
F1 : Concentration of glucose / amino acid / urea / sodium ions in the blood plasma and
glomerular filtrate are the same.
E1 : All glucose / amino acid / urea / sodium ions enter the Bowmans capsule / nephron / are in
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E4 : All glucose / and amino acid are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule /
nephron
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F3 : Less sodium ions in the urine than in the blood plasma / glomerular filtrate.
E6 : Some sodium ion have been reabsorbed from the Nephron (by active transport into the
peritubular capillaries // blood capillaries)
F4 : No protein in the glomerular filtrate / urine.
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Table 3 shows the concentration of some substances in the blood plasma. glomerular filtrate and
urine of an adult.
Substances in fluid
Concentration of substance in fluid
Blood plasma
Glomerulus filtrate
Urine produced
entering the
kidney
glomerulus
Glucose
1.0
1.0
0.0
Amino Acid
1.5
1.5
0.0
Protein
80.0
0.0
0.0
Urea
0.3
0.3
20.0
Sodium ion
3.2
3.2
3.3
Based on 'l'ablc 3, explain the difference in the concentration of urea in the blood plasma,
glomerular filtrate and urine.4
F1 Concentration of urea in blood plasma is 0.3 g/dm3 which is same as in glomerular filtrate
El : Ultrafiltration in Bowman's capsule
E2: High pressure of blood forces out fluid from blood plasma Contain urea and other solutes
into Bowman's capsule
F-2: Concentration of urea in urine is 20 g/dm3 which is much higher than in the glomerular
filtrate
E3: Active secretion urea from blood into glomerular filtrate at distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct
E4: Reabsorption of water from glomerular filtrates at distal Convoluted tubule and collecting
duct
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(a)
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In a study carried out, an individual X drinks a glass of glucose solution. Table 4.2 shows the
changes in the concentration of blood glucose in individual X
Based on table 4.2 , explain the role of gland R in regulating the person blood
glucose concentration from 0 minute to 90 minutes.
P1 : From 0 to 60 minutes, the blood glucose level increases more than the normal level
P2 : Islet cells in gland R is stimulated to secrete insulin
P3 : Insulin stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen (in the liver)
P4 : This cause the glucose level to return to the normal level at the 90th minute
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(a)
(c)
(d)
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Epxlain Hypothalamus and gland M response to the condition after drinking excess water
Hypotalamus
E1-Osmoreceptor (in hypotalamus ) detect the chnge /less stimulated
Gland M:
E2-Pituitary gland /galnd M is less/not stmulated /trigger
E3-Hence less hormone P/ADH secreted
E4-Less water reabsorbed
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No
Marking scheme
(e)
If individul Y consume food which high in salt, adrenal gland will secreted hormone Q
State the hormone Q
Hormone Q: Aldosterone hormone
Kidney function may e impaired by excessive blood loss,vcertain piosons or infection disease
which can lead to kidney failure
(f)
Marks
1
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Explain the effects if more antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted to the targeted organ as
shown in the diagram 3
E1-More ADH will increase the permeability of distal; convoluted tubule and collecting duct
E2-More water is reabsorb into the blood capillary
E3-Urine become less and more concentrated
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Explain how the machanism of hormone Q to restore the osmotic prssure back to normal level
E1-(adrenal gland less stimulated ),Less aldosterone nproduced
E2-Less salt is reabsorbed /most of it will be secreted though urine
1
1
(g)
(h)
(i)
Explain the effects of drinking a large amount of water on the quality and quantity of the urine
of a healthy person.4
F : More urine is produced and more dilute/ less concentrated
El: Blood osmotic pressure drops below normal range osmoreceptors in hypothalamus less
stimulated
E2: less antidiuretic hormone secreted from pituitary gland
E3: Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct less permeable to water
E4: Less water is absorbed into the blood
E5: Aldosterone from adrenal gland cause reabsorption of , sodium ions in blood
Explain how antidiuretic hormone control water absorption in the convoluted tubule and
collecting duct
P1-If blood osmotic pressure lower than normal level, It can be detected by osmoreceptor cell in
hypothalamus
P2-Hypothalamus will produce less ADH (and send to kidney)
P3-Convuluted tubule and collecting duct become less permeable to water
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Aspect
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Osmo
-regulation
Process
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Diagram 7.1 shows the negative feedback mechanism in regulating the water balance in
human blood.
Explain the corrective mechanism when the osmotic pressure of blood increase 6
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Kidney
failure
A man takes too much salty food during lunch .His urine becomes less and
concentrated.Epxlain why4
F-Blood osmotic pressure increase
P1-Detected by osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
P2-impulse is sent to adrenal gland and pituitary gland
P3-Adrenal gland secrete les aldosterone and pituitary gland secretemore ADH
P4-Cell lining of distal convulted tubule and cd less premeable to salt and more
premeable to water
P5-Less reabsorption of salt and more reabsoorption of water into blood vessel
En. Kamal was informed by his doctor that his left kidney fail to function.By using
your biology knowledge, explain the effect of his kidney failure on his health and
give a suggestion to overcome this problem6
F1 - less efficient in filtration of waste products and excess water in blood plasma
P1- as a result, urea uric acid/ creatinine / salt concentration will be increase
P2 - increase the blood pressure
F1 - use haemodialysis machine / kidney transplant
F2 - to replace the function of kidney; filtrate all the waste product and excess water
En Hamah was informed by his doctor that his left kidney fail to function .By using our
biology knowledge, explain the effect of his failure on his health d give a suggestion to
overcome this problem
F1-less efficient in filtration of waste product and excess water in blood plasma
P1-As a result urea, uric acid/creatinine/salt concentration will be increase
P2-Increase the blood pressure
Suggestion:
F1-Use haemodialysis machine /kidney transplant
F2-to replace the function of kidney; to filter all the waste product and excess water
Explain the condition of the patient before undergoing this treatment (Haemodialysis)
F1-the kidneys are malfunction /stop function /kidney failure
P1-Blood contains of high amount of waste materials/Urea/toxic waste/salts
P2-Blood constituents/osmotic pressure higher than normal
If the kidney is severe enough and the patient does not want want to use dialysis
machine ,give suggestion of treatment and explain briefly about the treatment
F1-Kidney transplant
P1-Failed kidneys replaced with working form donor
P2-Donors kidney has to match recipient body
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Dialysis
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Name organ Z
Pancrease
1
1
A man found that his urine shown positive result when tested with Benedict solution
State the health problem faced by the man mentioned above
Diabetes mellitus
Khairi suffers form diabetes insipidus produces a large amount of urine .Explain how this
problem is related to the imbalance of hormone in his body2
P1-Lacking in ADH /antidiriuretic hormone
P2-Less absorption of water in the distal convoluted tubule/collecting duct//distal convoluted
tubule/collecting duct less permeable to water
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No
(a)
Marking scheme
The adult later suffers from diabetes but does not take his regular injection of insulin.
Explain the changes that might occur to the content of his urine and suggest a laboratory
experiment to confirm the content of the urine
Able to explain changes that might occur to the content of the adults urine.
E1 : excess glucose is found in his urine
E2 : glucose cannot be converted into glycogen
E3 : Excess glucose will not be reabsorbed from the nephron // proximal convoluted tubules
E4 : into ( peritubular) capillaries // blood capillaries
Any three points
Able to suggest a laboratory experiment to confirm the content of the urine
F1 : (The laboratory experiment to be conducted) is the Benedicts test.
P1 : (In a test tube) , add about 1 ml of urine sample with 1 ml of Benedicts solution
P2 : The mixture is heated (in a water bath) for 5 minutes
P3 : Observe the presence of brick red precipitate to confirm the presence of glucose in the
urine
Any three points
Marks
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(b)
Diagram 6.1 shows the negative feedback mechanism that regulated the blood glucose level in
human being
(i) Explain briefly the meaning of negative feedback mechanism
P1-It is corrective mechanisms (which reverses the original change and bring the system
back to the normal
P2-When the blood glucose level decreases, It will increase and finally back to normal /vice
versa
(ii) Describe how the hormones X and Y regulate the blood glucose level in humans
P1-Hormone X and Y produced by pancreas
P2-Hormone X /glucagons is secreted by alpha cells whereas hormone Y /insulin is
secreted by Beta Cells
P3-If the blood sugar level is lower than normal,more hormone X /glucogon is secreted
into the blood stream
P4-The hormone X /glucagon is transported by the blood to the liver
P5-Hormone X/Glucagon causes/stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose
P6-This causes the level of glucose to rise and back to the normal
P7-If the blood sugar level is higher than normal,more hormone Y/Insulin is secreted into
the blood stream
P4-Hormone Y/Insulin causes/stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose
P6-This causes the level of glucose to rise and back to the normal
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(d)
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Explain how the body of a healthy person restores the blood sugar level to normal if the level
drops too low.
P1 - The islet cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon
P2 - Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose
P3 - This restores the blood sugar level to normal
P4 - Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown
P5 - This releases fatty acids that can be metabolized to generate energy
P6 - This restores the blood sugar level to the normal range
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(b)
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A worker enters a cold room that stores frozen meat. Explain how the regulation of the worker
body temperature occurs 6
P1-When the environment is too cold, the stimuli is detected by receptors I the skin
P2-Impulse is sent to brain /hypothalamus
P3-Hypothalamus sent impulse to the effectors
P4-Vasoconstraction of arterioles in the skin, Less blood flows to the skin
P6-So less heat is lost (to surrounding)
P7-Erector muscle contract. Hairs raise up so trap more heat
P8-Adnernal gland secrete adrenaline whereas thyroid gland secretes thyroxin to increase
metabolic rate
P9-shivering takes place, this results in increased the production of heat
1
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State what will happen to his blood osmotic pressure in the persons body.
The blood osmotic pressure increases
1
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1
Explain how gland Q involves in returning the osmotic pressure of the blood to normal levels.3
P1 : The osmoreceptor detects the increase in the osmotic blood pressure
P2 : Gland P is stimulated to release more ADH
P3: ADH is transported by blood to the kidneys
P4 : ADH increases the permeability of the wall of distal convoluted tubule and collecting
ducts
P5 : More water is reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood
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(c)
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Marks
Diagram 7.1, 7.2,7.3 and 7.4 shows four different environmental conditions.
Describe the regulatory mechanism carried out to maintain the body temperature at 36.7 in both
condition above. 6
Hot Condition
F1-erector muscle relax so that hair is lowered
P1-A Thin air is trapped by the hair
P2-Heat can be lost easily
F2-Blood capillaries in the dermis of the skin dilate//Vasodilation
P3-More blood flows near surface of skin
F3-Sweat glands secrete sweat actively
P4-When sweat evaporates,It absorb heat from the skin
F4-Less thyroxine and adrenaline are produce
P5-Bodys metabolic rate decrease//Less heat is generated within the body
4 F & Corresponding P
Cold condition
F1-Erecvtor muscle contract so that hair is raised
P1-A thick layer of air is trapped by the hair
P2-THhe layer of air acts as an insulator to prevent loss of heat form the body
F2-Blood capillaries in the dermis of skin constrict//vasoconstriction
P2-Less blood flows near the surface of the skin
F3-Skeletal muscle contract involuntary //shivering
P3-Genertaes heat to raise the body temperature
F4-More throxine and adrenaline are secreted
P4-Bodys metabolic rate increase//more heat is generated
4F&corresponding P
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Marking scheme
Marks
Does the organ shows in diagram 9.2 can regulate the human body temperature? Give your
reason
Evaluate: yes
Reason:When the body temperature falls
F1-(cold) receptors/thermoreceptor detects the change of the body temperature falls
E1-Afferent neurone transmitted the nerve impulse to the hypothalamus
E2-Hypothalamus acts as the temperature regulatory centre
E3-Nerve impulse is transmitted form the hypothalamus to the skin (by efferent neurone to
produce response by negative feedback mechanism)
F2-Hairs erector muscle are stimulated to contract
E4-Hiars become erect
E5-A thick layer of air is trapped
E6-Less hest loss (to the environment by radiation /conduction n)
F3-Sweat glands inactive
E7-Less sweat produced
E8-Rate of evaporation (very ) low
E9-Heat is conserved
F4-Vasoconstriction occurs //blood vessel constrict
E10-Less blood flows close to the body surface
E11-Heat loss (by radiation/conduction )is reduced
E12-Body temperature increase back to normal any 9OR
When the body temperature high
F1-(warm) receptors/thermoreceptor detects the change of the body temperature high
E1-Afferent neurone transmitted the nerve impulse to the hypothalamus
E2-Hypothalamus acts as the temperature regulatory centre
E3-Nerve impulse is transmitted form the hypothalamus to the skin (by efferent neurone to
produce response by negative feedback mechanism)
F2-Hairs erector muscle are stimulated to relax
E4-Hairs lie flat
E5-very little layer of air is trapped
E6-More haea hest loss (to the environment by radiation /conduction)
F3-Sweat glands active
E7-more sweat produced
E8-Rate of evaporation (very ) high
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(f)
(g)
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Condition Y
E1-The smooth muscle around the arteriole relax /vasodilation occur
E2-this increase the amount the mount of blood flowing through the skin
E3-the arteriole is located near the skin surface
E4-Increasing the heat lost ( by radiation /conduction via blood)
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Erector muscle
P2-contracts
Hairs
P3-hiars is raised to trap an insulating layer/heat
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(h)
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(a)
Drug can later brain function and the rate at which neuron release neurotransmitters .These are
different types of drug which are stimulus depressants. There are different types of drug which
are stimulants,depressants,hallucinogens and narcotic
Based on the statement, state and explain briefly the effect of any two drugs
Drug -1
Effect-1
Type of drug
Mark scheme
D1-cacine
Stimulants
E1-Block the removal of pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters
D2-Transquiliser
Depressants
E2-slow down the transmission of impulses
Hallucinogens D3-LcD
E3-cause user to see, hear and perceive things that do not exist
D4-Herion //morphine
Narcotic
E4-Induce felling of euphoria/block pain signals/slow down
Any 2D+2E
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(b)
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1
1
Reject:
1. used in producing cheese/yogurt
2. beer.wine
3. produce vinegar
Advantages Drug in human physiology
F3-Depressant-psychiatry
F4-Depressant to relief pain
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Analyse skill: able to state at least two point of advantages and disadvantages
Evaluate skill: able to rationalize/justify whether drugs and alcohol give good impact or not to
human
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(b)
(c)
Marking scheme
Marks
In Another experiment, a group of student have removed the coleoptiles of a seed and placed it
on agar block before placing it back on the cut plumule as shown in diagram
Draw a possible observation for the growth of plumule in the box in diagram 4.2 1
(d)
Explain how chemical substances T named in (A) causing observation as drawn in above
E1-Chemical substance t /auxins produced in the coleoptiles tip dissolve into agar-agae block
E2-Then dissolve in the removed bud tip tissue
E3-Stimulate elongation of Plumule
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In another experiment, the shoot tips of young pea seedling with chemical substance T while
another shoot tips acts as control. All shoot tips are incubated over a period of 48 hours .The
results are shown in diagram
Based on the graph explain the difference between the treatment of chemical substance T and
the control on the shoot tips 2
E1-The mean length of the treatment shoot tips at the end of 48 hours is longer than the control
shoot tips
E2-Becuase the rate of elongation is higher with the present of chemical substance T /auxin
1
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(a)
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(b)
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Geotropism
P1 The response of plants towards gravity
P2 The root shows positive geotropism.
P3 The shoot shows negative geotropism
(c)
(d)
10
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Beside stimulating the shoot elongation ,chemical substance T also has other function .Explain
how chemical substances t being used in :
(i)Propagation of plant through stem cutting method
E1-Chemical substance T /auxin stimulate growth of adventitious roots form the stem
E2-This will promotes the growth of nw plants form the stem cutting
(ii)Parthenocarpy
E1-Treat flowers that hav not been pollinated with substance T auxin
E2:This will induc the development of fruit without fertilization (Parthenocarpy)
1
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A mango farmer picked ten basket of immature mangoes for sale .Give one suggestion to make
all the mangoes ripen on the same time1
Keep the upripe mangoes together with ripe fruit /bananas//spray the unripe mangoes with
ethylene
Diagram 4.1 shows the effect of light on the growth of the pant shoot
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Diagram 4.shows the direction of growth of the plumule and the radical of a seedling which is
placed in a horizontal position during germination
Explain why
(i) The plumule grows toward direction X
E1-Auxin stimulates/promotes cell elongation at the shoot (tips)
E2-More auxin is distributing at the darker /lower side of the shoot (tip compring to the
bright/upper side)
E3-(so at the darker /lower side ) the rate of cell elongation is higher (than the bright /upper
side)
E4-The shoot (tips)grows/bends toward light /away form gravity
(ii) the radical grows toward direction Y
E5-(High concentration of) auxin inhibits cell elongation at radical/root( tip)
E7-More auxin is distributed at the lower /darker side of the root (tip comparing to the upper
/brighter side)
E8-So the root grows/bends downward toward gravity/away form light
(b)
(c)
(d)
State one difference in the role of auxin in shoot tips compared to root tips1
P1-At shoot (tips, high concentration of ) auxin stimulates cell elongation ) but at root
tip)auxin inhibits cell elongation
Explain one importance of the response to the plant
F1-Positive phototropism //negative Geotropism
E1-Enables the plants to receive maximum amount of sunlight for photosynthesis//any suitable
explanation
OR
F1-Negative Phototropism//Positive Geotropism
E1-Enables the root (Hairs) to absorb nutrients/mineral salts from the soil//any suitable
explanation
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Diagram shows the direction of growth of plumule and the radical of a seedling which is placed
in a horizontal position during germination
State the type of response of the plumule and the radicle .Explain the importance of the
response to the plant 4
Plumule :Positive phototropism //negative geotropism,
Importance : Enable plant to get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis
Radicle :Positive geotropism //negative phototropism
Importance :enable roots to get absorb water photosynthesis
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Base on diagram, Explains why the plumule grow toward direction x and the radical grows
toward direction X and radical grows toward direction Y
Plumule
P1-Auxin stimulate, promo cell elongation at the shoot tip
1
1
P2-More auxin is \distributes at the darker lower side of the shoot compare to the bright /upper
side
P3-So st the darker/lower side the rate of cell elongation is higher than the bright /upper side
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Based on the statement above, state and explain the use of hormones in agricultural 4
1
F1-Auxin
(b)
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F2-Ethylene
P6-Promoting the ripening of fruit//the unripe imported fruit will be exposed to ethylene gas for
sale
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