G.

PULLAIAHCOLLEGEOF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Presented By
G.NIRUSHA
II B.TECH; IT
(2008-2012)
From ULTRIX group
CONTENTS:

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Developers

4. Structure

5. Construction

6. Working

7. Compatibility

8. BD Vs Other formats

9. Advantages

10. Current developments

11. Conclusion

12. Bibilography
ABSTRACT:
The present topic deals with the new generation of data storage and the present
developing technique called BLU-RAY DISK. The data stored in
BD is about 25GB for single layer and 50GB for dual layer. This BD is based on the laser
system and different concepts in the fields. Throughout the paper we focused on the structure,
construction, working, and its efficiency compared with the other new formats and we
concentrated on the construction and it is compared with the DVD especially. This topic
deals with the new data storage device which is of large capacity.
The paper also deals with the BD features, advantages, and its comparision with
the other data storing devices and its ongoing developments in the recent years. Many
companies are busy with the developing of the BD and its
Designing

INTRODUCTION:
The name BD(Blu- ray Disc) is derived from the blue-violet laser used to read and
write this type of disc. Because of its wavelength (450nm), substantially more data can be
stored on a BD than on the DVD format, which uses a red laser. A single layer BD can store
25 gigabytes (GB), over five times the size of a single layer DVD at 4.7 GB. A dual layer BD
can store 50 GB, almost six times the size of a dual layer DVD at 8.5 GB.
The Blu-ray name is a combination of “blue”, for the color of the laser that is
used, and “ray”, for optical ray .The “e” in “blue” was purposefully left
Off, according to the manufacturers,because an everyday word cannot be trademarked.
:

DEVELOPERS:
The blu-ray disc format was developed by Blu-ray disc association (BDA)

The Board of Directors currently consists of:

Apple Computer, Inc.

Dell Inc.
Hewlett Packard Company
LG Electronics Inc.
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Pioneer Corporation
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Sony Corporation
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Twentieth Century Fox
Walt Disney Pictures
Warner Bros. Entertainment

DEFINITION OF BD:
Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD) is the name of a next-generation
optical disc format. The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of
high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.
STRUCTURE:
Laser and optics

Like its rival format HD DVD, Blu-ray uses a "blue" (technically violet) laser
operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use
red and near infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.

The blue- violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more
information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can
be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the
numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, using a higher
numerical aperture (0.85, compared with 0.6 for DVD), higher quality, dual- lens system, and
making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be
focused much more tightly at the disk surface. This produces a smaller spot on the disc and
allows more information to be physically contained in the same area. In addition to the
optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding, allowing for
even more data to be packed in. (See compact disc for information on optical discs' physical
structure.)

Hard-coating technology

Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the
DVD standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in
cartridges for protection. Advances in polymer Technology eventually made the caddies
unnecessary.

TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for
Blu-ray discs. It was named DURBAIS. Both Sony and Panasonic replication methods
include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a
scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc
discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called Scratch Guard.

CONSTRUCTION:
DVD CONSTRUCTION:

In a DVD, the data is sandwiched between two polycarbonate layers, each 0.6- mm
thick.

1. Having a polycarbonate layer on top of the data can cause a problem called
birefringence, in which the substrate layer refracts the laser light into two separate
beams.
2. If the beam is split too widely, the disc cannot read. If the DVD surface is not exactly
flat, and is therefore not exactly perpendicular to the beam, it can lead to a problem
known as disc tilt

BD CONSTRUCTION:

1. The BD overcomes DVD-reading issues by placing data on top of a 1.1- mm thick

polycarbonate layer.
2. Having the data on top prevents birefringence and therefore prevents readability
problems
3. With the recording layer sitting closer to the objective lens of the reading
mechanism, the problem of disc tilt is virtually eliminated.
4. Because the data is closer to the surface, a hard coating is placed on the outside of the
disc to protect it from scratches and fingerprints.

INFO DENSITY:

• Data is placed on 1.1mm thick polycarbonate layer but not as it is placed in DVDS.

• Data is written on a groove only substrate so that the data can be placed closely
together.

• This increases the information density, and hence the storage capacity giving it an
edge over other optical discs.
COMPONENTS:

• Laser system
• Tracking system
• Drive motor
• Spins disc 200-500 rpm depending on track being read
n Discs

LASER SYSTEM:

• Bull- Laser diode focused on bumps

• Beam passes through polycarbonate layer, reflects off aluminum
• Hits opto-electronic sensor: detects changes in bumps/lands of aluminum
• Changes to electrical signal to be read

TRACKING SYSTEM:
• Moves laser outward on CD
• Constant linear speed
- CD spins slower as laser moves from inside to outside
- Data read off disc at constant rate
BD RECORDER SYSTEM:

PRML-partial maximum likelihood

DP-data processor
 RF- radio frequency

WORKING:
• PRML is a clock recovery and adaption unit. It uses analog to digital converters
(ADC).

• The servo block presents an ADC with a gain amplifier, an 8 channel multiplexer,and
a DAC.

• In the playback mode, PRML receives an analog-equalized RF input signal and

extracts bit serial data and synchronised clock with the data and sends them to data
processor (DP).

• In the recording mode, clock is also generated with a signal coming from RF chip.
The extracted data from PRML is demodulated and converted in to symbols and
transferred back to back-end processor.

• In 2 X playback or recording mode the power dissipation is 0.9 watts with a channel
clock of 132 MHz.
COMPATABILITY:

OTHER FEATURES:

• Blu-ray has a higher data transfer rate -- 36 Mbps (megabits per second) -- than
today's DVDs, which transfer at 10 Mbps
• It is used for high quality video and audio recording .
• Used in play stations.
• Designed to record digital broadcast signals based on the ISDB standard.
• They come with a secure encryption system, to protect against video piracy
ADVANTAGES:

• Symbol Error Rate (SER) defined in blu- ray disc format is less than 2 x 10-4.

• Blu-ray disc application standard keeps a clean separation between A/V data stored on
disc and how it is played back.

• This standard supports recording of both HDTV and SDTV .

• The surface is more accurately flat than available optical disc surfaces.

BLU-RAY VS OTHER FORMATS:

• Primary competition is HD-DVD
• Manufactured with same equipment that makes DVDs
- Equipment easily compatible with old technology
- Less storage capability than blu-ray (15 GB or * % Z LW
KGXDOO D\ HU
- HD-DVD strongly supported by Toshiba
• Blu-ray ahead in the process and strongly backed
• Blu-ray products have been featured with both blue and red laser to read DVDs as
well as new discs
ONGOING DEVELOPMENTS:
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue
working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a
drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a
standard drive."). Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32Mbit/s
video (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64Mbit/s video (Cinema 4K). Furthermore TDK announced in
August 2006 that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding
200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.

JVC has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-
definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this
would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD
players, and reveal its HD version when played on a new BD player This hybrid disc does not
appear to be ready for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this
disc structure.

Hitachi has recently showcased 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers
containing 25 GB each. Unlike TDK and Panasonic's 100 GB disc, this disc is readable on
standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware
update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives. TDK has
also produced a 200 GB six- layer pr

CONCLUSION:
With this I conclude that this blu- ray disc is a wonderful technique to store large amount
of data on the disc for a long time. Many companies are working on this project to launch the
data storage device which more in the efficiency than that of DVD, VCD and pen drives.

REFERENCES:
1. www.cdrfreaks.com
2. www.pcworld.com
3. www.wikipedia.com
4. www.blu-ray.com
5. www.eetimes.com
6. www.cdrinfo.com