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.,
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sv
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;7eprodur:ed by
AERONAUTIC SYPP%RO%S
---
English
Abbrwiation
Unit
r ,
Unit
Ahbravie-
l
1
P
A
a
-
Speed+.-- -,..
-.-----
--2. GENERAL
-----
SY hIBOLS
Weight =r r ~ g
Y
Kinczna sic vhcosity
Density (nlna.; per 1111itvolunle)
Stnndard accelerittion~of gravf ty--9.80665 m/s2 p
Standard density of i1r.y itir, 0.12437 kg-ml4-s2p,t 15' C
or 32.1740 ftjsec"
and 760 rnln; or 0,0112373 Ih-ftY4secC
TI/'
hfass- Spzcific
ii-~iglltof " sf,aricta rd" air, 1.2335 kg!n13 or
9
hlolnerlt of inertin ==mi-'. (Lildicnt r nxis of
0.07651 lb/'l;u it
radius of g v r a t i o ~k k y proper subscript.)
Coefficicrlt of viscosity
Are8
Area of wing
Gap
Span
Chord
Aspect ratio,
Reynolds nurnbe;.,
2 to
i,
&
b"
S
v1
-- where
6 is a Iinenr dimen-
Sh
re
I,
Lift, nbsoliitc coef-5cicr1t.i?L==7,
g.3
Drag, absolut-ecocitician t 15' -
!is
Do
Profile drag, 12 h?olir te cocfficicnt CDo===-
no
n*
Induced tlri~g,;~'>sc~iute
coeff~ciccntCoi=T.
a,
PS
QU
a,
B E S T C O P Y F U R N I S H E D US B Y T H E S P O N S O R I N G
AGENCY.
A L T H O U G H IT IS R E C O G N I Z E D T H A T C E R -
T A I N P O R T I O N S A R E I L L E G I B L E , IT IS BEING R E L E A S E D IN T H E I N T E R E S T O F M A K I N G A V A I L A B L E
df
Created by act of Congress approved March 3, 1915, for the supervision and direction of the scientific study
the
problems of flight (U. S. Code, title 50, sec. 151). Its nlembership was increased to 17 by act approved May 25, 1948
(Public Law 549, 80th Congress). The members are appointed by the President, and serve as such without compensation.
JEROME
C. RUNBAKEB,
SC.D., Cambridge, Mass., Chairmm
ALEXANDEB
WETXOBE,SC. D., Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Vice Chaimban
HON.JOHIT
R. ALISON,Assistant Secretary of Commerce.
D E T LW.
~ ~ BBONK,
~P
PH. D., PreEsident, Johns Hopkins University.
KABLT. W16Pro~,PEI.D., Chairman, Research and Development Board,
National Military Establishment.
EDWARD
U. CONDON.?
PH. D., Director, National Bureau of Standards.
JAMES H. :Doo~xn'm,Sc. D., Vice President, Shell Union Oil Corn
R. M. HAZEN,
B. S., Director of Engineering, Allison Dirision, Geoer:.!
Motors Corp.
WILLIAML I ~ O O D
M. , E., Vice President, Engineering, American
Airlines, Inc.
T H ~ D O O.
RE
LONNQUEBT,
Rear Admiral, United States Navy, Assistant
Chief for Research and Development, Bureau of Aeronautics.
E ~ w m
M. PO\VERS,
Major General, United States A i r Force, Assistant
Chief of Air Staff-4.
3 o a ~D. PBICE,Vice Admiral, United States Navy, Deputy Chief of
Naval Operations ( A i r ) .
AXTEURE. RAYMOND,
M. S., Vice President, Engineering, Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc,
F s l ~ ~ c xW.
a R E ; I C H E W )SC.
~ ~ D.,
,
Chief, United States Weather
Bureau.
HON.DELOB\V. RENTZEZ,Administrator of Civil Aeronautics, Department of Commerce.
H o a 5. V A N D W ' B EGeneral,
~,
Chief of staff, United States Air Force.
THEOWRE
P. WBIQHT,SC. D., Vice President for Research, Cornell
University.
JOHN
F. VICTORY,
LL. M., Edecutiwe Secretarg
HUGHL. DBYDEN,
P H . D., Director of AwmuticaE Research
E. H. CHAMBERUN,Eaecutive Olftcer
JOHNW. CBOWIXY,
JB., B. S., Associate Director of Aeronawtical Research
HEWBYJ. B REID, SC. D., Director, LangIey Aeronautical Laboratory, Langley Field, Va.
SMITH,J. DEFBANCE,
B. S., Director, Amee Aeronautical Laboratory, Moffett Field, Calif.
EDWARD
R. S a m , Sc. D., Director, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Ohio
TECHNICAL COMMITTEES
L A N Q L ~A~~YN A U T I C ALAE~ORATOBY,
L
.
b w 1 8 FLIGHT
PBOPULSXON
IIABORAT~Y,
AMEBAEBDNAUTICAL ~ B O R A T O E Y
Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, Ohio
Moffett Field, Calif.
Urnduct, under unimd control, for all agencies, of scientific research on the fu?~dantmtaJproblem8 o f flight
OFFICE OF i l ~ : n n x . i ~rc'.jr
-~
.- T.'
1:::
-:r'l:
ITub4hing~u11,
1). :
C~lZeCfh?t,
classification, compilation, and dissemination of sciett l i f i c and tech~zica
L t tLIormattun on cceronaut ics
SUMMARY
ingorm
I:~TRODTJ'C'TIBN
j
I
It has been known that a wing or wing-aileron s t n ~ c turally restrained to a. certain position of equilibrium
becomes unstable under certain c.,nditions. A t least
two degrees of frccdorn are required to create n con- 1
dition of instability, ns it rnn he sho~vnthnt vibrations j
' o = log
~ (zZ+y2)
FIGURE
1.-Conformal representation of the wing profile by a circle.
M
!
The function (p on the circle gives directly the surface potential of a straight line pp, the projection of the
circle on the horizontal
diameter. (See fig. 1.) In
this case y = 41 - x2 and p is a function of x only.
We shall need the integrals:
(x-x1)"~y--~J'
4 1cos-lc
and
where ,-.
N-
1 -CX-
- -
41 --Zl JI -c2
x-c
The iocstion of the center of gravity of the wingaileron xa is measured from a, the coordinate of the
axis of rotation (fig. 2 ) ; XB the location of the center
of gravity of the aileron is measured from c, the coordinate of the hinge; and T. and r b are the radii of gyration
of the wing-:-aileron referred to U , find of the aileron
referred t o the 11ii::;r. l ' h ~ql ! p n tlries i.3 and ,*,I arc
" r e d ~ i c e c i " ' values, ILS deiined l t i ~ c rirl the p:q)cr. 'i'ht~
quantities a, z
., C, and zp are positive t,oward tho rear'
(right), h is the vertical coordinate of the axis of rotation at a with respect to R fixed reference framn and is
positive downwnrcl. The angles a and B nro positive
clock~rise(right-hnd ttirn). The wind velocity Y is to
'
b
Ax=
- -uay4
2
S-In&=
1
b*
- ( x - e l 2 log N]
To obtain the effect of an angle of the entire airfoil, we put c = - 1 in the expression
for cp,, hence
-pa=vab J1 -x2
To depi;.t the airfoil in downward motion with s veloc-
s--
xa
p,+dx = - &b22
pods= - Z ; ; ~ @ T 5
l1
S--
pbdx = - b2
27r
cpj,dx = ,j
b h* , ~
fpkds= &b2T9
~ ~ c o s - l c(z-e)
- log ~j
IPI,==g(,/1-cl~F7+
Ji7
pad^=-^^^
2
- -hT,
2
pfl=%[
INTEGRALS
= - 2- a l
I I'
' J-~lq.(x-c)dx-
[-Yup(x - c ) d t
a
S-ypj(r
c)&
J-yp;(~-
hvb~2
27r
b'
2-B T ~
- pb a e n
b
J - y p i ( ~ - c ) ~ x =- -hcr
2
~ra(~-c)di=(.ir~3;,
c ) d x=
pjdx = -
- c)dx= -
pp(x
- -v@T4
= aYT14r
b
- - 5~/3T8
b2jT7
c)ds = -- 5
CONSTANTS
+ c3 -I- c cos-'c
Thus
Finally, to describe a rotation around point a at an
angular velocity h, we notice that this motion rnay be
taken to consist of a rotation around the leading edgs
c = - 1 a t an angular velocity ii plus a vertical motion
with a velocity- & ( I + a ) b . Then
'i
b2
2n
v&=--~(x+2)
- --
---
VELOCITY POTENTIALS
cp. = vob 41 - x2
pi-Ab41 -s2
pi=6b2(;x
- a ) J-
- (x c) log
where
2
---
N = I-cx-
41-x'
AT;
-
41-c2
Employing the est,ended Bcrrloulli Theorem for unsteady flow, the local pressure is, except for R c o n s t ~ n t
zo2 39
P.=-r('+r)
bv
tia1 at the point. Substituting w = v + - bx we obtain
ultimately for the pressure difference between the
upper and lower surface a t x
+1
or X,, =xo
-+ JG2
- 1 on the x ~ x i s
I
'
FIGURE
around the hinge, and the moment on the entire airfoil, we obtain by rilealls of partial itltegrtibions
- 2p(%
+ v 2)
Further
2 n-bq
- -
AI' bx
4.r:
-1
tts
H
Putting
'
14-1
A l l
/1
and
for c-- - 1 we obtain the expression for P, the force
on the whole airfoil
(ro+2)
Jrm
p a , etc,
(pr
---
rj
from b
- page 6 gives the important relation:
ax
'j'j21.
l z
1;
A , , t
4
-
-1
(cos-.~c
- e 41 - c2)
~ * O l l l p IY!!
~l~
I i ~ l ti~l o ! i t ! L i o ~ i , b
,I
the airfoil at tile trrtrling edge.
i ~ , ~
i ~
i
! !I(\
l cLiow d i t ~ i il t a , i \
I t is obsel-ved t h t ~ t.he
t rcltttion reduces to that of the
Kuttn conditio~lfor sttitio~lt~r-y
flow
xr,= a ,
II
I where
P u t U = Uoe
s vt
Introduced in (IV)
from (V)
'
r-
II
(i-XO)+P]
=
(s+ ( 0 11, the distance from the _first vortex
element to the ~i.*foil,
and k a positive constant determining the wave length,
then
where
FIGURE
4.-The functions F and G wainst T -
i [t
( J l + Yo)+ Y i ( y ~TJo)
F= J I(4
+ Y0I2+(YI -*Id2
These functions, which are of fundamental importance in the theory of the oscillating airfoil are given
I
graphically against the argument 3 in figure 4.
SOLUTION OF THE DEPU(1TE INTEGRALS IN C BY MEANS O F BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
We have
e-r coeh t
cosh nt dt
Introducing
where
we obtain finally
P = - 2p~baCQ
iz
K, ( t ) = e G,,(it)
(Eq. (28), sec. 3, p. 23, same reference)
and
.-
(VIII)
but
(=I)
'x((2
)=
E2 ITe(x) + (10::
-
y) e l , (I)
-1
+ ~ ( C O S~- -~~ . \ / 1 - - 2
Q )= --P~b2(I;2G-Td)&(IX)
Thus,
-;
[ Y(x)~
Gn(x)=
(x)]
We have
dx
or
<
- -2 Yo(k)+ i i J, (k)
x
iJm
sin kxdr
dxrl
Thus,
(XTV)
" sin kxdx
Further,
K~(-ik)
=sm
eik
.
71-
(XV)
eoshidi =
fi j;-.
=ef
=xdx
2
2-
Thus,
J=x$;F1""
-
- - - Yl (k)
7r
(XVII)
P = - pb2(er*&
LIat
Qa,
TOTAL MOMENTS
Atfa
ca,
(A?
apb2
10
t. =
x,.
'
sa
=--,
Mb
W. =
ia=
42,
xp =
4%.
frequency
of
torsional
vibration
radius of gyration of
.,
'
T:
/
I
/
=doe
and
where s is the distmce from the airfoil to the $rst
ds
vortex element, - = u , and cl and p2 are phase angles
dt
of @ and h with respect to a.
around c.
T ~ + ; C - ~ ) L ~ - 7r- K -
ik -?-
Jar
aileron
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
a = aOe
1,
w, =
" i
< J L
d
of gravity distance from c.
; ~ i ~ .r e i l ~ ~ c sconter
aa=r!G5,
around a.
reduced
Yfl
t'
(c-a)
'
A*1= ra2-!A,, =
(a
(; +
a2)
,.
<
I
-a )
AaS = 0
ADI="-"+
K
T
(c-a)(?-$)
11
A~-I[-~~;($-~),T~]
T
1 and
$a+ilaa, R4+ilaB
' . -. hgaa=
&%+i1ba,
Z b 6 +i166
ilba, R b , + i l b hi
zCh+ilch
1 z"
Ech+irchr Bca+iIca 1
R.,,+ilah,l z , + i l a aj=O
lBcfi+ilcD,
z b s f
R E A L EQUATIONS
Case 3
Case 2
Case 1
IMAGINARY EQUATIONS
C,=O
1
G I = ;
+1
ch20
C'm
=0
-.___I___
'Tlir filetor
!u r 2h J is o
i;
f ~ l l i l ~ i list:
ng
3
>'
12
CompXe:~t:~lbicequation in dE
(QaQsric,+
RBQ, A,. -t
A,,) X 2
i iQaMa, Qdii,, QhMd X+ I)-0
Cam 3, :u, 0) :
Q.G,&;+-
-I-
(=I )
(XXIV)
(QhAaa+QaAch)ry+Mb~=O
and finally
(I',.
We are a t liberty to introduce the reference parameters w, and T f , and the convention adopted is: w , is
the last o in cyclic order in each of the subcases 3, 2,
-;:;2 ( a +{) F
and 1.
Then %=(->'and
Case 3,
'
where A,,=R,,+il,,
etc.
thus for
G.+,=l,
Wn+irn+~
om==(:$;)'and
Qd=
We w e only conI
cerned with positive values of g and positive values of
X . Observe that we do not have to solve for k, but
may reverse the process by choosing a number of
values of k and solve for X. The plotting of X
ageinst
21
e~:(;~;a;ll,
tl~i:
-c~8.d
i J , l t
] ~ ~ 'ir;:i-+
> ~ ~
=:
I , ~3ice\v!i~t,I I I C ~ ' ;
1 1v r~ ,-( Y,
~ i i c . ~inlportance
;
than
A
iiijri.
>
.
13
We shall now proceed to consider these three subcases. By virtue of the cyclic arrangement, we need
only consider the first case ( a , (3). The cornplos
quadratic equations (XSII)-(XXJV) all resolve
t,hemselves into two independent staternen ts, which
we shall for convenience denote "Imaginary equation" a d "Real equation", the former being of first
and the latter of second degree in X. A11 constants
are to be resolved into their real and imaginary parts,
denoted by an upper index R or I, respectively.
Let Ma,=MRaa iAWraaand Ist similar expressions
denote Mbaand Meh
Csse 3 , (a,@). Separating equation (XXII) we obtain.
( I ) Inmginary equation:
Case 2, (/3,h)
w,= G L E ~
Qg(M",oI,,2-bf:aRchPch)
ap=t)
rrp2
Q*=I
+Qfi[-M;a(RbhL~+IbhRcfi)
+2 h f ~ a I b+aAna:QIbB22
~~
1'Mi4EbBIbB0 (X7iYv1)
here
%a=
~ a s e l ~ ( h . 4 a,=%
tlh=(2);?
n,= 1
Qi
(M!~1aa~-Mi$atJatJ %[-Mia (RcaIah IcaRah)
+Itf?fileh2-M&c,11Ch 0 ( X X V I I )
+21~!Jcn~~ul
Eliminating X we get
Qa
we have:
(M1ch>
*
-Mrch(Roarbfi+Iaabfl)+2MRchIaarb~l
[-fifrchBaaIaa+ MRchIaa21= O
But we have
a,'[- MIc,(Rbfllba)+MRcJbfi21
fia [
expressed as a function of a by means of the firstdegree equation. The definition of X and Q for each
subcase is given above. The cyclic arrangement of
all quantities is very convenient 8s it permits identical
treatment of the three subcases.
It shall finally be repeated that the above solutions
represent the border case of unstable equilibrium.
The plot of X against Z? gives a boundary curve between
the stable and the unstable regions in the XSt plane.
I 1
I t is preferable, however, to plot the quantity
Q~2(MRCh~bf12-M'chRbfllbb)
%[-M'ch(Rajdba+
Iu&ba)
0
'
(nv)
APPENDIX
PROCEDURE
(1)
major
Determine
the R's and ]'s, nine
ease of three
degrees
of freedom,
taining
to the
to a particular
following
for
case:
The
numerals
subease,
4 R's
tile R's and l's
1 to 9 and
[N SOLVING
I
NUMERICAL
EXAMPLES
and 4 I's.
Refer
involved
in each
11 to 19 are used
R ,, _.=_2(a+_)
1
I(_i__a)G___}
_
a and e only)
list.
. "
(1)
"
(3)
for con-
venience.
(Major
degrees
1
Ra.
I_.
I1
Ro_
Io_
12
R.h
I_
13-
R_.
Ib.
14
RbB
Ib_
15
Rb_
Ibh
16
R_a
I_.
17
R._
_I_
18
R_h
I_
19
:-.
.....
case) Three
of freedom
:-
R_.
Ia_,
R_a
I_
12
Rba
Ib.
14
Rb_
Ib_
15
= _ 2
R"_.
= - _1T_:!(2_-
_-
k _|
ft
"
T,G-
R",_=
-1T-'_G
,..
_1
(4)
T,T,o)
(5)
(6)
f}
R"_=--_
THG
2T, o-k
(8)
1
R"_a --- - _ 2 G
"11
(9)
Ia,.=
1
- 2(a-J--_)l(_-a)
I_=
-l
[(a + I)(T,,F
1
_a]
F+
+_
(11)
-a
+ _ T, oG)+2p
(12)
-}-(t-a)T,}
(Case 2) Ailerondeflection
(, h)
l.n=
"5
Rb0
I_o
15
Ib,.=--_T,_I('I
[\_-
R_n
I_
16
R_
I_
18
R,h
I_h
19
.......
a) G
'
(Case 3) Torsionalaileron
(a, fl)
1
R"_
- 2(a
(13)
a)F+_G]+I(p--T,
1
p = - _ (1
Where
(Case 1) Deflectiontorsion
(h, a)
T1)F
-_ 1T,)
(14)
c_)a/_
]_n = T_ F
(16)
71"
I t has
been
R_.
I_
17
R_n
I_h
19
Ra_
I,_.
11
R_n
.[_h
13
found
convenient,
I_,=2{(I_a)F+_G}.i_I
Ia='_((1
to split
the
R's
parts
the
R-R'-r-I_
argument_.
14
/1
, the
The
forme_'
quantities
being
I and
(17)
,1,,F+_T,
).
oG
--T_}
(18)
I_,,-2F
iu two
(19)
mdepen_en_
R"
are
"file
of
func-
are
seen
may
be
qtlant[tics
to
differ
noticed
[ _.[ve.'l
from
that
the
this
iil
l'_
factor
in
otmt
tho
in
![lld
tl:ed
body
of
';he
[[1
the
first-degree
!,h_'
;,.,ih,,,_illg
p:qJer
by
equalions.
ti_e
c._h'lii_i_._q5
j
factor
k '
It
15
Ic
.x,.;,.
.,."
Case 3
/+
:\ *
2.4
J#
11.15
'
t.3
12.14
12.4
a=--MrCh(2.14+12.4)f 2MRd(11.15)
~ = M ~ ~ h ( 1 1 ) ~ - M ' , ~ ( 1 . 1 1 )Findft,
i
n,(15)+ii
Solution : -- A'-Similarly
Mich
.
Case 2
and
Case I
a, is defined as
(%
:y
Rs is defined as
n, is defined as
1
fb
The quantity
for case 3;
for case 2; and
(%>1
WaT,
is
for case 1.
(b~Fr,)l
- by definition.
Since both
z,
k2 X
i,,
4i
< ,
I$
ids+'
16
d~
bu rrr
I n case 3 the :reference velocity has a similar significanee, that is, it s tho velocity nt which the entire lift of
I
the airfoil attacking with a leverage 5 6 equals numeri-
TAB~LEI.-VALUES
OF T
rpbi
that K = -and that the stiffness in case 1 is given by
M
=
-k1
YA
34
1s
2H
3%
40
10
---.4
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0
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67.38320
259.0648
10.14740
30.97980
-69.16180
31.49620
120.89760
-268.7236
101.6340
475.2592
-1.62600
97560
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-2.64000
-1.58400
-.40120
Rfap
-. 2
45
-.4
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-.
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-.
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--:
1.10233
2.09190
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00013
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0.25096
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2.60069
11.66330
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. 17836
$4
49.95700
Independent of a.
OF I
134
1%
2H
3f5
10
0.25255
.49131
.81037
0.27240
.MI89
.81145
0.33055
.53359
.82395
0.38855
0 . W
.62794
0.80275
,68671
.87059
0.78750
.78070
1. WDZO
.82938
0.44030
.69472
.84176
2. f38450
1.90140
1.2g40U
3.61750
2.45470
1,44830
.23758
.42748
.el724
.26645
,44474
,6239
.32132
.47761
.63395
.I8544
.25611
.a712
.31813
.29514
.31054
.32594
-.57880
-. 34728
11576
-.60300
36180
12060
.I7805
.39170
.I7874
-38212
.&I545
.I7985
.39278
.I8219
.39418
.60614
.I9433
.40147
. W 7
,13252
.21287
.29342
.I3317
-21336
.29354
.I3425
.21401
.a376
. 13640
. 14742
,55484
-.53950
-. 32370
-. 10790
-.55410
33246
-.110$2
'
I-
-.
.M438
.07663
.078!!7
-.
.36424
.38005
.39586
.07433
.07658
.07882
.07424
,07651
.07867
.07387
.O7618
.07848
-.
--.
.44690
.55300
.65908
-
.W30
.95763
1.70320
1.32340
1.07300
.57526
-63002
.68475
.82035
.77708
.73377
1.31213
1.07215
.8W13
2.10476
1.54773
.QSOB.i
2.85963
2.OCOfi5
I. 14163
1.05124
.76420
.47714
I. 65524
1.12651
.59792
2.22868
1.47067
.712M
.QUO21
-.62450
,46379
.41173
-35966
-.Mi500
.65973
-52929
.39884
-.i2760
-.a4570
-.94100
-.96500
-. 37470 -. 39900 -. 43656 -. 50752 -. a 4 6 0 -. 57M)O
*. 12480 -. 13300 -. 14552 -. 16914 --.182% -. 193m
.35601
.37249
-38886
.34%
.35011
.37617
.07145
.07416
.06644
.06925
.07205
.29721
.28625
.03760
.07256
.07489
.07741
.07171
-07420
,07668
MOOB
.M27O
.07529
.31090
.a095
.30342
-03930
.07570
.01247
.07910
.01302
.08240
.01357
-08530
.01405
1.11040
1.35092
1.58244
1.24020
1.48410
,99900
.74950
1.04430
1.31410
.60110
.07610
-. 05160
.35951
.34918
.33881
.37404
.38918
.40432
.07435
.07681
,07835
.36664
.50485
.64303
-37923
.39397
.40871
-.-.0 42
.85186
.30400
-.4
40
I
_
_
_
-
.20914
.25894
,30891
.21530
,28419
20
--
0.25578
.49302
.a1056
.2M72
-.Mi874 -
-31954
.33771
.35598
.27696
.2%83
.Mi572
.08871
.26872
-03386
.05766
-08255
.lo744
.058QQ
-06226
.MI68
.WM8
-04928 1
.01960
.02370
.02779
.23524
.03W
.lMOc,
.02200
.05979
-00845
-.&273 .05572
.31671
(1)
--
(a)
,32297
.04270
.32288
M270
.32273
,04270
.32241
WZ'O
.31483
.04150
.32075
-04240
I,,
1.r
0.
(I)
.W50
.01129
.06880
.01133
0
-.2
-. 4
1.50000
1.70000
1. WMO
0
.6
1.49808
1.69832
1.89856
1.49490
1.69562
1.89634
1.48844
1.68992
1.80140
1.45520
1. W 6
I. 88552
(I)
.03904
1.33890
1.65470
1.77050
.(XI728
-. M333
.09080
.a9940
.01496
.01637
1.24290
1.48454
1.70618
..45M
--.15840
---------
.27380
-.21640
.73100
.99700
-11550
.01803
.I2440
.02117
-. W 7 0
-1.40630 -3.36900
.I3264 -1.OCBO2 -3.00460
.42370 -. 72874 -2.64020
.I3180
.02171
-5.23500
-4.8490rJ
-4.46300
_
I
_
_
_
I
p
.40100
.30S80
I. 06000
-39450
1.03580
.37240
I
_
-
.07370
.01214
.0701O
.01154
.
I
_
_
-
_
L
C
Lp
.OW@
.01126
-.04344
_
_
_
I
p
-II-_I__I__I_____--p___I
-06830
.01125
-. 06980
-. 01707
-.,00295
00327
.191:2
.21469
.23793
- - I _ _ I _ I _ _ _ _ _ I _ I _ C _ _ I _ I L - - - - - - p
Ibb O- 6
XkS. 7520
)6
.El91
.29640
-. 2
0.6
-3.6000
-2. Is00
-.8024
I. 05003
1.0665
1. Q8286
I
_
_
_
I
I
_
_
I
_
I
_
_
.
I
_
_
-.2
0.5
(1)
4
.&I531
,60567
- -.---
Ibo
0
-.2
I*p
94300
-. 56580
--.I0030
-.36a#)
-.a683
(2)
-
C
-
-. 60000 -.
_
,09248
Independent ot c.
I'
0
-
3.55230
8.08235
1.81135
3.66913
,56143
57271
..
TABLE 1V.-VALUES
1
k
-.
-.
- - - .
W 4
---.------.00233
-------.00523
'
,20325
.34361
0.b
,05278
.08656
224701 -.30?00
415EO
14560
0 -.00125 -. 00345
00763 -.02890 -. 10030
13482
I8120
24900
0
00075
00207
W%
01734
W18
087361
0 -.00201 -.GO334 -.0350:! -.01003 -.02006 -.02505 -.W236 -.04012 -.ON15
--.4 02
1)
.00595
.00985
.OW214
.W47
0
I
(a)
1.00000
1.00120
1.00360
1
1.00740
1.02580
Independent of e.
,94900
.29&40
.89150
.24640
,78190
.15510
.52840
-. 26030 -. 65220
-1.20010
-1.43520
-2.78550
-2,64380
-4.28530
-3,79010
- _ _ I _ - - - _ -
1.07W
1.10820
1.15760
1.20600
1.24W
1.33000
Independent of a.
1.15.520
1.69140
1.82aY)
1.93WO
APPENDIX Ilil
NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS
~ = 0 . 1 ,C-0.5, a--0.4,
x,=0.2,
40
160
variable.
We will show the results of a numerical computation
of the three possible subcases in succession.
a,,wg, wh
FIQWEE
5.-Case 3, Torsion-aileron (a,P): Standard case. Showing 0, against+*
flu
I/
FIGURE7.-Case2, Aileron-deflection @, h ) : (a) Standard case. b),(c), (d) indicate
dependency on x p . Case (d), rp= -0.004, reduces to a point.
the a, against
(u,8 ) : Standard
F against n,.
Case 2, Aileron-flexure
ably accurate.
18
--.,*._
.-,
OF FLUTTEI~
19
na
FIGURE~.--CIISC~
2, Aileron-delleelion (8, h ) : Final curves giving flutter factor E'
..' against fib
theoreG~::sl
cases. The wing is free to move parallel to
itself h a vertical direction (h); is equipped with an
- :;
a = -0.4:
r = 0.2; 4r=.01; 5
vnriabls.
w
resprctively ;
~ * , ~ = 0 . 3a n3 d o,-7
TII~
X2a
20
c=0.5,
xB=0.019,
a--0.4,
r$=0.0079,
2.-0.192,
and
r250.178,
kept
a
.
constant
=17.6X2~
r
FIGVBE
13.-C8se 1, Flexure-torsion (h, a): Showing dependency of F on the radins
of gyration Ya=t.
A, w i l with a=
-o.$
ix-f:
.=0.2;
y
w - l : r variable.
a
F I ~ D B12.-Case
E
1, Flexure-torsion ( h , a): Showing dependency of B on location
of aris of rotation a. Airfoil with r--l- ;r =o.z; -I; ~ 1 1;
- 6 variable.
2
02
~ ~ ~ : x ~ ! ~ , - l ; i j
=-
..$
c.
.,:-lt~{i
.A-
---c-------
'L2
F I Q ~ E
16.-Case
2. Wing
-2
-4
.6
.8
1.0
/.2
21
Meron-deflection @, h ) .
1.4
Wh,'Wd
2-Deflection-tonion.
FIGURE1 7 . - c ~3. Thooretical curve giving flutter velocity against the fre-
,,
ratio
e. T
~ exmrimentaI
O
U ~ S ~ B ~area
I B IS
WB
APPENDIX 111
EVALUATION OF
cp,
-4
= - 2c log
c
(x-c)
~[-log x-1-2
2
v -
y
c
xldx?
41-X,~(X-xi)
Coso=l
cns *=r
C-x
- +=
41-9 log 1-CX- 41-2
41-c2
5
2 ~ -2c
- log (1 -cx-
=2 (x-c)
log
2%
-p,= - J 1 - c 2 ~ ~ - ~ o s - ' c ( x - 2 c )
- -
S(Z-C) JI -2 dx
- jl-2 41-c2
x-C
EVALUATION OF c p ~
elvr
(x-C)d2=
+oos-I c
Jl
-C2
+(?
--(x-c'4
4
log (2-c)
(y- yJ21
(cos 0- c ) sin2Bd0
2
- - l o g [ ~ z - ~ , ) ~ +(y+ ~ , ) ~ l ) l t
$1 =COS
,/m
(1 -cx-
-- (x'-c)2{logl(x-xl)'+
5-C
(p
-1
~ - C X - J ~ J ~ - C ~
[Putting x, =c.os 01
1-z cos O+
JE2sino
x
- -9 - ------10s
cos 8-2
=cos-'c
- log
poS8=1
cos b=c
+%(3c
+(cos-'c
8 sin 8 cos t9
2
+4(Z+
cos-'C
( (x-C)
+2
log (I -m-
+ ~ b - - c ) c i x + : ! ens-lc
I +
(2-e)'
log (I-ex-
dl - x 2 j D ) d z
sin lode
4 1 - 9 J1 -c2)
-S
Now
I
I
T5=- (2-c).
+ (x-c)'
+ 4-J
log (ZC)
+2 COS-lcsdn2Bd8
log (I -C+-
--
J1 -x2 41 --cy
(COS
8-c)d8
2 cos-'c
(8- sin 8 cos 8)
2
=-
cos 8=1
-C
41-c201
cos e=e
+ 4 1 -e2
sin 0
23