1. What is the task of physical and chemical phenomena?

All physical and

chemical changes in materials.
2. What kinds of methods are used in PCP? Macroscopic and microscopic.
3. Which methods are called macroscopic methods? Methods that are based
on the usage of human senses (mostly) and sometimes some equipment.
4. Which method is called microscopic? Method that uses instruments and
experiments.
5. What is system? A part of space (nature) separated from the other part of space
(nature) with exact boundaries.
6. What is environment of the system? Everything around a system.
7. What are system barriers? The lines that separate the system from the
environment.
8. What types of systems exist? Isolated, closed and opened.
9. What is isolated system? A system where there is no transfer of material and
energy.
10. What is closed system? A system in which there is transfer of material but no
transfer of energy.
11. What is opened system? A system where there is transfer of material and
energy.
12. What kind of characteristics and state of systems exist? Extensive and
intensive.
13. What are intensive characteristics? Mass, quantity, volume, internal energy,
enthalpy.
14. What are extensive characteristics? The characteristics that dont depend
from the amount of matter.
15. What is process? The transfer of one system to any other system.
16. What changes are physical? Evaporation, phase transformation.
17. What changes are chemical? Chemical reactions, electrochemical reactions.
18. What kinds of systems of units exist? SI, US Customary, Metric system,
British imperial system.
19. What is the number of basic units and which are they? Meter, kilogram,
second, kelvin, ampere, candela and mol.
20. What is length? The distance between 2 points.
21. What do we use to measure length? Meter, ruler.
22. Which are bigger, and which are smaller? Smaller: millimeters, centimeters,
and decimeters; bigger: kilometer.

23. What is the meaning of unit prefixes? Every prefix has its own value and we
use them to measure smaller or bigger values.
24. What is the value of these prefixes: c, m, M, G? c=centi (10-2 = 0.01);

m=milli(10-3 = 0.001); M=mega(106 = 1000000); G=giga(10 9 = 1000000000)

25. What is mass? The amount of matter in an object.
an object with volume.
26. What is the unit for mass? Kilogram
- kg/m3

25. Density is the mass of

26. Unit for density.

27. What is weight? A measure of the force of gravity acting on an object.

28. What is the unit for weight? Newton.
29. Which devices we use for measuring mass? Scales (calibrated or two-arm
balanced)
30. Give an example for bigger and smaller values of mass. - Smaller:
milligrams, grams; Bigger: tons
31. What s time? A measure of the period between two events (a period in which
something happens) or the precise moment determined by a clock.
32. Which devices we use for measuring time? Clock (digital, analog).
33. Give an example for bigger and smaller units for time. Smaller:
milliseconds; Bigger: minutes, hours, days, weeks, months.
34. What is temperature? The amount of warmness or coldness in an object.
35. Which device we use for measuring temperature? Thermometer
(calibrated, numerated, glass tube containing mercury or any other colored liquid).

Conversion:

36. What is thermodynamic unit for temperature? Kelvin.

1 ft = 0.3048 m
37. What s the metric unit for temperature? Celsius.
38. What is the British unit for temperature? Fahrenheit.
1 in = 2.54 cm
39. What is the unit for electricity? Ampere.
40. What is the unit for light? Candela.

feet
inches

1 yd = 0.9144 m yards
1 mi = 1.6093 kmmiles

41. What is mole? Mole is the molecular weight of a substance expressed in

grams. Mole is the quantity of matter containing as many elementary particles as there
are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.
Formulas:

g = 9,81 m/s2
Na = 6.02 x 10

23

R = 8,314 J/mol*K

Pressure:

1bar = 100000 Pa
1atm = 101325 Pa
1. What is gas? The most simple state of matter that fills any container it occupies.
2. What parameters determine state of gases? Temperature, volume, pressure,
amount of substance.
3. How do we call the equation that determines gas characteristics?
Equation of state.
4. What are perfect gases? Theoretical types of gases in which particles have no
interaction between themselves.
5. What is the unit of pressure? Pascal (SI).
6. What Is pressure? Force divided by the area to which the force is appealed.
=F/A

7. What is the direction of materials when there are differences between

pressures in two places? From higher to lower pressure.
8, What device is used for measuring of pressure? Barometer, nanometer.
9. What is the direction of heat moving at different temperature movements?
From higher to lower temperatures.
10. What Is Boyles law? Product of pressure and volume for any gas is a
constant at constant values of temperature and amount of substance.
11. What is Charle's law? The volume of a gas confined by a fixed pressure is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The same applies to the pressure of
a gas confined to a fixed volume.
12. What is Avogadros principle? At constant temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules.
( V/n = k)
13. What are isotherms? Lines (curves) that connect the same values of
temperature.
14. What are Isobars? Lines (curves) that connect same values of pressure.
15. What are isochores? Lines (curves) that connect same values of volume.
16. What is isothermal process? The change of a system in which temperature is
constant.
17. What is isobaric process? The change of a system in which pressure is
constant.
18. What is isochoric process? The change of a system in which volume is
constant.
19. What is the value of ideal gas constant? R = 8,314 J/mol*K
20. What is the expression for equation of state for Ideal gases? PV = nRT

21. What is the value of Avogadros number? Na = 6.02 x 10

are number of particles of any substance in one mole.

23

and those

22. What Is STP? Standard Temperature and Pressure.

23. What are the values of standard temperature? 273.15 K (0 degrees of
Celsius) at 101325 Pa.
24. What is the standard molar volume? - 22.4 dm3/mol (decimeter cube per
mole)
25. What is partial pressure? Pressure of any gas if it alone occupied the volume
of the mixture at the same temperature.
26. What Is Daltons law? The sum of all partial pressures is equal to the total
pressure.
27. What are real gases? Gases which particles have molecular interaction
between themselves.
28. What is van der Waals equation? Equation of state for real gases.
29. What is force? - Force is a parameter that can cause an object with mass to
change its velocity.
30. Does force have characteristics of a vector or not? - Yes it has
characteristics of a vector.
31. Why is force a vector? Because force has its direction and intensity
(magnitude).
32. What device we use for measuring force? Dynamometer,
33. When does gravitational force increase? The closer the object is to Earth
the gravitational force increases.
34. What Is weight? Weight is the result of the gravitational force between the
object and Earth.
35. What is the unit for weight? Newton.
36. What is the value of average gravity? g = 9,81m/s2
37. What is pressure? Force per unit area, applied to an object in direction
perpendicular to the surface.
38. What is absolute pressure? The sum of all pressures.
39. What is relative pressure? Every pressure that is atmospheric pressure.
40. What are balanced forces? - When two forces (equal in size) are acting on an
object with opposite directions.
41. What are unbalanced forces? When two forces acting on an object are not
equal in size.
42. What is the direction of any object when it has balanced forces? There is
no direction.

43. What is the direction of an object when there are unbalanced forces? It
has the direction of the biggest force acting.
44. What Is speed? - The distance that an object is traveling for a certain amount of
time.
45. What is the basic unit for speed? Meter per second (m/s).
46. Give an example of other units for speed? km/h, mi/h.
47. How many fundamental forces exist in the nature? - 4
48. Which are the 4 fundamental forces? Gravitation, electromagnetic, strong
nuclear and weak nuclear.
49. What theory explains forming of the 4 fundamental forces? Grand unified
theory.
50. Where can you find strong nuclear forces? They attract protons and
neutrons in nucleus of atom.
51. Where can you find weak nuclear forces? They attract some atomic
particles.
52. What kind of energy contains an object that s moving? Kinetic energy.
53. What kind of mechanical energy contains an object that is not moving?
Potential energy.
54. How can we divide forces according to the range of acting? Long-range
and short-range forces.
55. What is Newton's second law? - An object with constant mass will accelerate in
proportion to the net force acting upon the object, and in inverse proportion to its
mass.
56. What is evaporation? - The process of change of state of matter from liquid to
gas.
57. What is condensation? - The process of change of state of matter from gas to
liquid.
58. What is sublimation? - The process of change of state of matter from gas to solid
and vice-versa.
59. What is the chance of evaporation in terms of pressure and energy? Lower pressure leads to higher chances of evaporation. Higher energy leads to higher
chances of evaporation.
60. How many states of matter exist? - Solid, liquid, gas, (Einstein condensate,
plasma).
61. How can we divide solids according to their order of atoms or molecules?
- Crystals and amorphous. (crystals have order of atoms)
62. How do we call the process of forming crystals? - Crystallization.
63. What are liquid crystals? - Liquids with characteristics of crystals.
64. Types of liquid crystals? - Thermotropic, lyotropic and metallotropic.

65. Which liquid crystals are thermotropic? - Order of atoms depends on

temperature.
66. Which liquid crystals are lyotropic? - Order of atoms depends on temperature
and concentration.
67. Which liquid crystals are metallotropic? - Depends on temperature,
concentration and composition.
68. What kind of movement have particles in solids? Vibrational
69. What kind of movement have particles in liquids? Vibrational,
translational.
70. What kind of movement have particles in gases? Vibrational, translational,
rotational.
71. What is diffusion? - The process of transfer of atoms, molecules.
72. How to find the relationship between parameters and dimensionless
groups? -Dimensionless Analysis.
73. Methods for dimensionless analysis? - Rayleigh method and Buckingham pitheorem.
74. What are physical characteristics? - Properties that are unique for some
substance and are used to identify the substance.
75. What are chemical properties? - Properties of a substance that we observe
when It reacts or does not react with another substance.
76. Which changes we call endothermic? A gain in head is called an endothermic
change.