Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering

Department of Electric Power Engineering

Power Systems Group

TET 4115: Power System Analysis, FALL 2015

Solution Proposal to Assignment 4
Problem#1
Bus 1

Bus 3
j0.5
j0.25
j0.2

j0.2

j0.4

Bus 2

Line diagram of a sample three-bus system

j0.2

j0.5

Eg1
-

j0.25

j0.2

~-E

j0.4

g3

Ground
Positive sequence diagram of the sample system

j0.2

j0.5

j0.2

j0.25

j0.4

Ground
Negative sequence diagram of the sample system

TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

There is a neutral impedance of j0.02 pu in the generator at bus 1. Hence 3*0.02

pu gets introduced in the zero sequence diagram of generator in addition to the
measured zero sequence impedance, j0.04 pu, of the generator.
Transformer in 1-3 is Star(earthed)-Delta.
Transformers in 1-2 are Star(earthed)- Star(earthed). (Zero sequence impedance
of this combined set of transformers including that of the line here is given as
2*j0.2.)
Transformer in 2-3 is Star(earthed)-Delta.
Note: The earthing in transformers is direct, i.e., there is no neutral impedance
grounding.

j0.04

j1.0
0(X)
j0.4

3*j0.02

j0.08

j0.8
0(Y)

0(W)

0(Z)
Zero sequence diagram of the sample system

Note: Alphabets W, X, Y and Z in parentheses after bus no. 0 (representing ground) are
just for indicative purposes to illustrate the computation for elements of YBus.
Inspection method is used to obtain YBus for the sequence network diagram in question.
1
1
1
Y11 y 12 y 10(W ) y 10(X )

j13.5
j0.4 (j0.04 3* j0.02) j1.0
1
1
1
Y22 y 12 y 20(Y)

j3.75; Y33 y 30(Z)

j12.5
j0.4 j0.8
j0.08
0
13.5 2.5

Y j 2.5 3.75
0

0
0
12.5
0
0.0845 0.0536
1

0
0
ZBus YBus j 0.0563 0.3042
0
0
0
0.08
On similar lines:
0
Bus

1
Bus

2
Bus

0.1447 0.1195 0.0692

j 0.1195 0.2465 0.1006

0.0692 0.1006 0.1635

TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

Problem#2

G1

T1

T2

M1
~
~
M2

Per unit globalization for positive sequence network:

If the system base apparent power is 300 MVA, then you have to start somewhere in the
system, after dividing the system into appropriate sections. If I begin with the generator
end and choose 20 kV as the base voltage in the generator circuit, it means the base
voltage for the transmission line connecting the generator must be in proportion to T1s
voltage ratings (20:230 kV) (this given value is the ratio of line voltages)
Note: All the base voltages are line values.
20/230 = generator base voltage/transmission line base voltage.
20/230 = 20/transmission line base voltage.
Thus, transmission line base voltage = 230 kV
Now based on this transmission line base voltage we have to select the base voltage of
the motor circuit connected to the other end. This connection is through transformer T2.
But remember that information is given on a per phase basis for the three-phase
transformer. Each single phase transformer is rated 127/13.2 kV, implying the threephase rating of the transformer T2 = Sqrt (3)*127/13.2 (primary is connected in star. If
star phase voltage is 127, then star line voltage will be Sqrt (3)*127.). Thus, T2 has a
rating of 220:13.2 kV.
220/13.2 = transmission line base voltage/motor circuit base voltage
But transmission line base voltage from the previous step has been obtained to be 230
kV.
So, motor circuit base voltage = 230*13.2/220 = 13.8 kV.
This is how you select the base voltage appropriately based on the location of
transformers in the system.
In order to interpret properly the ratings of a three-phase transformer and three single
phase-transformers connected to form a three-phase transformer bank, the student is
referred to page 76, problem 4 of the refresher. This deals with information on three
single phase transformers. Page 70 of the refresher gives you more information on how
to interpret the ratings of a three-phase transformer. There is a difference between how
you interpret the ratings of three single phase transformers connected to form a threephase transformer bank and a three-phase transformer.
TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

20 kV base

G1

T2

T1
(20:230 kV)

230 kV base

(220:13.2 kV)

13.8 kV base

M1
~
~
M2

Zpu,new Zpu,old

V
V

LL base,old

LL base,new

S3base,new
S3base,old

For T1:
Zpu,new 0.10

300
0.857
350

For T2:

13.2 0.0915
Zpu,new 0.1
2
13.8
2

For Transmission Line:

Zbase

V32base(LL)
S3base

230 kV

300 MVA

176.3

ZTr.line 0.5 64 32
ZTr.line(pu)

32
0.1815
176.3

For M1:

13.2 300 0.2745

Zpu,new 0.2
2
13.8 200
2

For M2:

13.2 300 0.549

Zpu,new 0.2
2
13.8 100
2

TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

ZT1

ZLine

j0.0857

ZG1

j0.1815

j0.2

ZT2
j0.0915

j0.2745 ZM1

EG1
-

j0.5490

ZM2
M2

~-E ~-E
M1

M2

Reference
Positive sequence diagram of the sample system

Note that the negative sequence reactances of the system are equal to the positive
sequence reactances. Hence the negative sequence reactance diagram is identical to the
positive sequence diagram except that all the voltage sources are de-energized.
Per unit globalization for zero sequence network:
The zero sequence reactance of the transformers is equal to the positive sequence
reactance.
For T1:
300
Zpu,new 0.10
0.857
350
For T2:

13.2 0.0915
Zpu,new 0.1
2
13.8
2

For G1: (given)

Z = 0.05 pu.
For M1:

13.2 300 0.0686

Zpu,new 0.05
2
13.8 200
2

For M2:

13.2 300 0.1372

Zpu,new 0.05
2
13.8 100
2

Generator base impedance:

TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

20

1.333
300
Motor circuit base impedance:
Zbase

13.8

Zbase

0.635
300
In the zero sequence impedance diagram for the generator:
0.4
3Zn 3
0.9 pu
1.333
In the zero sequence impedance diagram for the motor M1:
0.4
3Zn 3
1.89 pu
0.635
For the transmission line zero sequence impedance:
ZTr.line 1.5 64 96
ZTr.line(pu)

96
0.5445
176.3

ZT1
j0.0857

ZLine
j0.5445

ZT2
j0.0915

j0.05 ZG1

ZM1
j0.686
3Zn(M1)

j0.9 3Zn(G1)

j1.890

Reference
Zero sequence diagram of the sample system
Elements of the zero sequence bus admittance matrix:

1
(j0.05 j0.9)
1
Y22 y 20
(j0.686 j1.89)
Y12 y 12 Y21 0
Y11 y 10

TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

ZM2
M2

j1.372

Note: See what happens to the structure of the zero sequence diagram of the sample system if bus 1 is
moved after the secondary of T1 in the given single line diagram! The cross-check for the zero sequence
impedance matrix in the exercise was accidentally given for a different arrangement of buses. This goes on
to show that the arrangement of buses (i.e., is a transformer indicated in the single line diagram as
connected between two unique buses? Or, if there is only one bus shown near a transformer, where is this
bus located on the primary side or on the secondary side?) DOES matter in how the zero sequence
impedance diagram is obtained, thus affecting the zero sequence impedance matrix.
Solution to the above quirk: Always represent a transformer as being connected between two unique
buses. (Create a dummy bus if needed!)

For example:

ZT1

j0.0857

ZLine

j0.5445

ZT2
j0.0915

j0.05 ZG1

ZM1
j0.686
3Zn(M1)

j0.9 3Zn(G1)

j1.890

Reference

Elements of the YBus for the above Zero Sequence Network representation:
1
1
Y11 y 12 y 10

j0.5445 j0.0857
1
1
Y22 y 12 y 20

j0.5445 j0.0915

TET4115: Power System Analysis, 2015.

ZM2
M2

j1.372