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ABSTRACT
The calculation of evaporation is required from a variey
of water pools including swimming pools, water storage tanks
and vessels, spent fuel pools in nuclear power plants, etc. The
author has previously published formulas for the calculation
of evaporation from occupied and unoccupied indoor swimming pools, which were shown to agree with all available test
data. In this paper, evaporation from many types of water pools
and vessels is discussed and formulas are provided for calculating evaporation from them. These include indoor and
outdoor swimming pools (occupied and unoccupied), spent
nuclear fuel pools, decorative pools, water tanks, and spills.
Look-up tables are provided for simplifying manual calculations.
INTRODUCTION
This paper attempts to provide reliable methods for the
calculation of evaporation from many types of water pools,
tanks, vessels, and spills. The author has previously published
formulas for the calculation of evaporation from occupied and
unoccupied indoor swimming pools, which were validated
with all available test data (Shah 1992, 2008, 2012a, 2013) and
are widely used. The calculation of evaporation is also
required for many other applications and situations. In this
paper, in addition to the authors published correlations for
indoor swimming pools, formulas and methods are also
provided for the calculation of evaporation for the following:
2.
2014 ASHRAE. THIS PREPRINT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED IN PAPER OR DIGITAL FORM IN WHOLE OR IN PART. IT IS FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY
AT THE 2014 ASHRAE ANNUAL CONFERENCE. The archival version of this paper along with comments and author responses will be published in ASHRAE
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1/3
W w W r
E 0 = b pw pr
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
SE-14-001
Hyldegard
(1990)
418
Bohlen
(1972)
ft
Water
Temp.
C
Air Temp.
C
pw pr
RH,
%
Evaporation
Rate,
r w
3
Pa
in. Hg
kg/m
lb/ft
Notes
2
kg/m h
lb/hft
4493 26.1
79.0
28.5 83.3
37
1944
0.574
0.0134
8.4E-4
0.125
0.026
32
344
25.0
77.0
27.0 80.6
60
1029
0.303
0.0043
2.7E-4
0.052
0.011
Boelter et al.
(1946)
0.073
0.78
64
98
1272
80156
0.375
23.7
0.022
1.0025
1.4E-3
0.062
0.082
21.07
0.016
4.2
Rohwer
(1931)
0.837
9.0
7.1
16.5
44.5
61.7
6.1 43.0
17.2 63.0
69
78
247
638
0.073
0.188
0.0049
0.0080
3.1E-4
5.0E-4
0.010
0.040
0.0021
0.0082
Sharpley and
Boelter (1938)
0.073
0.78
13.9
33.4
57.0
92.1
21.7 71.1
53
210
3786
0.062
1.12
0.0049
0.088
-3.1E-4
5.5E-3
0.018
0.402
0.0036
0.0804
Biasin &
Krumme
(1974)
62.2
668
24.3
30.1
75.7
86.2
24.3 75.7
34.6 94.3
40
68
1010
2128
0.298
0.628
0.0007
0.030
4.4E-5
1.9E-3
0.030
0.154
0.006
0.0301
Sprenger (c.
1968)
200
2150 28.5
83.3
31.0 87.8
54
55
1422
1467
0.420
0.433
0.0070
0.0076
4.4E-4
4.7E-4
0.070
0.235
0.014
0.047
Tang et al.
(1993)
1.13
12.1
25.0
77.0
20.0 68.0
50
2001
0.591
0.0433
2.7E-3
0.168
0.034
Reeker
(1978)
Note 3
23.0
73.4
25.5 77.9
71
493
0.145
0.004
2.5E-4
0.0265
0.054.
1, 3
Smith et al.
(1993)
404
4343 28.3
82.9
21.7 71.1
27.8 82.0
51
73
1127
1990
0.332
0.588
0.0150
0.0554
9.4E-4
3.5E-3
0.090
0.246
0.018
0.049
Doering
(1979)
425
4568 25.0
77.0
27.5 81.5
28
2142
0.632
0.0153
9.4E-4
0.175
0.035
All Sources
0.073
425.0
0.78
7.1 44.5
6.1 43.0
4568 94.2 201.6 34.6 94.3
28
98
210
80156
0.062
23.7
0.004 2.5E-4
+1.002 +0.065
0.010
21.073
0.002
4.202
Notes: 1. Field tests on swimming pool 2. Laboratory tests 3. Private pool, size not given
Table 2.
Author
Correlation, SI Units
Correlation, IP Units
Carrier (1918)
0.089 + 0.0782u p w p r
E = -------------------------------------------------------------------i fg
95 + 0.425u p w p r
E = ---------------------------------------------------------i fg
0.76 95 + 0.425u p w p r
E = --------------------------------------------------------------------i fg
E = 0.059 + 0.000079 p w p r
E = 0.0118 + 0.0535 p w p r
Rohwer (1931)
E = 0.000252 1.8 t w t r + 3
2/3
pw pr
E = 0.0000162 p w p r
1.22
E = 0.08 t w t r + 3
2/3
pw pr
Forx<5E-4, E=91.4x
For 5E-4 < x 1E-3,
E = 0.98 (0.024 + 64.92 x)
For x > 1E-3, E = 1222 (x)1.25
E = 0.065 p w p r
1.22
E = 0.0000258 p w p r
1.2
E = 0.089 p w p r
1.2
E = 0.0000094 p w p r
1.3
E = 0.073 p w p r
1.3
E = 0.0000778 p w p r
(5)
Formula 1
Formula 2
1.237
E = 222(x)
E = 35(x)1.237
Box (1876)
Note
E = 0.054 p w p r
temperature was higher than water temperature; these conditions indicate that was small during the tests.
Equation 5 was compared to test data from four sources
(all that could be found); the range of those data is listed in
Table 6. The data were predicted with a mean absolute deviation of 18%, with deviations of 87% of the data within 30 %.
The same data were also compared with Shah (2003) phenomenological and empirical correlations, ASHRAE Handbook
HVAC Applications method (2007), and the formulas of Hens
(2009), Smith et al. (1993), and VDI (1994). These correlations are listed in Table 7. The results of the comparison are in
Table 8. While the Shah (2003) correlations performed fairly
well, the others gave poor agreement. Thus Shah (2013),
Equation 5, is easily the most reliable correlation for occupied
pools.
For ease in hand calculations with Equation 5, Tables 9
and 10 list the density differences in the range of air and water
conditions typical for indoor swimming pools. Hand calculations can be done easily using Table 9 or 10 together with Table
4 or 5, depending on the units being used.
Table 11 lists comparison of some individual data points
for occupied and unoccupied indoor swimming pools with
various formulas. It is seen that the Shah (2013) formula gives
much better agreement with the data.
SE-14-001
Table 3.
Results of Comparison of Data for Undisturbed Water Pools from All Sources with All Formulas
Percent Deviation From Correlation of Mean Absolute Average
Number
of Data
Points
Data of
Biasin
and
Box
Krumme
Leven Rohwer
Himus
Boelter
Boelter
Tang
and
et al.,
et al.,
et al.
Hinchley Formula 2 Formula 1
Carrier
Smith
Shah Notes
et al.
Rohwer
(1931)
40
310.3
310.3
74.6
69.8
40.6
19.9
21.2
6.2
86.2
81.9
44.4
28.4
35.0
5.3
52.3
42.4
210.5
210.4
137.4
135.9
34.2
12.0
Bohlen
(1972)
57.1
57.1
54.0
54.1
49.9
49.9
NA
104.5
104.5
47.4
47.4
16.7
16.7
60.5
60.5
181.5
181.5
111.1
111.1
1.0
1.0
Smith et al.
(1993)
56.5
56.5
20.1
20.1
9.0
9.0
30.8
5.4
17.7
17.7
14.3
14.3
27.6
27.6
10.1
10.1
45.3
45.3
9.5
9.5
18.7
18.7
Boelter
et al. (1946)
24
49.6
49.6
44.6
4.3
27.7
27.7
188.9
188.9
31.9
31.4
7.5
0.1
7.3
3.0
9.9
4.3
28.2
8.0
30.6
17.9
12.0
10.2
Sharpley
and Boelter
(1938)
29
59.2
59.2
39.8
21.1
35.1
31.0
65.9
55.6
72.7
71.9
31.3
24.8
10.1
0.9
38.6
35.3
121.4
121.4
68.4
68.2
16.9
9.0
18.7
18.7
63.0
63.0
76.5
76.5
NA
132.4
132.4
68.7
68.7
34.8
34.8
82.1
82.1
198.0
198.0
126.5
126.5
6.1
6.1
16.0
1.0
63.0
63.0
89.7
89.7
40.2
19.6
143.8
143.8
77.9
77.9
67.8
67.8
91.0
91.0
198.0
198.0
126.5
126.5
31.5
31.5
Tang et al.
(1993)
41.0
41.0
7.3
7.3
10.1
10.1
58.6
58.6
40.5
40.5
2.7
2.7
0.0
0.0
9.8
9.8
69.4
69.4
28.7
28.7
7.7
7.7
Reeker
(1978)
156.9
156.9
8.6
8.6
15.3
15.3
NA
24.4
24.4
11.6
11.6
39.4
39.4
1.2
1.2
98.6
98.5
48.8
48.8
7.0
7.0
Doering
(1979)
37.0
37.0
4.8
4.8
15.5
15.5
NA
40.5
40.5
2.7
2.7
9.9
9.9
9.8
9.8
69.4
69.4
27.0
27.0
21.9
21.9
Hyldegard
(1990)
Note 3
Note 3
Note 3
Note 3
Note 3
Note 3
Note 3
5.0
5.0
113
137.2
135.9
52.5
32.8
39.2
30.4
74.4
60.6
73.2
71.4
34.1
24.3
25.8
3.9
40.7
32.8
136.2
132.1
86.8
76.4
22.73
10.2
82.7
82.7
40.6
33.3
39.3
26.5
67.6
67.6
76.6
76.6
34.5
29.3
24.9
2.2
36.5
33.5
121.8
121.8
71.3
67.7
14.5
2.0
Biasin and
Krumme
(1974)
All Data
Table 4.
Water
Temp.,
C
2. Pool area 62.2 m2. 3. Not evaluated. 4. Giving equal weight to each data point. 5. Giving equal weight to each data set.
Evaporation from Unoccupied Indoor Swimming Pools by the Shah Formulas in SI Units
Evaporation from Unoccupied Pool (E0), Space Air Temperature, and Relative Humidity
25C
26C
27C
28C
29C
30C
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
25
0.1085
0.0809
0.0917
0.0636
0.0732
0.0515
0.0639
0.0450
0.0583
0.0382
0.0523
0.0311
26
0.1333
0.1042
0.1171
0.0872
0.0997
0.0693
0.0806
0.0547
0.0679
0.0479
0.0620
0.0408
27
0.1597
0.1289
0.1433
0.1118
0.1262
0.0941
0.1081
0.0753
0.0885
0.0582
0.0723
0.0510
28
0.1877
0.1556
0.1711
0.1380
0.1539
0.1200
0.1360
0.1014
0.1171
0.0818
0.0968
0.0618
29
0.2174
0.1841
0.2006
0.1661
0.1831
0.1477
0.1651
0.1287
0.1463
0.1092
0.1268
0.0888
30
0.2491
0.2146
0.2319
0.1962
0.2142
0.1773
0.1959
0.1579
0.1771
0.1380
0.1575
0.1176
SE-14-001
Evaporation from Unoccupied Pool (E0) Space Air Temperature and Relative Humidity
76F
78F
80F
82F
84F
86F
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
76
0.0213
0.0159
0.0176
0.0120
0.0135
0.0099
0.0123
0.0085
0.0110
0.0069
0.0097
0.0053
78
0.0269
0.0211
0.0232
0.0173
0.0193
0.0133
0.0149
0.0106
0.0132
0.0091
0.0118
0.0075
80
0.0327
0.0266
0.0291
0.0228
0.0252
0.0188
0.0212
0.0146
0.0166
0.0114
0.0141
0.0097
82
0.0390
0.0326
0.0353
0.0287
0.0314
0.0246
0.0274
0.0204
0.0232
0.0160
0.0185
0.0122
84
0.0458
0.0391
0.0420
0.0350
0.0381
0.0309
0.0340
0.0266
0.0298
0.0222
0.0253
0.0176
86
0.0530
0.0461
0.0492
0.0419
0.0452
0.0377
0.0410
0.0333
0.0368
0.0288
0.0323
0.0241
88
0.0608
0.0536
0.0569
0.0494
0.0528
0.0450
0.0486
0.0405
0.0442
0.0358
0.0397
0.0311
90
0.0692
0.0618
0.0651
0.0574
0.0610
0.0529
0.0567
0.0482
0.0522
0.0435
0.0476
0.0386
(6)
SE-14-001
Table 6.
Range of Data for which the Shah (2013) Formula for Occupied Indoor Pools has Been Verified
Source
Pool Area,
m2 (ft2)
Persons,
per m2 (per ft2)
Air Temp.,
C (F)
RH,
%
Water Temp.,
C (F)
r w ,
kg/m3 (lb/ft3)
(pw pr),
Pa (in. Hg)
Doering (1979)
425
(4575)
0.082 (0.008)
0.167 (0.017)
27.5 (81.5)
29.0 (84.2)
33
41
25.0 (77)
0.0024 (0.00015)
0.0153 (0.00096)
1526 (0.45)
2141 (0.63)
Biasin and
Krumme (1974)
64
(689)
0.016 (0.0015)
0.325 (0.03)
26.0 (78.8)
30.0 (86.0)
46
72
26.0 (78.8)
30.0 (86.0)
0.0013 (8 105)
0.0313 (0.0019)
1067 (0.31)
2087(0.62)
Heimann andRink
(1970)
200
(2153)
0.10 (0.0093)
0.325 (0.039)
31.0 (87.8)
54
55
28.5 (83.3)
0.007 (0.00044)
1422 (0.42)
Hanssen and
Mathisen (1990)
72
(774)
0.028 (0.037)
0.486 (0.045)
30.0 (86.0)
60
65
32.0 (89.6)
0.0312 (0.00195)
0.0421 (0.0026)
2084 (0.62)
2377 (0.70)
All Data
64(689)
425(4575)
0.016 (0.0015)
0.486 (0.045)
26 (78.8)
31 (87.8)
32
72
25 (77)
32 (89.6)
0.0013 (8 105)
0.0421 (0.0026)
1067 (0.37)
2377 (0.7)
Table 7.
Various Correlations for Occupied Pools which Were Evaluated Together with Equation 5
Correlation of
SI Units
I-P Units
ASHRAEHandbook
HVAC Applications
(2007)
E = 0.000144 p w p r
E = 0.1 p w p r
VDI (1994)
E = 0.0000204 1 + 8.46N * p w p r
E = 0.014 p w p r
Hens (2009)
E = 0.0000409 1 + 8.46N * p w p r
E = 0.028 1 + 91N * p w p r
Shah (2003)
Empirical
Shah (2003)
Phenomenological
Table 8.
E/E0 = 3.3FU + 1
E/E0 = 1.3FU + 1.2
E/E0 = 2.5
Data of
ASHRAE
(2007)
VDI
(1994)
Smith
et al. (1999)
Hens
(2009)
Shah (2003)
Empirical
Shah (2003)
Phenom.
Shah (2013)
Equation 5
15.3
60.2
20.6
42.8
-0.4
24.3
7.0
17.2
60.2
21.5
42.8
6.0
29.1
23.9
34.2
-8.6
28.6
51.0
49.0
27.0
18.7
34.2
26.4
28.6
51.0
49.0
27.0
20.1
4.5
32.7
16.6
25.4
8.1
26.1
5.5
13.0
32.7
16.6
25.4
14.3
26.1
8.1
39.9
94.3
36.2
38.8
32.7
5.1
6.8
44.4
94.3
37.8
38.8
36.2
23.6
17.9
18.3
64.3
20.7
39.7
8.9
14.4
1.1
34.3
69.9
31.0
39.7
30.6
25.3
18.0
Doering (1979)
All data
Note: For each data source, first line is arithmetic average deviation, second line is mean absolute deviation.
SE-14-001
Table 9.
Water
Temp.,
C
25C
26C
27C
29C
30C
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
25
0.0185
0.0148
0.0135
0.0096
0.0084
0.0043
0.0034
26
0.0246
0.0209
0.0196
0.0157
0.0145
0.0104
0.0095
0.0051
0.0044
27
0.0308
0.0271
0.0258
0.0218
0.0207
0.0166
0.0156
0.0113
0.0105
0.0059
0.0054
0.0005
28
0.0370
0.0333
0.0320
0.0281
0.0270
0.0228
0.0219
0.0175
0.0168
0.0122
0.0116
0.0068
29
0.0434
0.0397
0.0384
0.0344
0.0333
0.0292
0.0282
0.0238
0.0231
0.0185
0.0180
0.0131
30
0.0498
0.0461
0.0448
0.0409
0.0397
0.0356
0.0347
0.0303
0.0295
0.0249
0.0244
0.0195
Table 10.
Water
Temp.,
F
76F
78F
80F
82F
84F
86F
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
50%
60%
76
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
78
0.0015
0.0013
0.0012
0.0010
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
80
0.0020
0.0017
0.0016
0.0014
0.0013
0.0010
0.0009
0.0006
0.0006
0.0003
0.0002
82
0.0024
0.0022
0.0020
0.0018
0.0017
0.0014
0.0013
0.0011
0.0010
0.0007
0.0006
0.0003
84
0.0028
0.0026
0.0025
0.0022
0.0021
0.0019
0.0018
0.0015
0.0014
0.0011
0.0011
0.0008
86
0.0033
0.0031
0.0029
0.0027
0.0026
0.0023
0.0022
0.0020
0.0019
0.0016
0.0015
0.0012
28C
0.7
pw pa
(7)
(8)
Source
Biasin and
Krumme
(1974)
Pool
Area
m2 (ft2)
62.2
(669)
Air
Temp.
C (F)
Air
RH,
%
Water
Numberof
Temp.
Persons
C (F)
32.2
(90)
51.6
27.9
(82.2)
28.0
(82.4)
57.6
30.0
(86.0)
31.0
54.0
31.0
(87.8)
Measured
Evaporation
kg/m2h
(lb/ft2h)
ASHRAE
(2011)
VDI
(1994)
0.152
(0.031)
21.0
68.1
28.5
39.0
0.3
0.172
(0.035)
73.2
140.5
43.3
43.3
14.9
28.5
0.07
50.9
6.9
122.0
14.0
6.0
55.0
28.5
(83.3)
20
0.175
(0.035)
17.0
62.5
27.3
38.7
7.3
31.0
(87.8)
55.0
28.5
(83.3)
65
0.235
(0.048)
12.9
21.0
57.2
7.3
5.1
Heimann
and Rink
(1970)
200
(2149)
Doering
(1979)
425
(4568)
27.5
(81.5)
34
25
(77.0)
35
0.212
(0.043)
30.5
81.3
34.6
37.2
12.9
Hansen
and
Mathieson
(1990)
72
(774)
30.0
(86.0)
63
32
(89.6)
27
0.60
(0.122)
50.0
30.5
1.8
40.8
9.7
Hyldgaard
(1990)
418
(4493)
28.5
(83.3)
37.0
26.1
(79.0)
0.125
(0.026)
12.0
20.7
64.7
36.4
5.0
Bohlen
(1972)
32 (344)
27.0
(80.6)
60.0
25.0
(77.0)
0.052
(0.011)
42.3
0.9
110.8
19.1
1.0
Reeker
(1978)
Not
Given
25.5
(77.9)
71.0
23.0
(73.4)
0.026
(0.0054)
33.9
-5.1
95.7
23.0
7.0
Effect of Occupancy
Smith et al. (1999) report results of their tests on both
indoor and outdoor swimming pools, occupied and unoccupied. They found no difference in the effect of occupancy on
evaporation rate between indoor and outdoor pools. This is
what would be expected from the physical phenomena
involved. Hence, Equation 5 is also applicable to outdoor
pools.
Effect of Solar Radiation and Radiation to Sky
Solar radiation adds heat to pool water and thus reduces
the energy needed for heating the pool. Further, the pool loses
heat by radiation to the sky, which has to be made up by additional heating. These heat gains and losses have to be taken into
consideration in the calculation of pool energy requirements.
As seen in the formulas above, the rate of evaporation depends
only on the water temperature and air conditions. In heated
pools, water temperature is maintained constant by the heating
system, and, hence, loss or gain by radiation is not involved in
the calculation of evaporation. For unheated pools, water
temperature has to be calculated taking into consideration all
SE-14-001
heat gains and losses, including those by radiation. The calculation of evaporation is then done using the calculated water
temperature.
Recommended Calculation Procedure
for Outdoor Pools
The following calculation procedure is recommended for
outdoor swimming pools:
For unoccupied pools, calculate evaporation by Equations 1, 2, and 7. Use the largest of the three.
For occupied pools, calculate E0 as above and then
apply Equation 5.
Figure 5 Comparison of data of Hugo (2013) for evaporation from a nuclear fuel pool with the Shah
formula. Building air temperature 25.5C (78F),
relative humidity 57%, 1 kg/m2h = 0.205 lb/ft2h.
30C
35C
40C
45C
50C
30C
70C
30C
70C
30C
70C
30C
70C
30C
70C
35
0.443
0.246
0.350
0.116
0.236
0.023
0.138
0.096
40
0.707
0.485
0.608
0.332
0.495
0.165
0.033
0.033
0.184
45
1.057
0.816
0.951
0.644
0.830
0.448
0.691
0.232
0.530
0.047
50
1.516
1.26
1.403
1.072
1.274
0.853
1.126
0.603
0.956
0.325
55
2.113
1.845
1.992
1.643
1.855
1.405
1.698
1.128
1.517
0.809
60
2.879
2.603
2.752
2.390
2.607
2.137
2.441
1.839
2.251
1.489
65
3.856
3.576
3.721
3.352
3.569
3.088
3.396
2.775
3.198
2.403
70
5.088
4.809
4.948
4.578
4.790
4.306
4.661
3.983
4.407
3.598
75
6.632
6.358
6.486
6.123
6.323
5.847
6.140
5.520
5.932
5.130
80
8.550
8.288
8.400
8.053
8.234
7.778
8.049
7.453
7.840
7.066
85
10.92
10.67
10.76
10.44
10.60
10.17
10.41
9.859
10.21
9.487
90
13.81
13.60
13.66
13.38
13.49
13.12
13.31
12.83
13.12
12.48
90F
100F
110F
120F
30F
70F
30F
70F
30F
70F
30F
70F
100
0.111
0.063
0.087
0.029
0.058
0.004
0.031
110
0.182
0.128
0.157
0.088
0.27
0.043
0.092
0.006
120
0.278
0.220
0.251
0.175
0.22
0.122
0.183
0.062
130
0.408
0.346
0.379
0.297
0.345
0.238
0.306
0.168
140
0.58
0.516
0.549
0.463
0.513
0.399
0.471
0.323
150
0.805
0.740
0.772
0.684
0.735
0.617
0.691
0.536
160
1.097
1.032
1.063
0.975
1.023
0.905
0.978
0.821
170
1.471
1.408
1.435
1.35
1.395
1.28
1.349
1.195
180
1.946
1.887
1.91
1.829
1.869
1.760
1.823
1.677
190
2.544
2.491
2.507
2.435
2.467
2.37
2.423
2.291
200
3.290
3.246
3.254
3.194
3.215
3.134
3.173
3.064
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11
E = E shah /d
is E md
(9)
2.
3.
Table 14.
Application
Notes
Use Equation 5
Use Equation 5
Various types of pools, indoor or outdoor Same as for unoccupied swimming pools
Water spills
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author thanks Mr. Bruce Hugo for providing the data
from his ongoing tests on evaporation from a nuclear fuel pool.
Thanks are also due to Mr. Rui Igreja for checking the lookup tables in the authors previous publications and pointing out
some discrepancies.
NOMENCLATURE
A
d
D
E
Eocc
E0
FU
g
Gr
ifg
hM
L
N
N*
Nu
p
Pr
ReL
Sc
SE-14-001
Sh
u
W
x
x
Greek Symbols
Subscripts
a
H
M
r
w
=
=
=
=
=
APPENDIX
Derivation of Formula for Evaporation by
Natural Convection
The formula is derived using the analogy between heat
and mass transfer, considering the water surface to be a horizontal plate with the heated face upwards.
The rate of evaporation is given by the relation (Eckert
and Drake 1972)
13
E 0 = h M w W w W r
(A1)
1/3
(A2)
1/3
(A3)
3 2
g W w W r L
Gr M = ---------------------------------------------2
(A4)
where
1
= --- ---------
W
(A5)
r w
= ------------------------------W w W r
(A6)
(A7)
w r w
1/3
W w W r
(A9)
The value of (D2/3 1/3) does not vary much over the typical range of room air conditions. Inserting a mean value, Equation A9 becomes:
E 0 = C w r w
1/3
W w W r
(A10)
1/3
(A11)
(A12)
(A13)
256 w W w W a
3.5 Lu a
0.8
(A14)
256 w W w W a
3 1/3
hM L
r w g L
---------- = 0.14 -------------------------------D
D
2/3 1/3
Nu = 0.036 Re L 836 Pr
E 0 = 0.0092t + 2.07 L
g r w L
Gr M = -----------------------------------2
For heat transfer during flow of air over a heated horizontal plate with turbulent flow, the mean Nusselt number for the
plate is given by
2.54 Lu a
1/3
Sh = 0.036 Re L 836 Sc
E 0 = 0.14g
tion A10 was first published in Shah (1992); the detailed derivation was published in Shah (2008).
SE-14-001
15