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right direction
The increasing shift to high-angle and
horizontal drilling has precipitated the
industrys quest for more comprehensive
and higher quality, real-time logging-whiledrilling (LWD) data, particularly in the
carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East.
Knowing whether a boundary is being
entered from above or below takes away a
lot of the guesswork for drillers and
geologists, and the ability to react
immediately is of great value to the
geosteering engineer.
Recent technological advances have added
an azimuthal capability to resistivity and
gamma ray LWD tools, enabling real-time
measurement in a number of equally spaced
sectors around the borehole. Increased
sensitivity allows detection of features that
would have remained unseen using
conventional methods.
In this article, Ahmad Madjidi explains the
characteristics of these new methods and
examines their application in the field.
Number 2, 2001
48
Field example
In one Middle East gas-bearing
reservoir, the objective was to drill
horizontally approximately 1500 ft in the
reservoir, following a step-down profile
with about half the length of the
borehole drilled 15 ft from the top of the
reservoir and the remainder 15 ft from
the bottom. The reservoir is a clean,
gas-bearing limestone with a field-wide
extent deposited between dense
limestone units.
The LWD method was selected to
provide geosteering and petrophysical
evaluation. The usual practice is to land
the well nearly horizontal and case it off
with a 7-in. liner in the dense limestone
above the reservoir. A 6-in. hole is then
drilled following the plan. Real-time data
are monitored at the wellsite and at the
office, and then a decision is made on
whether or not to revise the projected
plan. The density and neutron
measurement data are the most
important for geosteering in this type of
reservoir. The gamma-ray curve is usually
flat, except over the dense limestone
interval, and the resistivity of the porous,
gas-bearing section is very similar to the
dense layers above and below.
Formation 1
Bulk density
detector
Up
Left
Right
Down
Formation 2
-0.75
DRHB
(g/cm3)
0.25
Moved gas
50
0
200
TVD
(ft)
GR
(gAPI)
ROP
(ft/hr)
100
MD
1 : 350
0 ft 1
P10H
(ohm-m)
P22H
(ohm-m)
P34H
(ohm-m)
100 45
100 1.95
100 1.95
TNPH
(ft3/ft3)
ROBU
(g/cm3)
ROBB
(g/cm3)
-15
2.95
2.95
0000
0500
1000
Figure 4.2: Real-time LWD data. In addition to tool face, direction and inclination, eight log curves
are sent to the surface via MWD mud-pulse telemetry
Real-time data
Number 2, 2001
49
PEB
( )
24
ROBB
1.95
(g/cm3)
ROBU
2.95
1.95
(g/cm3)
2.95
TNPH
TVD
50
(ft)
0.45
(ft3/ft3)
(gAPI)
ROP
500
(ft/h)
-0.15
DRHB
GR
-0.25
100
MD
1 : 800
0
ft
(g/cm3)
0.25
RPM
500
(c/min)
700
800
900
50
2.8
Pseudowell
Bottom
2.66
Sysdrill-1
2.52
ROBB.LW
2.38
ROBU.MOD
2.24
ROBU.MOD
2.1
ROBU.LWD
ROBB.MOD
2.8
ROBU.MOD
Top
2.66
2.52
2.38
2.24
2.1
Modeled ADN
2.8
2.66
2.52
2.38
2.24
2.1
420
TVD, ft
443
466
489
2.17
2.28
512
2.44
2.71
535
355
704
1053
1402
1751
2100
15
22.5
33.5
44.5
RHOB
Borehole
Dipping plane
90
(apparent dip)
90 -
90 -
De
Number 2, 2001
= + (90 - )
= Arc tan (De/D)
51
DRHB
-0.75
(c/min)
P10H
0
GR
0
(gAPI)
ROP
200
(ft/hr)
(ohm-m)
MD
1 : 500
0
1
ft
(ohm-m)
(ft3/ft3)
-15
ROBU
100 1.95
P34H
(ohm-m-
0.25
TNPH
100 45
P22H
150
(g/cm3)
(g/cm3)
2.95
ROBB
100 1.95
(g/cm3)
2.95
X00
X50
X000
Neutron changes
Bulk density changes
TNPH .LWD
Figure 4.7:
Comparison of LWD
and LWT logs
(ohm-m)
100
0.45
(ft3/ft3)
TNPH .LWT
-0.15
0.45
(ft3/ft3)
ROBB .LWD
-0.15
1.95
(g/cm3)
2.95
ROBB .LWT
P10H .LWT
1
(ohm-m)
100
1.95
X20
X40
X60
X80
Number 2, 2001
52
(g/cm3)
2.95
Fault finding
The plan for the second half of this
horizontal borehole was to drill 15 ft
from the base of the reservoir once the
step-down had been accomplished.
During this step-down, the lower zone
was unexpectedly penetrated.
Geologists and petrophysicists analyzed
the LWD logs in more detail to
understand this structural anomaly.
Real-time LWD data (Figure 4.6)
show a very small displacement (around
1 ft) between the ROBB and ROBU. The
density increase that they show (more
than 0.1 g/cm3 at around a depth of
948 ft) suggests that there is a thin,
dense layer at very high angle to the
wellbore (in the case of bedding,
depending on the borehole inclination,
this distance would be much greater, as
can be seen in Figure 4.9). Moreover, a
decrease of around 0.1 g/cm3 in the
ROBB suggests an increase in porosity
after 950 ft. The response of the neutron
porosity to this density decrease is
minimal, as it is affected by the
presence of gas and lacks sufficient
resolution to detect minor geological
variations such as this. The slight drop
in resistivity also indicates an increase
in porosity.
Comparing the LWD with the logging
while tripping (LWT) data (Figure 4.7), it
appears from the neutron-density
separation and shallow, resistivityseparation profile that there is a change in
reservoir characteristics starting at the
position of the fault.
Density and PeF images across the
interval around the fault are shown in
Figure 4.8. The borehole circumference is
divided into 16 parts and each part is
being examined separately. This allows
analysis of the borehole in all directions,
permitting analysts to determine whether
the anomalies are random, uniform or
local. As with acoustic and electrical
imaging, the azimuthal data variation
along the borehole wall is converted to
color variation. The intensity of the color
and its variation indicate different
densities on each side of the fault, uniform
density around the borehole and a lighter
color, hence denser formation, at the fault
plane itself.
ADN_RHOB .RA
1 : 18.8
TOH
linear scaling
RHOB
Borehole
tadpoles
50
100
Deg.
ROBU
1 2
2.4
( )
(g/cm3)
MD
1 : 400
ft
ROBB
2
ADN_PeF .RA
2.4
St. Im.
Apparent dip
Top of true dip
(g/cm3 )
1 : 18.8
Linear scaling
PeF
Deg.
90
Low
()
High
900
950
Number 2, 2001
53
True-dip computation
Dips are computed from the density
image by identifying the bed boundaries
on the image and picking a sinusoidal line
on the density contrast using an
interactive workstation. A density
contrast of at least 0.1g/cm3 is needed for
good definition of the bed boundaries.
The density image across an interval
from 350 to 450 ft is shown in Figure 4.9.
The dense layer (density contrast around
0.1 g/cm3) appears white on the image
and can be clearly differentiated from the
rest of the rock sequence. The dip
calculated for this feature is 12 with a
dip azimuth of 310.
To evaluate geological dip accurately,
the uncertainties in both measurement
and processing must be considered.
Density and PeF images inherently lack
the vertical and lateral resolution of
microresistivity images and only identify
large features. As with other imaging
devices, the correlation error can be large
if the pick is not done properly, the most
sensitive factor being the dip azimuth.
LWD integrated
answer product
A wide plot was designed to get
maximum benefit from LWD data. This
integrated display (Figure 4.10) was
helpful in reconciling the LWD data and
the proposed geological model, especially
visualization of the azimuthal density
response with respect to the boundaries.
Conclusion
The case study demonstrates the
successful application of an azimuthal
density LWD log for geosteering, the
computation of apparent and true dip,
and the identification of structural
features such as faults.
Conventional LWD density
measurements, where the average
formation bulk density is measured, can
mask or smear many formation and
borehole properties, such as bed
boundaries, entrance to and exit from
a formation, thin beds, formation
heterogeneities and borehole
enlargement. The ADN, with its ability
Number 2, 2001
54
ADN_RHOB .RA
1 : 18.8
TOH
Linear scaling
RHOB
Borehole
Cond.
tadpoles
MD
1 : 400
ft
ROBU
2
(g/cm3)
2.4
Resist.
(g/cm3)
Orientation
R B
L
Quality ]5,
200
ROBB
0
( )
1 2
(g/cm3)
(c/min)
Quality ]15
2.4
Deg.
20 1
( )
350
400
450
Upper zone
Dense layer top
70
MD
:250
ft
0
()
Borehole
tadpole
DRIF
(ft)
A28H
1
100
(ohm-m)
A22H
1
100
(ohm-m)
P28H
10
1000
(ohm-m)
P22H
10
1000
(ohm-m)
P16H
10
1000
(ohm-m)
P10H
10
1000
(ohm-m)
P34H
ROP
1000
0 10
200
(ohm-m)
(ft/hr)
GR
A34H
100
0
100 1
(ohm-m)
(gAPI)
OB .ADN_EC[
1 : 18.8
TOH
Linear scaling
RHOB
Cond. Resist.
ROBU
1.95
2.95
(g/cm3)
ROBL
1.95
2.95
(g/cm3)
ROBR
1.95
2.95
(g/cm3)
TNPH
0.45 -0.15
(ft3/ft3)
ROBB
1.95
2.95
(g/cm3)
(g/cm3)
Orientation
U R B L U
PEU
0
10
( )
PER
10
( )
PEL
10
( )
PEB
10
( )
DRHU
-0.25 0.25
(g/cm3)
BHA rot Boundary dip view
500
0
(Sinusoid)
(c/min)
Orientation top
DRHR
of hole
-0.25 0.25
(g/cm3)
Fault dip view
DRHL
(Sinusoid)
-0.25 0.25
(g/cm3)
Orientation top
DRHB
of hole
-0.25 0.25
3
(g/cm )
70
( )
Dense layer base
( )
-30
-30
Lower zone
Clay
Dense above
Formation
Dolomite
Quality ]5,
Dense below
Gas
Calcite
Quality ]15
Deg. 90
Quality ]15
Deg. 90
Well trajectory
70
1.95
1.95
70
(ft)
ROBU
(g/cm3)
ROBB
(g/cm3)
Sealing fault
( )
PSXO
-30 0.5 (ft3/ft3)
Porosity
VCLC
2.95
Moved gas
(ft3/ft3)
VDOL
2.95
Formation
PSW
-30 0.5 (ft3/ft3)
( )
VCL
0 0
(ft3/ft3)
0 1
( )
PHIE
Core image
Core image
0.5 (ft3/ft3)
BHA sliding
x 700
447.23
x 800
546.73
x 900
646.47
x 000
746.18
x 100
845.87
x 200
945.57
x 300
1045.3
x 400
1145.0
x 500
1244.3
x 600
1344.0
x 700
1443.8
x 800
1643.8
x 900
1643.7
x 000
1743.6
x 100
1843.6
x 200
1943.5
x 300
2043.5
Expanded
ADN image
Fault
throw around 4ft
BHA sliding
BHA sliding
BHA sliding
Number 2, 2001
55