Quants Basics

1
SQUARES OF NUMBER FROM 40 TO 125:

Square of any number from 40 to 60
All you have to do is to check the difference from 50 and add/subtract it from 25 and by the side of
this number you have to write the square of that difference in 2 digits only (in case of 4, write 04).
For example: if you have to find square of 44, the first thing you have to do is to find the difference
from 50, i.e. 44 is 6 less than 50 so subtract 6 from 25, and you will get 19 and square of (-6) is 36.
So
44^2 = 1936.
If you have to find 58^2, the first thing you have to do is to check difference from 50, i.e. 8, so adding
8 to 25, you get 33, and 8^2=64, so combining both of them, you can say that58^2=3364
Square of any number from 26 to 40 and 61 to 75

Like the previous one the only difference here is that the square of the difference from 50 comes out
to be a 3-digit number. So add the hundredth digit of the square to the sum obtained by
adding/subtracting from 25.
For example: if you have to find 62^2, the difference from 50 comes out to be 12 and 12^2=144, so
you have to add 1(hundredth place digit) to 25+12 and 25+12+1=38. So62^2=3844
If you have to find 36^2, first of all, we have to check the difference from 50, and the difference from
50 is (-14), so subtracting 14 from 25 gives me 11 and (-14)^2=196, so we have to add 1 of 196 to
11(25-14), and we get 11+1=12, now combining every thing we get36^2=1296
Square of any number from 90 to 110

All you have to do is to check the difference from 100 and add/subtract double the difference of that
number to 100, and by the side of this number you have to write the square of the difference.
For example: if you have to calculate 106^2, all you have to do is to calculate the difference 100, (i.e.
106-100=6), now adding 6x2+100, gives me 112, now 6^2=36, so combining 112 and 36, we can
say that 106^2=11236
If you have to calculate 93^2, firstly you have to check the difference from 100, i.e. 93=100-7; so I
have to calculate 100-2(7)=86, and (-7)^2=49. So combining 86 and 49, we get93^2=8649.
Square of any number from 76 to 89 and 111 to 125

Just like the previous part, all you have to do is to check the difference from 100,and add/subtract
that difference with 100 and along with that add the hundredth digit of the square of the difference to
that sum and along with that write the units and tenth of the square.
2
For example: if you have to calculate 112^2, all you have to do is to calculate the difference from
100 and 112-100=12 and 12^2=144, so adding double of the 12 and 1(hundredth place of 144) to
100, we get 100+2(12)+1=125 and putting it with 44, we get 112^2=12544.
And if we have to calculate 87^2, the difference from 100 is (-13), and (-13)^ 2=169, so adding
double of (-13) and 1(hundredth place of 169), we get 100+2(-13)+1=75, and combining 75 and 69,
we get 87^2=7569
POWERS OF 2 UPTO
15:
2^2 1/4
2^1 1/2
2^0
1
2^1
2
2^2
4
2^3
8
2^4
16
2^5
32
2^6
64
2^7
128
2^8
256
2^9
512
2^10 1024
2^11 2048
2^12 4096
2^13 8192
2^14 16384
2^15 32768
POWERS OF 3 UPTO 6:
3^0 1
3^1 3
3^2 9
3^3 27
3^4 81
3^5 243
3^6 729
Table of Squares and Square Roots, 1-100
number
square
sqrt
number
square
sqrt
5
1.000
51
2,601
7.141
1.414
52
2,704
7.211
1.732
53
2,809
7.280
16
2.000
54
2,916
7.348
25
2.236
55
3,025
7.416
36
2.449
56
3,136
7.483
49
2.646
57
3,249
7.550
64
2.828
58
3,364
7.616
81
3.000
59
3,481
7.681
10
100
3.162
60
3,600
7.746
11
121
3.317
61
3,721
7.810
12
144
3.464
62
3,844
7.874
13
169
3.606
63
3,969
7.937
14
196
3.742
64
4,096
8.000
15
225
3.873
65
4,225
8.062
Division Shortcut Methods

Division is most frequently used in solving competitive exams problems. By learning
shortcut methods of division, you can save crucial time in the exam. Here are some
shortcut methods for division.
In division, numerator is called Dividend and denominator is called Divisor.
Method 1: Division using the factors of the divisor

This method is also called Double Division.
Here you can directly divide 75 by 15 and the answer would be 5. But, to
understand this method, we are not doing like that.
Now, factories divisor.
So we can write 15 as 5 3.
Now we can divide 75 by 3 which gives us 25.
Now we can divide 25 by 5 and that gives 5 as answer.

So the answer is 5.
Method 2: Division By Parts
Write 75 as 45 + 30
So we can write
=
So the answer is 5.
Method 3: Division by 10.
Just move the decimal point one place to the left side.
So the answer is 1.256

Method 4: Division by 100
Just move the decimal point two places to the left side.
So the answer is 0.1256

Divide the dividend by 100 and multiply by 20.
So the answer is 40
Divide the dividend by 100 and multiply it by 2.
So the answer is 4.
Divide the dividend by 100 and multiply it by 4.
So the answer is 8
DIVISIBILITY RULES:
Divisible
By:
If
Examples
The number is even. Or The last(units) digit of 84 is divisible by 2.

the number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
85 is not divisible by 2.
The sum of the digits of number is divisible by 1248 is divisible by 3.

3.
(1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15)
(3 + 4 + 6 = 13)
The last two digits of the number is divisible

by 4. And the numbers having two or more
zeros at the end.
23456 is divisible by 4.
(56 is divisible by 4)
(Two or more zeros at the end.)
The numbers having 0 or 5 at the end.
(5 is there at the end)
(0 or 5 is not there at the end)
The number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
(It is divisible by both 2 and 3)
(It is divisible by 2 but not divisible by
3)
The difference between twice the units digit

and the number formed by other digits is
either 0 or divisible by 7.
[86 (1 2)) = 84 which is divisible by
7]
[2 (1 2)) = 0]
[86 (8 2)) = 70 which is divisible by
7]
8
The number formed by last three digits is

divisible by 8. And the numbers having three or (056 is divisible by 8)
more zeros at the end.
(Three zeros at last)
The sum of all the digits is divisible by 9.
(5 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 9 which is divisible by 9)
10
The number ends with zero.

(It ends with zero)
11
The difference between the sum of digits at

even places and sum of digits at odd places is 0 [(1 + 5 + 8) (0 + 3) = 11 which is
or divisible by 11.
divisible by 11]
[(7 + 4 + 6) (2 + 8 + 7) = 0]
12

( The number is divisible by both 3 and
4)
(The number is divisible by 3 but not
divisible by 4)
13
Method: Multiply last digit of the number by 4

and add it to the remaining number. Continue
this process until two digit number is achieved.
If this two digit number is divisible by 13 then
the number is divisible by 13.

(Multiply last digit by 4 i.e 24 = 8.
Add it to the remaining number i.e 18 +
8 = 26.
26 is divisible by 13 so 182 is divisible
10
by 13)
2145 is divisible by 13
( Multiply last digit by 4 i.e 54 = 20.
Add it to the remaining number i.e 214
+ 20 = 234 which is not a two digit
number so repeat the process.
Multiply last digit of 234 by 4 i.e. 44=
16.
Add it to the remaining number i.e 23 +
16 = 39 which is divisible by 13 so 2145
is divisible by 13)
14

(The number is divisible by both 2 and
7)
15

(The number is divisible by both 3 and
5)
16
The number formed by last four digits is

divisible by 16.

(The number formed by last four digits
is divisible by 16)
17
Method: Multiply last digit with 5 and subtract

it from the remaining number. If the result is
divisible by 17 then the original number is also
divisible by 17. Repeat this process if required.
4029 is divisible by 17
( Multiply last digit by 5 i.e. 95= 45.
Subtract it from the remaining number.
402 45 = 357 which is divisible by 17
so 4029 is divisible by 17)
18
The number is even and divisible by 9.

(It is even and divisible by 9)
19
Method: Multiply last digit with 2 and add it to

the remaining number. If the result is divisible
by 19 then original number is also divisible by
19. Repeat this process if required.

(Multiply last digit with 2 i.e 52 = 10.
Add it to the remaining number 123 i.e
123 + 10 = 133 which is divisible by 19
11
so 1235 is also divisible by 19)
GENERAL SHORTCUT METHOD FOR SQUARE METHOD:

You can find square of any number in the world with this method.
Lets say the number is two digit number. i.e. AB.
So B is units digit and A is tens digit.
Step 1: Find Square of B
Step 2: Find 2AB
Step 3: Find Square of A
Lets take an example.
We want to find square of 37.
Step 1: Find square of 7.
Square of 7 = 49.
So write 9 in the answer and 4 as carry to the second step.
Step 2: Find 2(37)

2 (3 7) = 42.
42 + 4(Carry) = 46.
Write 6 in the answer and 4 as a carry to the third step.
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Step 3: Find square of 3

Square of 3 = 9
9 + 4(Carry) = 13.
Write 13 in the answer.
So the answer is 1369.

Now, If the number is of three digit i.e. ABC
Here C is units digit, B is tens digit and A is hundredth digit.
Step 1: Find Square of C
Step 2: Find 2 (B C)
Step 3: Find 2 (A C) + B2
(NOTE: You may observe that in odd number of digit case, we are multiplying end
two digits with 2 (here: A and C) and squaring single digit (here B).
Step 4: Find 2 (A B)
(NOTE: You may observe that whenever there are double digits, we are multiplying
it with 2. And whenever there is single digit, we are squaring it.)
Step 5: Find square of A
(NOTE: Here is single digit, so we are squaring it.)

Find square of 456.
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Step 1: Find square of 6.

Square of 6 = 36.
So write 6 in the answer and 3 as a carry to the second step.
Step 2: Find 2 (5 6)
2 (5 6) = 60
60 + 3(Carry) = 63
Write 3 in the answer and 6 as a carry to the third step.
Step 3: Find 2 (4 6) + 52
2 (4 6) + 52 = 73
73 + 6(Carry) = 79
Write 9 in the answer and 7 as a carry to the fourth step.
2 (4 5) = 40
40 + 7 = 47
Write 7 in the answer and 4 as a carry to the fifth step.
14

Square of 4 = 16
16 + 4(Carry) = 20
So 4562 = 207936.
Now, If the number is of four digit i.e. ABCD
Here D is units digit, C is tens digit, B is hundredth digit and A is thousands digit.
Step 1: Find Square of D
Step 2: Find 2 (C D)
Step 3: Find 2 (B D) + C2
two digits with 2 (here: B and D) and squaring single remaining digit (here C).
Step 4: Find 2 (A D) + 2 (B C)
(NOTE: You may observe that where ever there is even digits, we are multiplying
end two digits with 2 + remaining two digits with 2.)
Step 5: Find 2 (A C) + B2
two digits with 2 (here: A and C) and squaring single remaining digit (here B).
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Step 6: Find 2 (A B)
(NOTE: You may observe that here even digits so we are multiplying them with 2,
and no remaining digits so we are not adding anything.)
Step 7: Find square of A
Find square of 1234
Step 1: Find Square of 4
Square of 4 = 16
So write 6 in the answer and 1 as a carry to the second step.
2 (3 4) = 24
24 + 1(Carry) = 25
Write 5 in the answer and 2 as a carry to the third step
Step 3: Find 2 (2 4) + 32
2 (2 4) + 32 = 25
25 + 2(Carry) = 27
Write 7 in the answer and 2 as a carry to the fourth step.
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Step 4: Find 2 (1 4) + 2 (2 3)
2 (1 4) + 2 (2 3) = 20
20 + 2(Carry) = 22
Write 2 in the answer and 2 as a carry to the fifth step.
Step 5: Find 2 (1 3) + 22
2 (1 3) + 22 = 10
10 + 2(Carry) = 12
Write 2 in the answer and 1 as carry to the sixth step.
2 (1 2) = 4
4 + 1(Carry) = 5
Write 5 in the answer
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Square of 1 = 1
There is no carry so write 1 in the answer.
So, 12342 = 1522756
Square Of The Numbers With Unit Digit As 5

This method is to find square of the numbers which has units digit as 5. i.e.: 25,
45, 65, etc.
You can find square of these numbers by three easy steps.
Step 1: Multiply tens digit with its next number.
Step 2: Find square of units digit. i.e.: Square of 5.
Step 3: Write answers of step 1 and step 2 to together or side by side.
Lets take examples.
Find square of 35
3 ( 3 + 1 ) = 3 4 = 12
Square of 5 = 25
Step 3: Write answers of step 1 and step 2 to together.
Answer = 1225
Find square of 65
6 ( 6 + 1 ) = 6 7 = 42
18
Square of 5 = 25
Answer = 4225
Find square of 95
9 ( 9 + 1 ) = 9 10 = 90
Square of 5 = 25
Answer = 9025
Find square of 115
11 ( 11 + 1 ) = 11 12 = 132
(Note: We are taking whole 11 as a tens digit.)
Square of 5 = 25
Answer = 13225
Find square of 215
21 ( 21 + 1 ) = 21 22 = 462
(Note: We are taking whole 21 as a tens digit.)
Square of 5 = 25
Answer = 46225
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Square Of The Numbers In 50s

This method is used to find square of the numbers in 50s i.e. numbers from 51 to
59.
You can find square of these numbers in three simple steps.
Step 1: Add 25 to the units digit.
Step 2: Square the units digit.
Step 3: Write the answers of step 1 and step 2 together or side by side.
Square of 56
Step 1: Add 25 to the units digit
6 + 25 = 31
Step 2: Square the units digit
62 = 36
Step 3: Write the answers of step 1 and step 2 together.
Answer = 3136
Square of 59
9 + 25 = 34
92 = 81
Answer = 3481
20
Square of 53.
Step 1: Add 25 to the units digit.
3 + 25 = 28
Step 2: Square the units digit.
32 = 9
Step 3: Write answers of step 1 and step 2 together.
Answer: 2809
(NOTE: Whenever square of units digit is on only single digit then we
are adding 0 before it.)
Square of 52
2 + 25 = 27
22 = 4
Answer = 2704
(NOTE: Whenever square of units digit is on only single digit then we
are adding 0 before it.)
Square The Number If You Know Square Of Previous

Number
This method is to find square of the number if you know square of the previous
number.
You can find answers in three simple steps.
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Step 1: Find square of the previous number which is known.

Step 2: Multiply the number being squared by 2 and subtract 1.
Step 3: Add Step 1 and Step 2
Lets take some examples.
Find square of 31.
Step 1: Find square of previous number (30) which is known.
302 = 900
Step 2: Multiply the number being squared (31) by 2 and subtract 1.
(31 2) 1 = 62 1 = 61
900 + 61 = 961
Find square of 26.
252 = 625
(26 2) 1 = 52 1 = 51
625 + 51 = 676
Find square of 81.
802 = 6400
22

(81 2) 1 =162 1 = 161
6400 + 161 = 6561
Shortcut Method For Finding Cube

This method is to find cube of two digit numbers.
Lets understand this method by taking some examples.
Find cube of 14.
Step 1: Find cube of tens digit and write it down as first digit .
Step 2: 1 and 4 are in the ratio of 1:4 So write next three numbers in the ratio of
1:4.
Step 3: Write double of second and third digit below them.
Step 4: Add both these rows as shown below.
Starting from right, write 4 of 64 in the answer and 6 as carry.
23
Add 6 + 16 + 32 = 54.
Write 4 in the answer and 5 as carry.
Add 5 + 4 + 8 = 17
Add 1 + 1 = 2
Answer is 2744.
Find cube of 48.
24
1:2.
Add 51 + 256 + 512 = 819.

Add 81 + 128 + 256 = 465

25
Add 46 + 64 = 110
So 483 = 110592.
Find cube of 63.
2:1.
26
Add 2 + 54 + 108 = 164.

Add 16 + 108 + 216 = 340

Add 34 + 216 = 250

So 633 = 250047.
Finding LCM
27
This method is to find LCM of given numbers.

Lets say we want to find LCM of 20 and 60.
First write 4 and 20 as shown below
Divide 20 and 60 by 2
Divide 10 and 30 by 2
We can not divide any of 5 and 15 by 2 perfectly. So divide them by three.

Here 5 is not divisible by 3 so 5 is written as it is.
Divide 5 and 5 by 5.
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Stop this process when last row has all 1s.

So the LCM is 2 2 3 5 = 60
HCF
HCF is known as Highest Common Factor or Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) or
Greatest Common Measure (GCM).
Factor: A number x is said to be factor of y when x exactly divides y.

Ex: Lets say x = 3 and y = 15. Here 3(x) can exactly divide 15(y) so 3 is said to
be factor of 15.
Lets take two numbers 80 and 30 for better understanding. Write factors of both
numbers.
Factors of 30 : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
Factors of 15 : 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40, 80
There are many common factors for 80 and 30. Those are 1, 2, 5 and 10. But 10 is
highest of them. So 10 is called Highest Common Factor or HCF of 80 and 30.
One thing is to be noted that HCF is less than or equal to the smallest number of
the given numbers.
Finding HCF
This method is for finding HCF of the given numbers.
29
Step 1: Take two different numbers and divide the bigger number by the smaller
number.
Step 2: Divide the divisor by the remainder.
Step 3: Repeat the process of dividing the divisor by remainder until the
remainder is 0.
Step 4: The last divisor is the required HCF of the given two numbers.
Lets take an example of 80 and 30.
As you can see, last divisor is 10 so HCF of 80 and 30 is 10.
Average Concept And Shortcut Methods

Average is very useful for summarizing any quantity. For example we can say
temperature of the city. The city may have different temperature throughout the
week. But if we want to give single figure for it or we want to summarize it then we
are using average.
Basic formula for average is as shown below.
30
For example if we want to find average temperature of the city for the week.
Temperatures for the days of the week are
Sunday: 33 C
Monday: 34 C
Tuesday: 35 C
Wednesday: 36 C
Thursday: 35 C
Friday: 35 C
Saturday: 36 C
Here sum of all the temperature is divided by 7 because there are 7 days.
Here are some shortcut methods for average
Shortcut Methods For Average

Rule 1:
If different distance is travelled in different time then,
Example
If a car travels 50 Km in 1 hour, another 40 Km in 2 hour and another 70 Km
in 3 hour then what is average speed of car.
Sol:
Total Distance Covered = 50 + 40 + 70 = 160 Km
Total Time Taken = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 hours.
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Rule 2:
If equal distance is travelled at different speed.
If equal distance is travelled at the speed of A and B then,
Example
A boy goes to his school which is 2 Km away in 10 minutes and returns in 20
mins then what is boys average speed.
Sol:
Lets say A = 2/10 = 0.2 km/min
And B = 2/20 = 0.1 km/min
Rule 3:
If equal distance is travelled at the speed of A, B and C then,
Example
If a car divides its total journey in three equal parts and travels those
distances at speed of 60 kmph, 40 kmph and 80 kmph then what is cars
average speed?
32
Sol:
Lets say A = 60, B = 40 and C = 80, then
Shortcut Methods For Average - 2

When a person leaves the group and another person joins the group in place of
that person then,
Rule 1:
If the average age is increased,
Age of new person = Age of separated person + (Increase in average total number
of persons)
Example
The average age of 10 persons is increased by 5 years when one member of
age 40 years is replaced by a new person. What is age of new person?
Sol:
Age of new person = Age of separated person + (Increase in average total number
of persons)
Age of separated person = 40
Increase in average = 5
Total number of persons = 10
Age of new person = 40 + ( 5 10 ) = 40 + 50 = 90 years.
Rule 2:
33
If the average age is decreased,

Age of new person = Age of separated person - (Decrease in average total
number of persons)
Example
Average age of 20 persons is decreased by 1 year when a person aged 25
years is replaced by a new person. What is age of new person?
Sol:
Age of new person = Age of separated person - (Decrease in average total
number of persons)
Age of separated person = 25 years
Decrease in average = 1 year
Age of new person = 25 (1 20) = 25 20 = 5 years.
Rule 3:
New average age of group =
Example
A group of 10 persons has an average age of 25 years. A person of that
group aged 20 years is replaced by a new person aged 30 years. What is new
average of the group?
Sol:
New average age of group =
Provious average = 25 years

Number of persons = 10
Age of leaving person = 20
Age of joining person = 30
34

When a person joines the group.
Rule 1:
In case of increase in average
Age of new member = Previous average + ( Increase in average Number of
members including new member)
Example
The average age of 15 boys is 17 years and is increased by 0.5 years when a
new boy is joined in the group. What is the average of new boy?
Sol:
Age of new member = Previous average + ( Increase in average Number of
Previous average = 17 years
Increase in average = 0.5 years
Number of members including new member = 16
So,
Age of new member = 17 + ( 0.5 16) = 17 + 8 = 25 years.
Rule 2:
In case of decrease in average
Age of new member = Previous average - ( Decrease in average Number of
Example
The average age of 10 girls is 23 years and is decreased by 0.5 years when a
new girl is joined in the group. What is the age of new girl?
35
Sol:
Age of new member = Previous average - ( Decrease in average Number of
Decrease in average = 0.5 years
Number of members including new member = 11
Age of new member = 23 ( 0.5 11) = 23 5.5 = 17.5 years
Rule 3:
New average of group =
Example
A group of 20 members having average age of 25 years has a new member
aged 25 years. What is new average of the group?
Sol:

Number of persons excluding new member = 20
Age of new member = 25 years
Number of persons including new member = 21

When a person leaves the group
Rule 1:
36
In case of increase in average

Age of leaving member = Previous average - ( Increase in average Number of
members excluding leaving member)
Example
The average weight of 10 mangos in the box is 450 grams. But accidentally
one mango fell away out of the box resulting in increase of the average weight
by 10 grams. What is the weight of that mango?
Sol:
Age of leaving member = Previous average - ( Increase in average Number of
Previous average = 450 grams
Increase in average = 10 grams
Number of members excluding leaving member = 9
Age of leaving member = 450 (10 9) = 450 90 = 360 grams.
Rule 2:
In case of decrease in average
Age of leaving member = Previous average + ( Decrease in average Number of
Example
The average height of 10 boys is 165 cm. But one boy leaves the class and as
a result there is a decrease in average height by 2 cm. What is height of
leaving boy?
Sol:
Age of leaving member = Previous average + ( Decrease in average Number of
Previous average = 165 cm
37
Decrease in average = 2 cm
Age of leaving member = 165 + ( 2 9) = 165 + 18 = 183 cm
Rule 3:
Example
A group of 10 persons has average age of 30 years. A person aged 40 years
left the group. What is new average of the group?
Sol:

Number of persons including leaving person = 10
Age of leaving member = 40 years
Average Of Numbers - Shortcut Methods

Rule 1: Average of consecutive n natural numbers
Example
Find average of consecutive 10 natural numbers.
Sol:
10 Consecutive natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
38
Rule 2: Average of square of consecutive n natural numbers.
Example
Find average of square of consecutive 5 natural numbers.
Sol:
Consecutive five natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Rule 3: Average of cubes of consecutive n natural numbers.
Example
Find average of cubes of consecutive 5 natural numbers
Sol:
Consecutive five natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Rule 4: Average of n consecutive even numbers.

Average = n + 1
Example
Find average of 6 consecutive even numbers
39
Sol:
Six consecutive even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Average = 6 + 1 = 7
Rule 5: Average of consecutive even numbers till n.
Example
Find average of consecutive even numbers till 6
Sol:
Consecutive even numbers till 6 are 2, 4, 6
Rule 6: Average of square of n consecutive even numbers.
Example
Find average of square of 5 consecutive even numbers.

Sol:
Five consecutive even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Rule 7: Average of square of consecutive even numbers till n.
40
Example
Find average of square of consecutive even numbers till 4

Sol:
Consecutive even numbers till 4 are 2, 4
Rule 8: Average of n consecutive odd numbers.

Average = n
Example
Find average of 10 consecutive odd numbers.
Sol:
10 consecutive odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19.
Average = 10
Rule 9: Average of consecutive odd numbers till n.
Example
Find average of consecutive odd numbers till 9
Sol:
Consecutive odd numbers till 9 are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
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Rule 10: Average of square of consecutive odd numbers till n.
Example
Find average of square of consecutive odd numbers till 5
Sol:
Consecutive odd numbers till 5 are 1, 3, 5.
Ratio Or Fraction
Comparison of ratio or fraction is most frequently asked question in competitive
exams. To find smallest or biggest of the given fraction, two approaches are to be
used.
Method 1: Make denominator of the given fractions same.
Make denominator of the given fractions same.

To do it, Take LCM of 4, 6, 8, 10.
LCM of 4, 6, 8, 10 is 120.
So try to make denominator as 120.
42
(Here We are Multiplying and Dividing by same amount so we are not changing the
value of the fraction.)
Now we can easily compare these fractions.
Method 2: Make numerator of the given fractions same.
Make numerator of the given fractions same.

To do it, Take LCM of 3, 5, 7, 11.
LCM of 3, 5, 7, 11 is 1155.
So try to make numerator as 1155.
43
(Here We are Multiplying and Dividing by same amount so we are not changing the
value of the fraction.)
Now we can easily compare these fractions.
The number which has smallest denominator is the biggest number and vise-versa.
Percentage
Percent means per every hundred. 5% means 5 per 100.
In other words, percentage is a fraction with denominator as 100.
44
Percentage is denoted as P.C. or %. Ex: 70 percent = 70%.
Convert Percentage into Fraction:

Step 1: The number is divided by 100.
Step 2: % sign is removed.
Convert Fraction Into Percentage:

Step 1: Multiply fraction by 100.
Step 2: Put a % sign.
Convert Percentage into Decimal:
Convert Decimal Into Percentage:

0.25 = (0.25 100)% = 25%
1.50 = (1.50 100)% = 150%
Some Useful Formulas:
Partnership Concept and Shortcut Methods
45
When more than one person agree to invest their money to run a business or firm
then this kind of agreement is called partnership. The persons involved in the
partnership are called partners.
There are two types of partners.
1.
Sleeping Partner: Sleeping partner is the person who provides only

investment but does not take part in running the business.
2. Working Partner: Working partner is the person who not only invests the
money but also takes part in running the business. For this work he is paid
some salary or some percent of profit in addition.
There are two types of partnership.
1.
Simple Partnership: In simple partnership, capitals of partners are invested

for the same period of time.
2. Compound Partnership: In compound partnership, capitals of partners are
invested for the different period of time.
Basic Formulas
If two partners A and B are investing their money to run a business then
(Simple Partnership)
Capital of A : Capital of B = Profit of A : Profit of B
If two partners A and B are investing their money for different period of time to
run a business then
(Compound Partnership)
Capital of A Time period of A : Capital of B Time period of B = Profit of A :

Profit of B
Example
Jack and Jill start a business by investing $ 2,000 for 8 months and $ 3,000 for 6
months respectively. If their total profit si $ 510 and then what is profit of Jill?
46
Sol:
Capital of Jack = 2000 and Time period = 8 months
Capital of Jill = 3000 and Time period = 6 months
So, Profit of Jack : Profit of Jill = 8 : 9

So we have 8 + 9 = 17 parts of total profit.
Out of this 17 parts, Jack will get 8 parts and Jill will get 9 parts.
Now, total profit is 510
So, One Part = 510/17 = 30.
Jills profit = 30 9 = 270 and
Jacks profit = 30 8 = 240.
If n partners are investing for different period of time then

C1T1 : C2T2 : C3T3 : : CnTn = P1 : P2 : P3 : : Pn
Where C is the capital invested, T is time period of capital invested and P is profit
earned.
Example
Raju, Kamal and Vinod start a business by investing Rs 5,000 for 12 months, Rs
8,000 for 9 months and Rs 10,000 for 6 months. If at the end of the year their
total profit is Rs 2000 then find the profit of each partner.
Sol:
Rajus investment is 5000 for 12 months.
Kamals investment is 8000 for 9 months.
Vinods investment is 10000 for 6 months.
So their ratio of investments is
5000 12 : 8000 9 : 10000 6
60 : 72 : 60
5:6:5
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So their profit,
Raju : Kamal : Vinod = 5 : 6 : 5
So there are 5 + 6 + 5 = 16 parts of profit.
Out of these 16 parts, Raju will get 5 parts, Kamal will get 6 parts and Vinod will get 5
parts.
So, Total profit = 2000
One part = 2000/16 = 125
Rajus profit = 5 125 = 625
Kamals profit = 6 125 = 750
Vinods profit = 5 125 = 625
Shortcut Methods
Rule 1:
If two partners are investing their money C1 and C2 for equal period of time and
their total profit is P then their shares of profit are
If these partners are investing their money for different period of time which is
T1 and T2, then their profits are
Example
Jack and Jill start a business by investing $ 2,000 for 8 months and $ 3,000
for 6 months respectively. If their total profit si $ 510 and then what is
profit of Jill?
Sol:
Lets Say C1 = 2000, T1 = 8
C2 = 3000, T2 = 6
P = 510
48
Rule 2:
If n partners are investing their money C1, C2, , Cn for equal period of time and
their total profit is P then their shares of profit are
If these partners are investing their money for different period of time which is
T1, T2, , Tn then their profits are
Example
Raju, Kamal and Vinod start a business by investing Rs 5,000 for 12 months,
Rs 8,000 for 9 months and Rs 10,000 for 6 months. If at the end of the
year their total profit is Rs 2000 then find the profit of each partner.
Sol:
Lets Say C1 = 5000, T1 = 12
C2 = 8000, T2 = 9
C3 = 10000, T3 = 6
P = 2000
49
Simple Interest Shortcut Methods

When a person borrows some money from another person then the borrower has to
pay some extra money for the use of that money to the lender. This extra money is
called Interest.
In other words, the amount charged by lender for giving his money for a specific
amount of time is called Interest.
The amount of money borrowed is known as Principle.
Total of Interest and Principle is known as Total Amount.
Amount = Principle + Interest.
The borrower has to pay interest according to some percent of principle for the
fixed period of time. This percentage is known as Interest Rate. This fixed period
may be a year, six months, three months or a month and correspondingly the rate
of interest is charged annually, half yearly, quarterly or monthly.
50
For example, the rate of interest is 10% per annum means the interest payable on
Rs 100 for one year is Rs 10.
Some Basic Formulas
If A = Amount
P = Principle
I = Interest
T = Time in years
R = Interest Rate Per Year, then
Amount = Principle + Interest
A=P+I
Compound Interest Concept & Shortcut Methods

In compound interest, the interest for each period is added to the principle before
interest is calculated for the next period. With this method the principle grows as
the interest is added to it. This method is mostly used in investments such as
savings account and bonds.
To understand compound interest clearly, lets take an example.
1000 is borrowed for three years at 10% compound interest. What is the total
amount after three years?
You can understand the process of compound interest by image shown below.
51
Year
Principle
Interest (10%)
Amount
1st
1000
100
1100
2nd
1100
110
1210
3rd
1210
121
1331
Difference between Simple Interest and compound interest

After three years,
In simple interest, the total amount would be 1300
And in compound interest, the total amount would be 1331.
Some Basic Formulas
If A = Amount
P = Principle
C.I. = Compound Interest
T = Time in years
R = Interest Rate Per Year
52
Shortcut Formulas
Rule 1: If rate of interest is R1% for first year, R2% for second year and R3%
for third year, then
Example
Find the total amount after three years on Rs 1000 if the compound interest
rate for first year is 4%, for second year is 5% and for third year is 10%
Sol:
P = 1000
R1 = 4%, R2 = 5% and R3 = 10%
(From the table given at the bottom of the page)

A = 1201.2
Rule 2:
If principle = P, Rate = R% and Time = T years then
1.
If the interest is compounded annually:
53
2.
If the interest is compounded half yearly (two times in year):
3.
If the interest is compounded quarterly (four times in year):
Example
Find the total amount on 1000 after 2 years at the rate of 4% if
1.
The interest is compounded annually
2.
The interest is compounded half yearly
3.
The interest is compounded quarterly.
Sol:
Here P = 1000
R = 4%
T = 2 years
If the interest is compounded annually
(From the table given at the bottom of the page)

A = 1081.6
If the interest is compounded half yearly
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A = 1082.4
If the interest is compounded quarterly
A = 1082.9
Rule 3: If difference between Simple Interest and Compound Interest is
given.
If the difference between Simple Interest and Compound Interest on a

certain sum of money for 2 years at R% rate is given then
Example
If the difference between simple interest and compound interest on a certain
sum of money at 10% per annum for 2 years is Rs 2 then find the sum.
Sum:
55
If the difference between Simple Interest and Compound Interest on a

certain sum of money for 3 years at R% is given then
Example
If the difference between simple interest and compound interest on a certain
sum of money at 10% per annum for 3 years is Rs 2 then find the sum.
Sol:
Rule 3: If sum A becomes B in T1 years at compound interest, then after T2 years
Example
Rs 1000 becomes 1100 after 4 years at certain compound interest rate.
What will be the sum after 8 years?
Sum:
Here A = 1000, B = 1100
T1 = 4, T2 = 8
56
Look up Table
Mixture and Alligation Shortcut Methods

Mixture: Mixing of two or more than two type of quantities gives us a mixure.
Quantities of these elements can be expressed as percentage or ratio.
i.e. Percentage (20% of sugar in water)
Fraction ( A solution of sugar and water such that sugar : water = 1:4)
Alligation: Alligation is a rule which is used to solve the problems related to
mixture and its ingredient.
It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at
the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
Alligation Rule
When two elements are mixed to make a mixture and one of the elements is
cheaper and other one is costlier then,
Here Mean Price is CP of mixture per unit quantity.

Above rule can be written as,
57
Then,
Cheaper Quantity : Costlier Quantity = (D M) : (M C)
Example
Example
In what proportion must sugar at Rs 40 per kg be mixed with sugar at Rs 60
per kg so that the mixture be Rs 55 per kg?
Sol:
Here, CP of Cheaper(C) = 40,
CP of Costlier(D) = 60 and
Mean Price(M) = 55
So from the rule of alligation we can say that
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Proportion of Cheaper Sugar and Costlier Sugar is 1 : 3

Mixture of more than two elements.
This method is a bit tricky initially but if you practice it then it becomes quite
easy.
If the mixture is of more than two ingredients, then write the prices of each
ingredient below one another in ascending order. Write the mean price to the left
of the list. Now make couples of prices in such a way that one price of the couple is
below mean price and another price of the couple is above mean price. Now find the
difference between each price and mean price and write it opposite to the price
linked to it. This difference is required answer.
Dont worry if you dont understand above paragraph. Try to understand above
paragraph with the examples given below.
Example
How must a shop owner mix 4 types of rice worth Rs 95, Rs 60, Rs 90 and Rs
50 per kg so that he can make the mixture of these sugars worth Rs 80 per
kg?
Sol:
Here the prices of sugars are 95, 60, 90 and 50.
And the mean price is 80.
Now read the above paragraph and the image given below to understand this
method.
So the proportion of sugar is

50 : 60 : 90 : 95 = 15 : 10 : 20 : 30 or
50 : 60 : 90 : 95 = 3 : 2 : 4 : 6
Example
In what ratio must a person mix three kind of tea each of which has a price
of 70, 80 and 120 rupees per kg, in such a way that the mixture costs him
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100 rupees per kg?

Sol:
Here the prices of tea are 70, 80 and 120
And mean price is 100, so
So the proportion of tea is

70 : 80 : 120 = 20 : 20 : 50 or
70 : 80 : 120 = 2 : 2 : 5
Some Shortcut Formulas

Rule 1
If n different vessels of equal size are filled with the mixture of P and Q in the
ratio p1 : q1, p2 : q2, , pn : qn and content of all these vessels are mixed in one large
vessel, then
Example
Three equal buckets containing the mixture of milk and water are mixed into a
bigger bucket. If the proportion of milk and water in the glasses are 3:1, 2:3
and 4:2 then find the proportion of milk and water in the bigger bucket.
Sol:
Lets say P stands for milk and Q stands for water,
So, p1:q1 = 3:1
p2:q2=2:3
p3 : q3=4:2
60
So in bigger bucket,
Milk : Water = 109 : 71
Rule 2
If n different vessels of sizes x1, x2, , xn are filled with the mixture of P and Q in
the ratio p1 : q1, p2 : q2, , pn : qn and content of all these vessels are mixed in one
large vessel, then
Example
Three buckets of size 2 liter, 4 liter and 5 liter containing the mixture of
milk and water are mixed into a bigger bucket. If the proportion of milk and
water in the glasses are 3:1, 2:3 and 4:2 then find the proportion of milk and
water in the bigger bucket.
Sol:
Lets say P stands for milk and Q stands for water,
So, p1:q1 = 3:1 , x1 = 2
p2:q2=2:3 , x2 = 4
p3 : q3=4:2 x3 = 5, so
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So in bigger bucket,
Milk : Water = 193 : 137
Rule 3: Removal and Replacement
If a vessel contains x litres of liquid A and if y litres be withdrawn and replaced
by liquid B, then if y litres of the mixture be withdrawn and replaced by liquid B,
and the operation is repeated n times in all, then :
Example
A container is containing 80 liter of wine. 8 liter of wine was taken out from
this container and replaced by water. This process was further repeated two
times. How much wine is there in the container now?
Sol:
Here x = 80, y = 8 and n = 3, so
Quantity of wine after 3rd operation = 58.32 liters.
62
Rule 4:
p gram of ingredient solution has a% ingredient in it. To increase the ingredient
content to b% in the solution
Example
125 liter of mixture of milk and water contains 25% of water. How much
water must be added to it to make water 30% in the new mixture?
Sol:
Lets say p = 125, b = 30, a = 25
So from the equation
Quantity of water need to be added = 8.92 liter.
Profit And Loss

To make profit is the basic aim of any business.
Cost Price: It is the price at which any article or unit or item is bought. It is
abbreviated as CP.
Selling Price: It is the price at which any article or unit or item is sold. It is
abbreviated as SP.
Profit: If Selling Price is greater than Cost Price then seller makes profit.
Profit = SP CP
Loss: If Cost Price is greater than Selling Price then seller incurs loss.
Loss = CP SP
Basic Formulas:
63
One point is to be noted that loss or profit is always calculated with reference to
CP.
Shortcut Method For Profit And Loss
64
65
Time and Work Shortcut Methods

Time and Work problems are most frequently asked problems in quantitative
aptitude. To solve these problems very quickly, you should understand the concept
of Time and Work and some shortcut methods.
If a man can do a piece of work in 5 days, then he will finish 1/5th of the work in
one day.
If a man can finish 1/5th of the work in one day then he will take 5 days to
complete the work.
If a man 5/6th of work in one hour then he will take 6/5 hours to complete the full
work.
If A works three times faster than B then A takes 1/3rd the time taken by B.
Here are some shortcut rules which can be very useful while solving Time and Work
problems.
In total 9 rules are given here.
Rule 1: Universal Rule
This rule can be used in almost every problems.
If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days and M2 persons can do W2 works in D2days
then we can say
M1D1W2 = M2D2W1
If the persons work T1 and T2 hours per day respectively then the equation gets
modified to
M1D1T1W2 = M2D2T2W1
If the persons has efficiency of E1 and E2 respectively then,
M1D1T1E1W2 = M2D2T2E2W1
Example
5 men can prepare 10 cycles in 6 days working 6 hours a day. Then in how
many days can 12 men prepare 16 cycles working 8 hours a day?
Sol:
Here M1 = 5, W1 = 10, D1 = 6, T1 = 6 and
M2 = 12, W2 = 16, T2 = 8
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So from the above rule

M1D1T1W2 = M2D2T2W1
5 6 6 16 = 12 D2 8 10
D2 = 3 Days.
So they will complete the work in 3 days.
Rule 2:
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then
The work done by A in one day = 1/n
Example
If A can repair 50 cycles in 5 days then A can repair 50/5 = 10 cycles in one day.
Rule 3:
If A can do a work in D1 days and B can do the same work in D2 days then A and B
together can do the same work
Example
Content
If A can do a piece of work in 10 days and B can do the same work in 15
days then how long will they take if they both work together?
Sol:
A can finish the work in D1 = 10 days.
B can finish the work in D2 = 15 days.
Rule 4:
If A is twice as good a workman as B, then A will take half of the time taken by B
to complete a piece of work.
Example
A is twice as good a workman as B. Together, they finish the work in 14
days. In how many days can it be done by each separately?
Sol:
67
Lets assume that A alone can finish the work in x days.

It is given that A is twice as good a workman as B so B alone can finish the work in
2x days
So x = 21 days.
So A can finish the work in 21 days and B can finish the work in 42 days.
Rule 5:
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then A will take one third of the time taken
by B to complete a piece of work.
Example
A is thrice as good a workman as B. Together, they finish the work in 15
days. In how many days can it be done by each separately?
Sol:
Lets assume that A alone can finish the work in x days.
It is given that A is thrice as good a workman as B so B alone can finish the work in
3x days.
So x = 20 days.
So A can finish the work in 20 days and B can finish the work in 60 days.
Rule 6:
If A and B together can do a piece of work in x days, B and C together can do in y
days and C and A together can do in z days, then the same work can be done
68
Example
A and B can do a piece of work in 30 days while B and C can do the same
work in 24 days and C and A in 20 days. Find out the time taken to complete
the work by each member working alone. Also find in how many days they will
complete the work if they work together.
Sol:
Here lets assume that x=30, y=24 and z=20.
Rule 7:
If A can do a piece of work in D1 days, B can do in D2 days and C can do in D3 days
then they together can do the same work in
Example
Content
If A can do a piece of work in 30 days, B can do in 24 days and C can do in
20 days then they together can do the same work in _____ days.
Sol:
69
Rule 8:
If A and B together can do a piece of work in D1 days and A alone can do it in
D2days, then B alone can do the work in
Example
Content
Jack and Jill together can do a piece of work in 10 days. Jack alone can do it
in 15 days. In how many days can Jill alone do it?
Sol:
Lets say D1 = 10, D2 = 15
Rule 9:
If the number of men are changed in the ratio of m:n, then the time taken to
complete the work will change in the ratio n:m
Pipes And Cisterns Shortcut Methods

Pipe and Cistern problems are similar to time and work problems. A pipe is used to
fill or empty the tank or cistern.
Inlet Pipe: A pipe used to fill the tank or cistern is known as Inlet Pipe.
Outlet Pipe: A pipe used to empty the tank or cistern is known as Outlet Pipe.
Some Basic Formulas
1.
2.
If an inlet pipe can fill the tank in x hours, then the part filled in 1 hour = 1/x
If an outlet pipe can empty the tank in y hours, then the part of the tank emptied
in 1 hour = 1/y
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3.
If both inlet and outlet valves are kept open, then the net part of the tank filled in
1 hour is
Some Shortcut Methods

Rule 1: Two pipes can fill (or empty) a cistern in x and y hours while working alone.
If both pipes are opened together, then the time taken to fill (or empty) the
cistern is given by
Example
Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 20 and 30 minutes respectively. If

both the pipes are opened together, how long will it take to fill the cistern?
Sol:
Lets say x = 20 and y = 30
So it will take 12 minutes for both the pipes to full the cistern.
Rule 2: Three pipes can fill (or empty) a cistern in x, y and z hours while working
alone. If all the three pipes are opened together, the time taken to fill (or empty)
the cistern is given by
Example
Three pipes can fill a tank in 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 40 minutes

respectively while working alone. If, all the pipes are opened together, how
long will it take to fill the tank full?
71
Sol:
Lets say x = 20 minutes, y = 30 minutes, z = 40 minutes
So it will take 9.23 minutes to fill the tank full.

Rule 3: If a pipe can fill a cistern in x hours and another can fill the same cistern
in y hours, but a third one can empty the full tank in z hours, and all of them are
opened together, then
Example
Two pipes can fill a cistern in 20 minutes and 30 minutes respectively. Third
pipe can empty the tank in 40 minutes. If all the three pipes are opened
together, how long it will take to fill the tank full?
Sol:
Lets say x = 20, y = 30 and z = 40
So it will take 17.14 minutes to fill the tank full.

Rule 4: A pipe can fill a cistern in x hours. Because of a leak in the bottom, it is
filled in y hours. If it is full, the time taken by the leak to empty the cistern is
Example
72
A pipe can fill a tank in 3 hours. Because of leak in the bottom, it is filled in
4 hours. If the tank is full, how much time will the leak take to empty it?
Sol:
So leak will empty the tank in 12 hours.

By formula
Lets say x = 3 and y = 4
Time and Distance Shortcut Methods

The terms time and distance are related to the speed of a moving object.
Speed: Speed is defined as the distance covered by an object in unit time.
Some Important Facts

Distance travelled is proportional to the speed of the object if the time is kept
constant.
Distance travelled is proportional to the time taken if speed of object is kept
constant.
Speed is inversely proportional to the time taken if the distance covered is kept
constant.
If the ratio of two speeds for same distance is a:b then the ratio of time taken to
cover the distance is b:a
Relative Speed
If two objects are moving in same direction with speeds of x and y then their
relative speed is (x - y)
If two objects are moving is opposite direction with speeds of x and y then their
relative speed is (x + y)
Unit Conversion
73
Some Important Shortcut Formulas

Rule 1: If some distance is travelled at x km/hr and the same distance is travelled
at y km/hr then the average speed during the whole journey is given by
Example
John goes from his home to school at the speed of 2 km/hr and returns at
the speed of 3 km/hr. What is his average speed during whole journey in
m/sec?
Sol:
Lets say x = 2 km/hr
And y = 3 km/hr, so
Now, average speed in m/sec
Rule 2: If a person travels a certain distance at x km/hr and returns at y km/hr,

if the time taken to the whole journey is T hours then the one way distance is given
by
Example
Mr Samson goes to market at the speed of 10 km/hr and returns to his home
at the speed of 15 km/hr. If he takes 3 hours in all, what is the distance
between his home and market?
Sol:
Lets say x = 10 km/hr
y = 10 km/hr, and
T = 3 hrs, then
So the distance between home and market is 18 km.
74
Rule 3: If two persons A and B start their journey at the same time from two
points P and Q towards each other and after crossing each other they take a and b
hours in reaching Q and P respectively, then
Example
Two persons Ram and Lakhan start their journey from two different places
towards each others place. After crossing each other, they complete their
journey in 1 and 4 hours respectively. Find speed of Lakhan if speed of ram is
20 km/hr.
Sol:
Lets say A = Ram and B = Lakhan
a = 1 and b = 4, then
Lakhans Speed = 10 km/hr

Rule 4: If the same distance is covered at two different speeds S 1 and S2 and the
time taken to cover the distance are T1 and T2, then the distance is given by
Example
Two trucks travel the same distance at the speed of 50 kmph and 60 kmph.
Find the distance when the distance when the time taken by both trucks has a
difference of 1 hour.
Sol:
Lets say S1 = 50 kmph,
S2 = 60 kmph
T1 T 2 = 1
Trains Shortcut Methods

Problems on trains are most frequently asked questions in any competitive exam.
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Problems on trains and Time and Distance are almost same. The only difference is
we have to consider the length of the train while solving problems on trains.
Points To Remember
1.
Time taken by a train of length of L meters to pass a stationary pole is equal

to the time taken by train to cover L meters.
2. Time taken by a train of length of L meters to pass a stationary object of
length P meters is equal to the time taken by train to cover (L + P) meters.
3. If two trains are moving in same direction and their speeds are x km/h and y
km/h (x > y) then their relative speed is (x y) km/h.
4. If two trains are moving in opposite direction and their speeds are x km/h
and y km/h then their relative speed is (x + y) km/h.
Unit Conversion

Rule 1:
If two trains of p meters and q meters are moving in same direction at the speed
of x m/s and y m/s (x > y) respectively then time taken by the faster train to
overtake slower train is given by
Example
Two trains of length 130 meter and 70 meter are running in the same
direction with the speed of 50 km/h and 70 km/h. How much time will faster
train take to overtake the slower train from the moment they meet?
Sol:
Lets say p = 130 meter = 0. 13 km
q = 70 meter = 0.07 km
x = 70 km/h and y = 50 km/h,
So from the equation given above,
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0.01 hours = 36 second

So it will take 36 seconds to overtake.
Rule 2:
If two trains of p meters and q meters are moving in opposite direction at the
speed of x m/s and y m/s respectively then time taken by trains to cross each
other is given by
Example
Two trains of length 130 meter and 70 meter are running in the opposite
direction with the speed of 50 km/h and 70 km/h. How much time will trains
take to cross each other from the moment they meet?
Sol:
Lets say p = 130 meter = 0. 13 km
q = 70 meter = 0.07 km
x = 70 km/h and y = 50 km/h,
So from the equation given above,
0.0017 hours = 6 seconds

So it will take 6 seconds to cross each other.
Boats and Streams Shortcut Methods

Boats and Streams problems are frequently asked problems in competitive exams.
Stream: Moving water of the river is called stream.
Still Water: If the water is not moving then it is called still water.
Upstream: If a boat or a swimmer moves in the opposite direction of the stream
then it is called upstream.
Downstream: If a boat or a swimmer moves in the same direction of the stream
then it is called downstream.
Points to remember
When speed of boat or a swimmer is given then it normally means speed in

still water.
77
Some Basic Formulas

Rule 1: If speed of boat or swimmer is x km/h and the speed of stream is y km/h
then,
Speed of boat or swimmer upstream = (x y) km/h

Speed of boat or swimmer downstream = (x + y) km/h
Rule 2:
Speed of boat or swimmer in still water is given by
Speed of stream is given by

Rule 1: A man can row certain distance downstream in t 1 hours and returns the
same distance upstream in t2 hours. If the speed of stream is y km/h, then the
speed of man in still water is given by
Example
A man goes certain distance against the current of the stream in 2 hour and
returns with the stream in 20 minutes. If the speed of stream is 4 km/h
then how long will it take for the man to go 4 km in still water?
Sol:
Lets say t1 = 20 minutes = 0.33 hours and t2 = 1 hours
Y = 4, then mans speed in still water
So mans speed is 7.94 km/h in still water.

Now, time taken by the man to row 4 km in still water
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Rule 2: A man can row in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if it
takes him t hours to row to a place and come back, then the distance between two
places is given by
Example
A man can row 4 km/h in still water. When the water is running at 2 km/h, it
takes him 2 hours to go to a place and come back. What is the distance
between that place and mans initial position?
Sol:
Lets say x = 4 km/h = mans speed in still water.
y = 2 km/h = waters speed.
t = 2, so
Rule 3: A man can row in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if it
takes t hours more in upstream than to go downstream for the same distance, then
the distance is given by
Example
A man can row 4 km/h in still water. The water is running at 2 km/h. He
travels to a certain distance and comes back. It takes him 2 hours more while
travelling against the stream than travelling with the stream. What is the
distance?
Sol:
Lets say x = 4 km/h = mans speed in still water.
y = 2 km/h = waters speed.
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t = 2, so
Rule 4: A man can row in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if he
rows the same distance up and down the stream, then his average speed is given by
Example
Speed of boat in still water is 9 km/h and speed of stream is 2 km/h. The
boat rows to a place which is 47 km away and comes back in the same path.
Find the average speed of boat during whole journey.
Sol:
Lets say x = 9 km/h = speed in still water
Y = 2 km/h = speed of stream
Work and Wages

Work and Wages problems are simpler to solve in quantitative aptitude.
Money earned by a person for a certain work is called wage of the person for that
work.
Points to remember
1.
Wages are directly proportional to the work done. That means more work
more money.
2. Wages are inversely proportional to the time taken to complete the work.
That means more time less money.
Work and Wages problems can be understood by examining some solved examples.
Example
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Mayank can do a piece of work in 3 days while Sanjay can do the same work in
4 days. The wage for the full work is Rs 350. If they both work together to
complete the work then find the earnings of Mayank and Sanjay.
Sol:
Mayanks 1 days work = 1/3
Sanjays 1 days work = 1/4
Wages are directly proportional to the work done.
So, Mayanks Wage : Sanjays Wage = 1/3 : 1/4
Mayanks Wage : Sanjays Wage = 4 : 3
Now, total wage is 350 Rs.
Example
Shahrukh alone can finish a work in 4 days while Salman alone can finish it in
6 days. If they both work together to finish it, then out of total wages of
18000, what will be the 20% of Shahrukhs share?
Sol:
Shahrukhs 1 days work = 1/4
Salmans 1 days work = 1/6
Wages are directly proportional to the work done.
So, Shahrukhs share : Salmans share = 1/4 : 1/6
Shahrukhs share : Salmans share = 6 : 4
So 20% of Shahrukhs wage = 2160
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Example
Rahul, Rohit and Rohan can do a piece of work in 3, 4 and 6 days,
respectively. Doing that work together, they get an amount of 675 rupees.
What is the share of Rohan in that amount.
Sol:
Rahuls 1 days work = 1/3
Rohits 1 days work = 1/4
Rohans 1 days work = 1/6
Rahuls share : Rohits share : Rohans share
=4:3:2
So, Rohans Wage
Rohans wage is 150 rupees.

Example
Sunil can do a piece of work in 2 days while Saurav can do it in 3 days. They
work together for a day and rest of the work is done by Sachin in 1 day. If
they get 1800 rupees for the whole work then find the wage of Sachin.
Sol:
Sunils 1 days work = 1/2
Sauravs 1 daus work = 1/3
Sunil and Sauravs 1days work = 1/2 + 1/3 = 5/6
Remaining work done by Sachin = 1 5/6 = 1/6
(Have doubt? Then refer time and work)
So, Sunils share : Sauravs share : Sachins share
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=3:2:1
So wage of Sachin,
Sachins wage is 300 rupees.

TRIGNOMETRY:
Types of Triangles
Types of triangles are defined based on similarity of their sides and angles.
Types based on Sides
Equilateral Triangle
Equilateral triangle has all the three sides with equal length.
Each angle is 60.
Isosceles Triangle
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Isosceles triangle has two sides with equal length.

Angles opposite to the equal sides are also same.
Scalene Triangle
Scalene triangle has all sides with unequal length.

Angles of scalene triangle are also different.
Types based on Angle
Right Angle Triangle
Right angle triangle has one angle of 90.

Side opposite to right angle is known as hypotenuse.
Acute Triangle
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Acute triangle has all the angles measuring less than 90.
Obtuse Triangle
Obtuse triangle has one angle measuring greater than 90.
Triangle Properties
Vertex: The vertex is the corner of the triangle. Triangle has three vertices.
Base: Generally, the bottom side of a triangle is called base.
Altitude: Altitude is a line through a vertex and perpendicular to the opposite side
(or base) of the vertex.
Intersection of three altitudes is called the orthocenter of the triangle.
Median: A median is a line from the vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Intersection of three medians is called the centroid of the triangle.
Orthocenter: Intersection of three altitudes is called the orthocenter of the
triangle.
As shown in figure, point O is orthocenter of triangle.

Centroid: Intersection of three medians is called the centroid of the triangle.
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Incircle: The biggest circle which touches all the sides of a triangle is called
incircle of a triangle.
The intersection of three angle bisector is center of incircle. It is also called

incenter of triangle.
Circumcircle: A circle which passes through all the vertices of the triangle is
called circumcircle.
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The intersection of three perpendicular bisectors is called circumcenter.

Interior Angles:
A triangle has three interior angles.

Sum of three interior angles of a triangle is 180.
Shortest side is always opposite to the smallest interior angle.
Longest side is always opposite to the biggest interior angle.
Exterior Angles:
An exterior (or external) angle is the angle between one side of a triangle
and the extension of an adjacent side.
Sum of all the exterior angle is 360
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An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite interior

angles.
Definition of Sine, Cosine and Tangent
There are two right-angle triangles ABC and XYZ shown in the above
figure. These two triangles are similar triangles because interior angles of
the triangles are same.
Now, for right-angle similar triangles, ratio of the corresponding sides is
same.
These ratios remain same for any similar triangle. So if we keep the angles
of the triangle same then these ratio does not change for any size of side.
Scientists observed that these ratios always remain constant for the given
angle so they decided to give name to these ratios. So they gave name as
Sine, Cosine and Tangent to these ratios which are shown below.
Now, for the given angle , these sides are opposite, adjacent and
hypotenuse, so
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So from the above equations, we can write that,
Trigonometric Ratios Of Standard Angles
Trigonometric ratios of standard angles if found out by following simple

method.
Trigonometric ratio for 30 and 60
As shown in the figure, triangle ABC is equilateral triangle with each side
of length 2X.
AD is the bisector of angle BAC.
As the triangle is equilateral, the length of BD and DC will be X.
Triangle ADB is right-angle triangle, so from the Pythagorean theorem we
can say that,
AD2 + BD2 = AB2
AD2 + X2 = 4X2
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AD2 = 3X2
AD = 3X
So for the right-angle triangle ADB, we have values of all the sides,
AB = 2X, BD = X and AD = 3X
So,
Simillarly for 60
Trigonometric ratio for 45
90
As shown in figure, triangle XYZ is right-angle triangle and two sides of

the triangle are equal. So the value of the remaining angles are also same
which is 45.
By Pythagorean theorem, we can say that
XY2 + YZ2 = XZ2
a2 + a2 = XZ2
XZ2 = 2a2
XZ = 2a
So for the triangle XYZ, we have values of all the sides.
XY = a, YZ = a and XZ = 2a
So,
The table for trigonometric ratio of standard angle is given below.
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How To Remember Trigonometric Ratio Table

Remembering values of standard angles can be difficult. But with the method
shown below you can easily remember the values of standard angles.
First of all write down the values of standard angles.
Then write numbers from 0 to 4 below them as shown below.
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Then divide all of them by 4.
Take square root of all of them.
Then write resultant value.
Then write those value in reverse order below them.
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Then divide values of first line with second line and write resultant values as third
line.
Then write sin, cos and tan on the left hand side as shown below.
So, by this way you can easily remember values of standard angles.
Values of Cosec, Sec and Cot can be found by taking inverse of Sin, cos and tan
respectively for the given angle.
Complete table of standard angles is shown below.
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Angle and Distance Examples

From an aeroplane just over a straight road, the angles of depression of two
consecutive kilometer stones situated at opposite sides of the aeroplane were
found to be 60 and 30 respectively. The height (in km) of the aeroplane
from the road at that instant, is
Solution:
As shown in image A is the aeroplane. B and C are two consecutive milestones. So
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distance between them is 1km

So BC = 1
It is given that the aeroplane creates 60 and 30 angle of depression with two
milestones. So we can say that angle A = 90. (A + B + C = 180)
So for right angle triangle ABC we can say that
Now, we want to find height of the aeroplane from the ground, so we have to find
the length of AD.
Triangle ABD is right angle triangle.
So for triangle ABD, we can say that
So we can say that height of aeroplane from the ground is 3/4 km.
A tower standing on a horizontal plane subtends a certain angle at a point
160m apart from the foot of the tower. On advancing 100m towards it, the
tower is found to subtend an angle twice as before. The height of the tower
is
Solution:
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As shown in figure, AB is tower. C is the point 160m apart from the tower. is the
angle at point C.
Now, advancing 100m towards tower we get to the point D. 2 is the angle at point
D.
We need to find length of AB which is height of tower.
For right angle triangle ABC we can say that
And for right angle triangle ABD we can say that
But we know that
So we can write
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So we can say that height of tower is 80 meters.

The length of a shadow of a vertical tower is 1/3 times its height. The
angle of elevation of the Sun is
Solution:
As shown in the figure, AB is the tower and lets assume that its length is x.
BC is its shadow and its length is (1/3)x.
We want to find angle .
So for right angle triangle ABC we can say that
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Thus, angle of elevation of the Sun is 60.
Trigonometric Formulas or Identities

Basic identities
Pythagorean Identities
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Addition and Subtraction Identities
Single Angle Identity
Double Angle Identities
100
Triple Angle Identities
Product to sum
Sum to Product
101
Other Identities
Article
The adjectives a, an and the are called articles.
There are two types of articles.
Indefinite article A/An

Definite article The
Indefinite Article:
The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You can use them with singular
nouns to talk about any single person or thing.
The article a is used before words beginning with consonants.
Ex:
This is a car.
This is a uniform. ( Uniforms pronunciation does not start with vowel sound)
This is a bat.
The article an is usually used before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
In simple words, article an is used before words whose pronunciation starts with
vowel sound.
Ex:
Sunil is an intelligent boy.
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He is an MLA. (MLAs pronunciation start with vowel sound)

He is an honest man. (Honests pronunciation start with vowel sound)
Rules for using Indefinite article.
Rules For Using Indefinite Article

Here are some rules for using Indefinite articles. These rules can be very useful in
solving common errors problems in competitive exams.
Rule: Article A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound.
Ex:
He is a European.
He has a brief case.
She has a bicycle.
Rule: Article An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound.

Ex:
He is an MLA
He has an umbrella
He has an exe.
Rule: Indefinite article A/An is used before a singular countable noun when it is
mentioned for the first time and it does not represent specific person or thing.
Ex:
Kamal lives in a bunglow.

Yogeshwar is a lecturer.
This is a river.
Rule: Indefinite article is used when a singular countable noun represents class of
things or persons.
Ex:
A vehicle should be parked properly. (Vehicle = any vehicle, class of vehicles.

A student needs guidance. (Student = any student, class of student)
A cow is a friendly animal.
Rule: Indefinite article is used when a proper noun is used as common noun.
Ex:
He is a Hitler.
She is a Lata Mangeshker
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You are a Beauty.
Definite article The

The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are
talking about a certain or specific person or thing.
Virat has won the match

The mobile is ringing.
The train has arrived.
Rules for Using Definite Article

Here are some rules for using definite articles. These rules can be very useful
while solving common error problems in competitive exams.
Rule: Definite article the is used when we talk about the person or thing which
was mentioned earlier.
Ex:
Shruti drew a picture. The picture was beautiful.

I met a boy. The boy was intelligent.
Give me the ball which you bought yesterday.
Rule: Definite article the is used when a singular noun is representing a whole
class.
Ex:
The cow is a friendly animal.

The rose is a beautiful flower.
The lion is a dangerous animal.
Rule: Before the names of mountain ranges, group of islands, rivers, oceans, gulfs,
desserts, forests etc.
Ex:
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
Himalayas
Ganga
Andamans
Amazon
Pacific Ocean
Sahara
Vrindavan Forest
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Rule: Before the names of newspapers and magazines.

Ex:
The Hindu
The Times of India
Rule: Before the names of religious and mythological books.

Ex:
The Ramayana
The Mahabharat
The Bibal
Rule: Before the name of historical places.

Ex:
The Tajmahal
The Lalkilla
Rule: Before the name of religious community, political party, nationality, trains,
ships, government departments.
Ex:
The
The
The
The
The
The
Hindus
BJP
Shatabdi Express
Income Tax department
Army
Indian
Rule: Before the words showing position.

Ex:
The
The
The
The
The
top
bottom
inside
back
front
Rule: The is used in superlative degree.

Ex:
She is the most beautiful girl in the college.
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Usain Bolt is the fastest person on the planet.

He is the most sincere student in the class.
Rule: The is used before the names of natural things.

Ex:
The
The
The
The
The
Sun
Moon
Planet
River
Mountain
Rule: The is used before the ordinals.

Ex:
The first
The second
The last
Difference Between Definite And Indefinite Articles

Many people have doubt about when to use definite articles and when to use
indefinite articles.
To clear this doubt we should know the difference between these two types of
articles.
Indefinite articles are used when you are not talking about something specific or
certain.
Ex: Give me a ball.
Whereas definite article is used when you are talking about something specific or
certain.
Ex: Give me the red ball.
Above examples show that we are talking about specific thing which is red ball.
Whereas in the example of indefinite article, we are talking about ball which can
be of any colour.
Noun
Noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place or thing.
Types of Noun
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Common Noun
Proper Noun
Collective Noun
Material Noun
Abstract Noun
Common Noun:
Common noun is a name given in general to every person or thing of same kind.
Ex: Boy, Country, Bird
Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of a particular person or place or thing.
Ex: Rahul, India, Peacock
Collective Noun:
A Collective noun is the name of a group of persons or things taken together and
spoken of as a whole or as unit.
Ex: Team, Group, Committee
Material Noun:
A Material noun is the name of substance or metal, of which things made of.
Ex: Gold, Wood, Steel
Abstract Noun:
Abstract noun in general refers, the name of quality, action or state. An abstract
noun is a type of noun that refers to something with which a person cannot
physically interact.
Ex: Beauty, Joy, Childhood, Laughter, Grasp
Apart from these, there are also other two types of nouns
Countable Nouns:
Countable Nouns have both singular and plural form and it can be counted.
Ex: Table, Banana, Rupee
Non Countable Nouns:
Non Countable Nouns have only singular form and it cannot be counted.
Ex: Air, Furniture, Petrol
Rules of Noun
Here are some rules of nouns which should be used while making sentences.
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These rules will be very helpful in common error problems.

Rule: Some nouns are always singular. These are uncountable nouns. Articles A/An
are not used with these nouns.
These nouns are:
Machinery, Work, Wood, Dust, Traffic, Electricity, Scenery, Poetry, Furniture,
Advice, Luggage, Information, Luggage, Hair, Money, Language, Business, Mischief,
Knowledge, Bread, Stationery, Crockery, Baggage, Postage, Wastage, , Jewellery,
Breakage etc.
Ex:
He gave me information.
Sachin transported his furniture by Truck.
Rishma has good knowledge of grammar.
Rule: Some nouns are always in plural form they dont have singular form. Plural
verb is used with them.
These nouns are:
Cattle, Assets, Alms, Police, Amends, Annals, Archives, Ashes, Arrears, Athletics,
Wages, Auspices, Species, Scissors, Gentry, Trousers, Pants, Clippers, Shambles,
Bellows, Gallows, Fangs, Measles, Eyeglasses, Tidings, Goggles, Belongings,
Breeches, Braces, Binoculars, Dregs, Entrails, Embers, Fireworks, Lees, Odds,
Outskirts, Particulars, Proceeds, Proceedings, Riches, Bowels, Remains, Shears,
Spectacles, Surroundings, Tactics, Tongs, Vegetables, Valuables, Etc.
Ex:
Cattle are not allowed to enter that ground.

These pants are good.
These poultry are mine.
Rule: Some nouns have the same form in singular as well as in plural form.
These nouns are:
Sheep, Fish, Crew, Family, Team, Carp, Pike, Trout, Deer, Aircraft, Counsel, Swine,
Vermin, Species Etc.
Ex:
A deer is grazing in the field.

Deer are grazing in the field.
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Sparrow is now a rare species.

There are many species of cow.
Rule: Nouns expressing number like hundred, dozen, score etc are used in singular
with numerical adjectives.
These nouns are:
Hundred, Pair, Score, Stone, Dozen, Thousand, Million, Billion, Gross, Etc.
Ex:
Sumit bought four dozen apples.

Samir got five hundred rupees.
Deepika has two pair of sandles.
Rule: Plural noun is used after One of, Neither of, Either of, and Each of.
Ex:
One of my friends is an Engineer.

Either of them will come.
Neither of the students hasRu failed.
Rule: Some nouns look plural but have singular meaning. Singular verb is used with
them.
These nouns are:
Summons, News, Politics, Physics, Economics, Mechanics, Mathematics, Measles,
Ethics, Rickets, Billiards, Draughts, Innings, etc.
Ex:
I have a good news.

Economics is my favourite subject.
It was a good innings by India.
Rule: Some nouns look singular but have plural meaning. Plural verb is used with
them.
These nouns are:
Infantry, Children, Cattle, Cavalry, Poultry, Peasantry, Gentry, Police, Clergy, Etc.
Ex:
Children are playing in the ground.

Cattle are not allowed to enter in the ground.
Police are coming.
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Rules for Using Apostrophe

Here are some rules for the use of Apostrophe 's' or possessive nouns.
Rule: Possessive case is used with the nouns of living things.
Ex:
This is Sachins bat.

The cars wheel is punctured (Wrong)
The wheel of the car is punctured (Correct)
Rule: Non-living things are used in possessive case when they are personified.
Ex:
Ramu is at deths door.

This is earths surface.
Rule: Possessive case is used with nouns denoting space, time or weight.
Ex:
I want a days leave.

Shila will be back in a months time.
Rule: If two or more noun jointly possess something then possessive sign is put on
the latter only.
Ex:
Sachin and Sauravs partnership was awesome.

This is Rahul and Sonams shop.
Rule: If else is used after somebody, anybody, nobody etc then apostrophe is used
with else.
Ex:
I obey your orders and nobody elses.

This watch is not mine, it is somebody elses.
Rule: Apostrophe is not used with possessive pronouns like; his, hers, yours, mine,
ours, its, theirs, etc
Rule: Apostrophe is not used with two consecutive nouns.
Ex:
110
Sonals cars colour is very nice. (Wrong)

The colour of Sonals car is very nice. (Correct)
Adjective
Adjective are those words which add some more information to the noun. There
are different types of adjectives.
Some adjectives show size of the things or people.
Big, large, small, tiny, huge, thin etc show the size of people or things
Ex:
A big car.
(Here adjective big has added more information to the noun car.)
A tiny village.
Some adjectives show colour of the things.

Red, green, blue, orange, yellow etc show colour of the things.
Ex:
A red car.
A blue jeans.
Some adjectives show quality of the things.

Young, kind, beautiful, hot, cool, old, brave, rich, poor etc show quality of the
things or persons.
Ex:
A beautiful girl.
A young boy.
A beautiful painting.
Some adjectives show quantity of the things.

Much, little, some, sufficient, whole etc show quantity of the things.
Ex:
This is sufficient food.

This is little whisky.
Some adjectives show what things are made of.

Steel, wood, iron, plastic, gold, cotton etc show the material the things are made
of.
Ex:
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This is wooden table.

Give me a plastic bag.
Show me a gold chain.
Adjectives have three degrees. ie Positive, Comparative and Superlative. Lets see
how to form these.
The comparative degree of an adjective is usually formed by adding er and the
superlative degree is formed by adding est' to the positive form of adjective.
Comparative
Superlative
High
Higher
Highest
Long
Longer
Longest
Sweet
Sweeter
sweetest
Positive
If the positive degree of an adjective ends in e then only r and st is generally

added to make the comparative and superlative degrees
Comparative
Superlative
Wise
Wiser
Wisest
Large
Larger
Largest
Safe
Safer
Safest
Positive
If the positive degree of an adjective ends with consonant + y then y is replaced by

ier in comparative degree and iest in superlative degree.
Comparative
Superlative
Lovely
Lovelier
Loveliest
Pretty
Prettier
Prettiest
Positive
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Easy
Easier
Easiest
If the positive form of an adjective ends in a single consonant and is of one syllable
which is preceded by vowel then the consonant is doubled before adding er' or
est' to form comparative or superlative degree.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Wet
Wetter
Wettest
Hot
Hotter
Hottest
Big
Bigger
Biggest
If the adjectives have two or more than two syllables. Comparative and superlative
degrees of these adjectives are formed by adding more and most before the
positive form.
Comparative
Superlative
Beautiful
More beautiful
Most beautiful
Colourful
More colourful
Most colourful
Careless
More careless
Most careless
Positive
Some adjectives have irregular forms of comparative and superlative degrees.

Comparative
Superlative
Good
Better
Best
Bad
Worse
Worst
Positive
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Late
Later
Last
Adverb
An adverb is a word which adds meaning to the verb. Adverbs can modify
adjectives, nouns and other adverbs also. Adverbs tell us how, when, where etc
something was done.
According to their meaning, there are following types of adverbs.
Adverbs of Manner
Adverb of manner tell us how an action takes place.
Carefully, badly, quickly, bravely, friendly way, etc are adverbs of manner.
Ex:
You must drive carefully.

(How? = carefully)
The teacher teaches us in a friendly way.
(How? = in a friendly way)
Adverbs of Place
Adverb of place tell us where an action takes place.
Abroad, down there, everywhere, here, there, downstairs etc are adverbs of place.
Ex:
It is raining everywhere.
(Where? = everywhere)
He is going abroad.
(Where? = abroad)
Adverbs of Time
Adverb of time tell us when an action takes place.
Now, then, Monday, yesterday, daily, tonight etc are adverbs of time.
Ex:
Simran went to Delhi yesterday.

(When? = yesterday)
We are going to watch a movie tonight.
(When? = tonight)
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverb of frequency tell us how often an action takes place.
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Always, often, sometimes, twice a month, monthly etc are adverbs of frequency.
Ex:
I always do yoga.
(How often? = always)
I eat chocolate sometimes.
(How often? = sometimes)
Adverbs of Quantity or Degree

Adverb of Quantity or Degree tell us how much or in what degree something has
happned.
Very much, only, almost, quite, hardly etc are adverbs of quantity or degree.
Ex:
He hardly comes to the ground.

(How much? = hardly)
I like mangos very much.
(How much? = very much)
Adverbs of Duration
Adverb of duration tell us how long an action takes place.
For three days, for a moment, over an hour, for ages, all night etc are adverbs of
duration.
Ex:
He has been the king of this area for ages.

(How long? = for ages)
The rain lasted for two days.
(How long? = for two days)
Adverb of Reason
Adverb of Reason tell us why an action takes place.
Hence, therefore, so etc are adverb of reason.
Ex:
Therefore he went to clinic.

(Why? = therefore)
He was hence going to that way.
(Why? = hence)
Rules for using adverbs.
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Verb
Verb is a word which describes action. It shows what people or things are doing.
Here are some common verbs which are used normally.
Drink, Speak, Eat, write, jump, sing, look, walk, learn, swim etc are commonly used
verbs.
The tense of a verb indicates time. The use of singular and plural forms indicates
the quantity of things acting in a sentence.
Have a look at the following sentence.
I am playing cricket.
Here play is the verb and shows what action the subject is doing.
The form of verb must agree the subject. If the subject and verb agrees than only
the sentence is grammatically correct.
Click on below link to see the rules of subject and verb agreement.
Subject - Verb Agreement

When the subject and the verb of any sentence match each other or have same
form then it is said that subject and verb agree with each other.
If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular.

If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.
Subject and verb must agree in following ways.
In person: First person, second person and third person.

In number: Singular or plural.
Now, see following examples. In following examples, subjects are in bold and verbs
are in colour.
Sanketh plays tennis.

(Here subject Sanketh is third person singular so verb plays is also in
singular form. )
(verb + s/es = singular,
here play + s = plays)
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They play football.

(Here subject They is third person plural so verb play is in plural form.)
I am eating.
(Here subject I is first person so we are using am with the verb)
You are dancing.

(Here subject you is second person so we are using are with the verb)
My friend Supreeth goes to the same gym as I do.

(Here subject My friend Supreeth is third person singular so verb goes is
also in singular form. )
here go + es = goes)
The plane flies to London every day.

(Here subject The plane is third person singular so verb flies is also in
singular form. )
here fly + es = flies)
Rules of s, es and ies

Many of the students have confusion in when to use s or es or ies while working
with verbs.
Here are some simple rules by which you can remove your confusion.
When to use es?
Es is used in two cases.
When the word ends with vowel o.
Ex:
Do: does
Go: goes
When the word ends with ch, sh, ss, zz, x

Ex:
Assess: Assesses
Teach: Teaches
Buzz: Buzzes
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Wash: Washes
Fix: Fixes
When to use ies?

When the word ends with consonant + y then replace y with ies.
Ex:
Fly: Flies (here l is consonant and the word ends with l + y)

Apply: Applies (consonant l + y)
Copy: Copies (consonant p + y)
Carry: Carries (consonant r + y)
But there is an exception in this case.

If the word ends with vowel + y then simply s is added to the word.
Ex:
Boy: Boys (here o is vowel and the word ends with o + y)

Play: Plays (vowel a + y)
Enjoy: Enjoys (vowel o + y)
When to use s?
For all the cases other than above shown, we use s after the word.
Ex:
Rain: Rains
Eat: Eats
Start: Starts.
Etc etc etc
Rules of Subject - Verb Agreement

Here are some rules of subject verb agreement which can be very useful in finding
errors sentence in competitive exams.
Subject is shown in bold and verb is shown in colour in examples of rules.
Rule: If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject is plural,
the verb must also be plural.
Ex:
Simran plays chess.

(Here subject Simran is singular so verb plays is also in singular form.)
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here play + s = plays)
They play cricket.

(Here subject They is plural so verb play is also in plural form.)
Mom and Dad love us.

(Here subject Mom and Dad is plural (more than one) so verb love is also in
plural form.)
Rule: If two singular noun refer to the same person or thing then the verb must be
in singular form.
Ex:
The director and producer loves this food.

(Here the director and producer refers to the same person so verb is in
singular form.)
(Here same person is the producer as well as the director of the film.
We can say that The director and producer Karan Johar.
Here Karan Johar is diractor of the film and he is also producer of the film.
So director and producer refers to the same person.)
The captain and wicket keeper plays here.

(Here the captain and wicket keeper refers to the same person so the verb is
in singular form.)
(MS Dhoni is captain and wicket keeper of Indian cricket team)
If you observe above examples, article is used only once in the sentence. If the
article is used more than once than it does not refer to same person and verb must
be in plural form.
Ex:
The director and the producer love this food.

(Here article the is used more than once so it does not refer to same person
so there are two different persons ie the director and the producer so verb
love is in plural form.
The captain and the wicket keeper play here.

(Here the captain and the wicket keeper refers to two different persons so
verb is in plural form)
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Rule: If two or more subjects are joined by with, like, besides, as well as, together
with, along with, in addition to etc, the verb is used according to first subject.
Ex:
The captain as well as team members loves this food.

(Here two subjects the captain and team members are joined with as well as
but first subject, the captain, is singular so the verb loves is also in singular
form.)
The team members as well as captain of the team love this food.
(Here two subjects the team members and the captain of the team are
joined with as well as but first subject, the team members is in plural so the
verb love is also in plural form.)
Rule: When two subjects are connected by either...or, neither...nor, not only...but
also, or, nor, the subject which is nearest to the verb decides whether the verb
will be singular or plural.
Ex:
Neither Sumitra nor her family members were present in the party.
(Here two subjects sumitra and her family members are joined with
neither... nor. And subject her family members is nearest to the verb
present. Subject her family members is plural so the verb were is also in
plural)
Either you or I am driving the car.

(Here two subjects you and I are joined with either or. And subject I is
nearest to the verb driving. So verb has taken the form am driving according
to the subject I.)
Rule: Plural verb is used to show wish, regret, unlikely condition etc.
Ex:
I wish I were a soldier.

(Here I were is used instead of I am because it is a wish)
Rule: Singular verb must be followed by each, every, anyone, someone, either,
neither, etc.
Ex:
Neither of this city knows you.

Each of this class is a scholar.
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Rule: Collective nouns like Team, Family, Jury, Crowd, Class, Committee, Army,
Assembly, Fleet, Majority, Mob, Government, Parliament Council, Staff, etc., the
verb used can be singular or plural according to the meaning of the sentence. If
the collective noun is used as a unit then the verb will be singular, but if the
collective noun is not working as unit then the verb used will be plural.
Ex:
The committee has arrived.

(Here subject the committee is used as a unit so verb has is in plural form)
The committee have different opinions.

(Here subject the committee is divided and does not work as a unit so verb
have is in plural form)
Rule: Some nouns like glasses, shoes, pants, trousers, spectacles etc take plural
verb.
Ex:
My pants are not ready to wear.

My spectacles are missing.
Rule: Some nouns like News, Gallows, Billiards, Innings, Wages, Alms, Physics etc
sounds like plural noun but they are singular in meaning and take singular verb.
Ex:
Physics was my favourite subject.

The news is very good.
Pronoun
A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun. There are different kinds of
pronouns.
Personal Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Possessive Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun
Indefinite Pronoun
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Personal Pronoun
I, you, he, she, me, her, him them etc are personal pronoun. Personal pronoun are
used in subjective as well as objective way.
Subjective Case
I, you, he, she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb. Study the
following two sentence:
Alia likes sandals. She has ten sandals.
In the first sentence, the proper noun Alia is the subject of the verb likes. In the
second sentence, the pronoun she is the subject of the verb has.
Here are some examples which shows personal pronouns used as subjects of verbs.
Sachin is a cricketer. He likes to bat.

My name is Rohit. I am 21.
Sunil and I are going to watch movie. We like Amitabh Bachchan.
Smriti and Shruti are going to watch a cricket match. They like MS Dhoni.
Deepica, you are a sweet girl.
Objective Case
The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the
object of a verb. Look at the following two sentence:
Alia likes sandals. She likes to wear them.
In the first sentence, the noun sandals is the object of the verb likes. In the
second sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb wear.
Here are some examples which shows personal pronouns used as objects of verbs.
Prof Aggarval is very nice. All the students like him.

The cupboard is very heavy. Workers are lifting it.
I am cooking food. Sameer is helping me.
The chairs are well arranged. Someone has arranged them.
Reflexive Pronouns
The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and
themselves are reflexive pronouns
Ex:
Rohan built this table himself.
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Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.

Shraddha made all this food herself.
Elephant washes itself by its trunk.
The soldiers train every day to keep themselves fit.
Possessive Pronouns
The words mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are possessive pronouns.
Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people.
Ex:
This bike is mine.

This bed is mine and that one is hers.
This is mine shoes, where is yours?
This food is theirs.
Demonstrative Pronouns
The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative
pronouns are used for pointing out things.
Ex:
This is my car.
That is my friends house.
Those are my friends.
These are my students.
This and these are used when you are talking about things near you.
That and those are used when you are talking about things farther away.
Interrogative Pronouns
The words who, whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns. They are
used to ask questions.
Ex:
Who are you?

Which movie is this?
Whose hat is this?
What is your birthdate?
Whom did the teacher appraise?
Indefinite Pronouns
The words one, some, any, everybody, somebody, everyone, anybody, someone,
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anyone, no one, everything, something, anything, nothing etc. are indefinite

pronouns.
One should take care of ones health.

Everyone should obey traffic rules.
Does anyone know where my car key is?
Something is missing in this dish.
Rules of pronouns.
Rules of Conjunction
Conjunction is a word which is used to join two or more sentences, words, phrases
or clauses.
Rule: Co-relative conjunctions are always used in pairs.
Co-relative conjunctions are
Eitheror
Neithernor
Bothand
Not onlybut also
Thoughyet
Weatheror
Ex:
Teacher has punished neither me nor you. (Correct)

Teacher has punished neither me not you. (Incorrect)
Both Priyanka and Aarohi have played well. (Correct)
Both Priyanka as well as Aarohi have played well. (Incorrect)
She is going to play not only basketball but also badminton. (Correct)
She is not only going to play basketball but also badminton. (Incorrect)
Rule: Rather, Other, No sooner are always followed by than.

Ex:
No sooner had they reached the theatre than the movie started. (Correct)
No sooner had they reached the theatre when the movie started. (Incorrect)
I have no other shoes than this. (Correct)
I have no other shoes but this. (Incorrect)
Rule: Same is always followed by that.

Ex:
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This is the same shirt that I saw on the other shop. (Correct)
This is the same shirt which I saw on the other shop. (Incorrect)
Rule: Words such as so, therefore, as are not used after using because.
Ex:
Because he worked very hard, he got success. (Correct)

Because he worked very hard so he got success. (Incorrect)
Tenses
Study of tenses is very important in learning English language. Tense indicates time
of an action. Study of tenses shows how to use verb in different types of
sentences.
There are three basic types of tenses.
1.
2.
3.
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
All these tenses have four sub types.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
So in total there are 12 types of tenses.
Present Tense
Present tense is used to show things happening in present.
There are four types of present tense
Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Present Tense

We use simple present tense to talk about things in general. We use it to say that
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something happens all the time or repeatedly. It does not matter whether the
action is happening at the time of speaking.
Simple present tense is used to show universal truth, principle and facts.
Ex:
The Sun rises in the east.

Fortune favours the brave.
Gases expand when heated.
Simple present tense is used to show habitual, repeated or regular actions.

Ex:
My sister works in a school.

I work in a bank.
Driver drives the car.
Simple present tense is used for future reference or fixed time tables.
Ex:
Samir goes to pune next Sunday.

The show begins at 8:30 next Saturday.
Next bus is at 7:30 evening.
Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is used when we talk about something that is happening at
the time of speaking.
Ex:
I am driving the car.

Children are playing hockey.
Mother is cooking the food.
Present continuous tense is used when we talk about something that is happening
around the time of speaking but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.
Ex:
I am reading the Gita. (I am not reading the Gita at the time of speaking but
I have started reading it and have not finished it.)
I am learning English.
She is learning car driving.
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Present continuous tense is used for an action that is planned or arranged to take
place in the near future.
Ex:
I am going to Delhi tomorrow.

We are going to garden this Saturday.
We are going to cinema tonight.
Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is used to show the activities which are completed in recent
past.
Ex:
I have just arrived

The match has just started.
Ram has just gone out.
The present perfect tense is used for past actions where time is not known:
Ex:
Have you been to Mumbai?

I have read three books
The present perfect tense is used to show the action begun in the past and still
going on.
Ex:
I know him for a long time.

He has worked there for ten years.
They have lived there since 2000.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The present perfect continuous is used to denote an action, which began sometime
in the past and is still continuing.
Raman has been playing chess for two hours.

Sheela has been sleeping for 7 hours.
They have been working on this project since last year.
Past Tense
Past tense is used to show things happened in past.
There are four types of past tense
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Simple Past Tense

Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used to indicate an action completed in the past.
Ex:
I bought a book yesterday.

I went to market yesterday.
He went to Bombay last month.
Simple past tense is used to show situation related to past or to show past habits.
Ex:
Richa was a good athlete.

He never came late.
They were very fast.
Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense is used to say that someone was doing something at past
time.
Ex:
We were playing badminton.

This time last year we were living in London.
Rohan was running on the ground.
Past continuous tense is used to say that something happened in the middle of
something.
Ex:
Ramu burned his hand while he was cooking lunch.

While you were playing, she was reading.
I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is used to say an action completed before sometime in the past.
Ex:
Sachin was selected in Indian Cricket team even before he was eligible for
driving license.
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Rahim had lived in this house for ten years.

He had been working since he was just eighteen.
The past perfect is used when we look back on earlier action from a certain point in
the past.
Ex:
The plane had took off before I reached the airport.

The chief guest had arrived before the stage was ready.
Mom had cooked the food before I reached home.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense is used to say about an action that began before a
certain point in the past and has continued up to the time of saying.
Ex:
Prof Gayakwad had been teaching Chemistry for ten years.

Sunil had been playing chess since 2014.
At that time he had been commanding the unit for two years.
Future Tense
Future tense is used to show things which are going to happen in future.
There are four types of future tense
Simple Future Tense

Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is used to say about an action that is still to happen.
Ex:
The Prime Minister will speak to the public tomorrow.

I will go to Pune tomorrow.
We will play match next Sunday.
Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense is used to say about something will be in progress at a time
in future.
Ex:
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I shall be going to Chennai next Monday

Smriti will be playing Squash.
I shall be sleeping.
Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense is used to say about completion of an action in future time.
Ex:
Mom will have cooked the food by then.
The train will have departed before he reaches station.
Drashti will have written the book by then.
Future perfect tense is used when there are two actions happening in future and
first action will be completely finished before the next action starts
Ex:
Rohan will have left before you go to see him.
You will have come before he sleeps.
The movie will have started before we reach there.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future perfect continuous tense is used to say about an action which is in progress
over a period of time and that will be completed at some time in future.
Ex:
Manoj will have been working in bank for five year by November 2015.
Virat will have been batting for three hours.
By the end of this month he will be doing this business for five years.
Idioms And Phrases
Idioms and phrases are used to test weather student have the reading
habit or not. It is used to check weather the student has read novels,
poetry, stories etc or not.
So because of above reason, Idiom and phrases have now become important
part of any competitive exams.
Here is a huge list of idiom and phrases according to their alphabets. Click
on any alphabet given below to get list of idioms and phrases starting from
that alphabet.
Idioms and Phrases Starting From A
Idioms and phrases starting from A with their meanings.
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Idioms and Phrase
Meaning
A bed or roses
An easy or comfortable situation
A bad egg
A worthless
A big cheese
An important or powerful person
A gentleman at large
An unreliable person
A wolf in sheeps clothing
A dangerous person pretending harmless
Alpha and omega
First and last letter of Greek alphabet, meansbeginning and end
At sixes and seven
Disorder or having different opinion
A litmus test
A method which clearly proves something
A pretty penny
Very expensive
Above board
Things done in legal and proper manner
Act of God
Happenings which human beings can not control
Add fuel to the fire
Making bad situation worse
Against the clock
You have very little time to do it
Age before beauty
Allowing older person to do something first
All eyes on me
Everyone is paying attention to me
At the heels of
To follow someone
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Appear out of now here
To appear suddenly without warning.
Asleep at the switch
Not to be alert on opportunity
A red letter day
An important day
All in your head
Something imagined and it is not real.
Idioms and Phrases Starting From B

Idioms and phrases starting from B with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrase
Meaning
Bend your ears
To talk to someone for a very long time about someth

boring
Blue blood
Belonging to high social class
Black and white
In writing
Blow hot and cold
Having no stand, showing favour at one time and

unfavour at mother
Be tailor made
To be completely suitable for someone
Body and soul
Entirely
By hook or by crook
By any means
Black and blue
To beat mercilessly
Break the ice
To make more comfort or relaxed with a person whom

you have not met earlier, to break the silence
Beat the drum
To speak eagerly about something you support
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Back the wrong horse
To support someone weak
Be in seventh heaven
Extremely happy
Bag of nerves
Very worried or nervous
Be on the edge
To be nervous or worried about something
Ball is in your court
Your turn to do something
Bare your heart
Tell someone your personal and private feelings
Barefaced liar
Someone who displays no shame about lying even if th

are exposed
Barrel of laughs
They are always joking and you find them funny
Battle of nerves
A battle of nerves is a situation where neither side in

conflict or dispute is willing to back down and is waiti
for the other side to weaken
Behind closed doors
Done in secret
Idioms and Phrases Starting From C

Idioms and phrases starting from C with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Call the dogs off
Stop attacking or criticizing someone.
Call the shots
You are in charge and tell people what to do
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Cats and dogs
Heavy rain
Cut and dried
Readymade form
Carrot and sticks
You use both awards as well as punishments to make

someone do something
Cap it all
To finish
Cat and dog life
Always arguing
Call on the carpet
Summoned for a reprimand by superiors or others in

power
Call the tune
Make the important decisions
Catch someone red-handed
Found doing something wrong and illegal
Cock and bull story
Untrue story
Chase rainbows
Doing something which is not achievable
Chop and change
Keep changing unexpectedly
Confusion worse confounded
Be in further worse position
Class act
Exceptional act
Clean as a whistle
Extremely clean or completely
Clean sweep
Winning everything in contest
Close at hand
Nearby
Close shave
Very nearly have a serious accident or get into troubl
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Cloud nine
Extremely happy
Idioms And Phrases Starting From D

Idioms and phrases starting from D with their meanings.
Idioms and phrases
Meaning
Dead air
Period of total silence
Dead duck
Failure
Dragging its feet
Delaying in decision, not showing enthusiasm
Drive a wedge between
To break relationship between the two
Donkey work
Hard, boring work or task
Dead and buried
All long been settled and is not going to be

reconsidered
Dark horse
Mystery
Devil may care
Willing to take more risks than others generally

do
Dig your heels in
Start to resist something
Dirty dog
Untrustworthy person
Dish the dirt
Making unpleasant or shocking information

public
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Do the needful
Do what is necessary
Dog eat dog
Intense competition
Doldrums
Depressed or not making progress
Don't push my buttons!
To stop someone who is annoying you
Donkey's years
Very long time
Dress to kill
Dressed very nicely or smartly
Dry run
Rehearsal or trial
Duck soup
Very easy
Double-edged sword
Doing something which can help as well as harm.
Idioms And Phrases Starting From E

Idioms and phrases starting from E with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Eye for an eye
Revenge, punishment is equal to crime
Eat crow
Admit that you were wrong about something
Even Stevens
Everything is equal
Easier said than done
Easy to say but hard to do
Eye candy
Very attractive
Eat someone alive
Beat someone completely
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Eleventh hour decision
Decision that is made at the lase moment
Every dog has its day
Everyone has their moment
End in smoke
To get no result
Egg on your face
Made to look foolish or embarrassed
Eager beaver
Being extremely keen
Explore all avenues
Try everything
Earn a living
To make money
Even keel
balanced
Easy as pie
Very easy
Eat your words
Accepting that you were wrong about you said
Easy peasy
Vary easy
Eat like a horse
Eat very much
Eat like a bird
Eat very little
Eat like a pig
Eat too much
Idioms And Phrases Starting From F

Idioms and phrases starting from F with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
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Firing on all cylinders
Trying every possible way to succeed
Fat head
Dull stupid person
Fair and square
honest
Flat out
Work hard and fast as possible
Feel blue
Feel sad
Fifth wheel
Something unnecessary or useless
Follow your nose
Go straight ahead
Feathers fly
Fighting angrily
Fingers crossed
Hoping for good luck
Feel free
Having no problem
Fall on your own sword
To be cheated by someone you trust
Fishy
doubtful
Fat cat
A person who has a lot of money and has a good positi

in society
Far and wide
Everywhere
Fast and furious
Very quickly
Face like thunder
Being very angry or upset about something
For a song
Very cheap
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Face the music
Accept the punishment
Fit for a king
Highest quality standard
Fall on our feet
To get success in doing something risky
Idioms And Phrases Starting From G

Idioms and phrases starting from G with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Get off the hook
Free from all obligations
Give it to me straight
Used when you want to hear truth
Game plan
Strategy
Give me a hand
Help me
Get on one's nerves
Used when someone or something is bothering you
Go nuts
Go crazy, very excited
Get foot in the door
Taking first step in the long process or entry level

position
Go spare
Loosing temper completely
Got the slap on the wrist
Got light punishment
Give somebody a hard time
Making someone feel bad or make someone do mistak
Great guns
Doing very well
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Go with the flow
Do things like other people are doing it
Go under the hammer
Selling it in auction
Go for it
To encourage someone to do something
Go Dutch
Each person is paying for themselves
Get a raw deal
Treated unequally
Good for nothing
To say that someone of something has no value or not

useful for anything
Give someone a hand
Helping someone
Go bananas
Being with excitement, anxiety or worry
Grab a bite
To get something to eat
Idioms And Phrases Starting From H

Idioms and phrases starting from H with their meanings.
Idiom and Phrase
Meaning
Having a whole of a time
To enjoy very much
Hat trick
Three success one after another
Hard to come by
Difficult to find
Himalayan blunder
A serious mistake
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Hold on a sec
To tell someone to wait
Have a ripper
Enjoying your self
Have the guts
Have the courage, brave
Have ants in your pants
Not able to be still because being very excited

or worried about something
Hither and tither
Here and there
Heart missed a beat
Being very excited
Hand and gloves
Very intimate/ close friends.
Head for the hills
Running away from trouble
Have eyes bigger than stomach
Desiring more food than one can eat
Herculean task
Tedious job
Head south
Going bad
Hang in there
To tell someone not to give up, or stay

persistent
Hard cheese
Hard luck
Have a big mouth
Tells a secret, gossip
Hard sell
Putting lots of pressure to do something
Heart of gold
Kind and caring person
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Idioms And Phrases Starting From I

Idioms and phrases starting from I with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
In droves
A lot of happening at the same time.
It's written all over your face
To tell someone that his facial expression has

some message
I am sick of it
I am tired of it
Icing on the cake
Something good happens in already good

situation
Ins and outs
Full detail
It serves you right
Used to say that you got what you deserved
Ill at ease
Being worried or uncomfortable
I'm beat
I am tired
In a fix
In a trouble
I am hosed
I am out of luck, I am screwed
In a nutshell
Used to show a concise summary
I can eat a horse
Feeling very hungry
In a pickle
In trouble or in problem
I beg to differ
Polite way of disagreeing
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I dont buy it
Dont agree
In cold blood
Without any emotion
I messed up
I made a mistake
In my book
In my opinion
In your dreams
To say someone that they will not get what

they want
Its up to you
You are the one to make the decision
Idioms And Phrases Starting From J

Idioms and phrases starting from J with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Jump the broom
To marry
Jog my memory
Trying to remember or recall something
Jumping Judas
An expression of surprise or shock
Joined at the hip
Closely connected or think same way
Jet-black
Used to show how black something is
Jump the gun
Start doing something before appropriate time
Jump on the bandwagon
Getting involved in something that has recently

become popular
Jump ship
You are leaving institution because it is doing
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badly.
Jury's out
Having no general agreement or consensus on

something
Juggle frogs
Trying to do something very difficult
Jungle out there
Situation is dangerous and there are no rules
Just off the boat
Inexperienced
Joe Public
Typical or average person
Just around the corner
Expected to happen very soon
Idioms And Phrases Starting From K

Idioms and phrases starting from K with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Keep me in the loop
To keep me informed, to keep in touch
Know the ropes
Someone who knows the system of has

knowledge about it
Kick up a row
Create disturbance, start a fight
Keep your eye on the prize
Keep focusing
Knock on wood
To wish good luck
Keep an eye on
To supervise, To take care of, To watch after,
Keep mum
Dont tell anyone, keep mum
144
Keep your hair on
Keep calm
Kith and kin
Blood relatives
Keep your head
Keep calm
keep under one's hat
Keep it secret
Kick the bucket
To die
Know something inside out
knowing every detail of something
Kick a habit
Stop doing it
Keep your cool
To act normal
Kid gloves
Given special treatment of given great care
Keen as mustard
Very enthusiastic
Kiss and tell
Disclose private or confidential information
Keep your chin up
It is used to tell someone to have confidence
Knit your brows
Look worried
Idioms And Phrases Starting From L

Idioms and phrases starting from L with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
A leopard doesn't change its spots
You cant change basics, or basic characteristic
Let the cat out of the bag
Reveal secret
145
Level playing field
Everybody is treated equally
Length and breadth
All over
Like clockwork
Happening regularly
Like peas in a pod
Very similar, identical
Latin and Greek
Unable to understand
Like a bat out of hell
Extremely quickly
Lighten up
To tell someone not to get depressed
Last hurrah
Doing something special before dying
Leave no stone unturned
Make all possible efforts
Learn the ropes
Learn to do something
Lions share
Major share
Like a fish out of water
Very difficult and unsuitable condition
Lame duck
In trouble
Lets go fifty - fifty
Planning to hay half - half
Land of nod
Falling asleep
Like a shag on a rock
Completely alone
Lend an ear
Listen to what someone is saying
Like a hawk
Observing very closely or carefully
146
Idioms And Phrases Starting From M

Idioms and phrases starting from M with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
My foot!
Not believing in something
Meet ones waterloo
Reach at the final end
Man of means
Wealthy
Might and main
With all enthusiasm
Make a mint
Make a lot of money
Maddening
Very annoying
Make headway
Make progress
Make a bee line for
To go directly for something
Make up one's mind
Take a decision
Many moons ago
A long time ago
Make a clean breast
To confess something they have done
My pleasure
Happy to do something for someone
Major league
Very important
147
Milk and water
Weak
Make waves
Causing a lot of trouble
My two cents
To give or share your opinion
Monkey around
To waste time here and there
Make castles in the air
Planning something that have very low chance to happ
Man of his word
Person who keeps his promise
Mad as a hornet
Very angry
Idioms And Phrases Starting From N

Idioms and phrases starting from N with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Nail-biter
Exciting or very close competition
New lease of life
Having new enthusiasm or new energy
No spine
Lack of courage or fearful
Neck and neck
Very close competition
Night owl
Someone who stays awake till late night
Nose in the air
Showing that they are superior to others
Now and then
From time to time, once in a while, occasionally
148
Nerves of steel
Someone who dont get frightened has nerve of

steel
Nip and tuck
Very close contest
Neck and crop
Completely
No bed of roses
Difficult
Need of the hour
Required presently, necessity of time
No laughing matter
Serious matter
Not born yesterday
Wise
Nosey parker
Someone who is interested in other peoples

life
Nature calls
To say that you have to go to the bathroom,

you have to go to pee
Neck of the woods
Area where they live
No question
Certain or definite
Not have the heart
Not having the courage
Not our bag
Not suitable
Idioms And Phrases Starting From O

Idioms and phrases starting from O with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
On a roll
Getting success
149
On the flip side
On the other side or reverse side
On good terms
Having good relationship
Over one's head
Mentally too difficult to understand
On your last legs
Close to die
Open and above board
Very clear, transparent
Off the scale
Above normal standard
Out of the blue
Spontaneously, out of no where
On its last legs
In a bad condition or it will not last long
Odds and ends
Remaining
Once in a blue moon
Rarely
Over the moon
Very happy
On the dot
The exact time
On pins and needles
Very worried about something
Out of gear
In disorder
Old hat
Out dated or old fashioned
Out of the world
Amazing
On the hook
Responsible for something
150
Over and above
Besides
Old flames die hard
Very difficult to forget old things
Idioms And Phrases Starting From P

Idioms and phrases starting from P with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Paper over the cracks
Trying to hide something
Pink slip
A notice of dismissal from employment
Play it by ear
Proceed according to results and circumstances rathe

than according to rules or a plan
Pass muster
Approved
Pick someone to pieces
To criticize sharply
Paper tiger
Someone or something looking powerful but actually w
Pain in the ass
Something bothers very much
Pull a rabbit out of your hat
Do something unexpected
Pie in the sky
Good to imagine but impossible to do
Pieces of the same cake
Having same characteristic or quality
Piece of cake
Very easy to do something
151
Play with fire
Taking foolish risks
Part and parcel
Being an important part of
Poker face
Not showing any emotion on face
Piping hot
Very hot
Pull someone's leg
tease someone, make fun of, deceive someone playfull
Pipe dream
Unrealistic idea
Pros and cons
Merits and demerits
Plain Jane
unattractive
Pins and needles
Very small items
Idioms And Phrases Starting From Q

Idioms and phrases starting from Q with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Quiet as a cat
Making no noise
Queen of hearts
Favourite of all
Quick on the trigger
Responding quickly
Queer fish
Strange person
152
Quiet as a mouse
Making no noise
Quick buck
Easy and quick money
Queen Bee
A woman who is holding very important position
Question of time
Something is going to happen but dont know

when
Queer Street
Being in trouble, financially
Quick as a flash
Very fast
Idioms And Phrases Starting From R

Idioms and phrases starting from R with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Raining cats and dogs
Raining very heavily
Raise eyebrows
Shocked or surprised
Rack and ruin
Destroyed or wrecked
Rest is gravy
Remaining is easy
Read between the lines
Understand the meaning which is not clearly

stated
Rank and file
Ordinary members of an organisation
Rub shoulders
Meeting and spending time with people
Run into the sand
Failed to achieve result
153
Read one's mind
When someone says something that you were

also thinking about.
Rolling eyes
Looking upward with an expression of contempt

condescension, boredom, or exasperation, often
combined with a sigh. Used to indicate
frustration and annoyance with the stupidity of
a person or thing.
Red carpet
Giving special treatment
Rain or Shine
No matter how the weather is
Round the twist
Go crazy
Right and left
In all ways
Rack your brain
Trying to remember something very hard or

thinking very hard
Rings a bell
To remember something
Rat race
Ruthless competition or struggle
Root and branch
completely
Real deal
Genuine or good
Red tape
Negative term for official paper work or

bureaucracy
Idioms And Phrases Starting From S

Idioms and phrases starting from S with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
154
Sum and substance
The actual theme
Sands of time
Small amount of time
Sick and Tired
You no longer enjoy doing something because

you have done it many times
Snake in the grass
A hidden army
Sleep tight
Get a good nights sleep
Spill the beans
To expose a secret
Sooner or later
at some future time, eventually
Salad days
Happy days
Sort of
Kind of
Shake a leg
Hurry, or go fast
Safe pair of hands
Trustful person
Stay in touch
Stay connected
Screw loose
Crazy
Save your skin
Avoiding trouble
Sleep on it
Delay the decision in order to get some more

time
See eye to eye
Agree on everything
Speak of the devil
someone appears just as you are talking about
155
that person
See the light
Realizing the truth
Safe and sound
Quite well
Seed money
Money which is used to start small business,

capital money
Idioms And Phrases Starting From T

Idioms and phrases starting from T with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Tom Dick and Harry
everyone
Time and tide
Course of time
Tit for tat
Taking revenge by taking same action to someone who

done something wrong to you
Twenty four seven
Constantly, Always available
To blow a fuse
To turn someone angry
Take a hike
To tell someone go away in negative way
Through fire and water
In all kind of difficulties
Tooth and nail
With all force
Throw in the towel
Give up or quit
To play ducks and drakes
To waste money
156
That figures
That makes sense
though thick and thin
Under all conditions
Take it easy
Relax, stop working so hard
To look through coloured glasses
To look at the things not as they are
Totally Slipped My Mind
To forget something
Talk of the town
Famous at that time
Thank goodness
Expression to show relief
Talk turkey
Discuss something frankly
Thick and thin
In all circumstances
To move heaven and earth
To make all possible efforts
Idioms And Phrases Starting From U

Idioms and phrases starting from U with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Under your nose
Right in front of you
Ugly as a stick
Very ugly
Up the duff
Pregnant
Under lock and key
Very securely
157
Under false colours
Pretend to be something that they are not
Under fire
Criticized heavily of attacked
Under your skin
Very annoying
Under the weather
Feeling sick, not feeling well
Under a cloud
Someone suspected having done wrong
Up the wall
Very angry
Ups and downs
Good time and bad time
Upper crust
Upper class
Upset the apple cart
To create difficulty
Upper hand
Having advantage
Idioms And Phrases Starting From V

Idioms and phrases starting from V with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Velvet glove
Used for person who appears gentle
Virgin territory
Unexplored territory
Vale of tears
This vale of tears is the world and the suffering that

life brings
Vultures are circling
If the vultures are circling, then something is in dang
158
and its enemies are getting ready for the kill

Vent your spleen
Realizing someones anger about something
Idioms And Phrases Starting From W

Idioms and phrases starting from W with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Waste of skin
Not worthy
Watch grass grow
Very boring
Well-heeled
Rich
Warts and all
Liking someone with all their faults
What a small world
Used when two people know someone by chance
Weight ones word
Be careful on what one says
Walking on broken glass
Used when a person is punished for something
Wet behind the ears
Very young or inexperienced
What's Eating You?
To ask what is bothering you
Whale of a time
Enjoying your self
Whatever
Used to say that you dont believe other person, disag
Work your fingers to the bone
Working extremely hard on something
159
Weal and woe
Good time and bad time
War of words
Bitter argument
Watching paint dry
Very boring
Why and wherefore
The basic reason
Water over the dam
Something happened that cannot be changed
Willy Nilly
Wish or not wish, like or not like
Well-oiled
Drunk heavily
Wet blanket
Used for someone who tries to spoil other peoples fu
Idioms And Phrases Starting From X

Idioms and phrases starting from X with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
X factor
A noteworthy special talent or quality
X marks the spot
This is used to say where something is located or hidd
X-rated
Not suitable for children
Idioms And Phrases Starting From Y

Idioms and phrases starting from Y with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
160
Young Turk
A person who is difficult to control
Your call
You are to make decision
You've got to be kidding
When the statement is ridiculous
You are what you eat
To be fit and healthy you need to eat good food
You never know
To say that unlikely could happen
Yell bloody murder
Protest angrily an loudly, scream in fear
Yellow press
Popular newspaper
You're toast
You are in lot of trouble
Yesterday's man or Yesterday's woman
A celebrity or politician whose career is over
You can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar
It is easier to persuade people if you use polite

arguments and flattery than if you are confrontationa
Young blood
People with new ideas or fresh approach
Your name is mud
Having bad reputation
You get what you pay for
Something that is very low in price is not usually of ve

good quality.
You can say that again
Completely agreeing with the statement
Yellow streak
Being cowardly about something
Youre telling me
Agreeing with someone
161
Idioms And Phrases Starting From Z

Idioms and phrases starting from Z with their meanings.
Idioms and Phrases
Meaning
Zero tolerance
No tolerance at all
Zero hour
The time when something important is to begin is zer

hour
Zip it
Keep quite
Zip your lip
Keep quite
Zigged before you zagged
Doing things in wrong order

Quants Basics

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1

SQUARES OF NUMBER FROM 40 TO 125:

Square of any number from 26 to 40 and 61 to 75

Square of any number from 90 to 110

Square of any number from 76 to 89 and 111 to 125

Table of Squares and Square Roots, 1-100

Division Shortcut Methods

Method 1: Division using the factors of the divisor

Now we can divide 75 by 3 which gives us 25.

Now we can divide 25 by 5 and that gives 5 as answer.

So the answer is 1.256

So the answer is 0.1256

The number is even. Or The last(units) digit of 84 is divisible by 2.

The sum of the digits of number is divisible by 1248 is divisible by 3.

The last two digits of the number is divisible

The numbers having 0 or 5 at the end.

The number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

The difference between twice the units digit

The number formed by last three digits is

The sum of all the digits is divisible by 9.

The number ends with zero.

467590 is divisible by 10.

The difference between the sum of digits at

The number is divisible by both 3 and 4.

5472 is divisible by 12.

Method: Multiply last digit of the number by 4

182 is divisible by 13.

The number is divisible by both 2 and 7.

7966 is divisible by 14.

The number is divisible by both 3 and 5.

3525 is divisible by 15.

The number formed by last four digits is

41104 is divisible by 16.

Method: Multiply last digit with 5 and subtract

The number is even and divisible by 9.

4428 is divisible by 18.

Method: Multiply last digit with 2 and add it to

1235 is divisible by 19.

so 1235 is also divisible by 19)

GENERAL SHORTCUT METHOD FOR SQUARE METHOD:

Step 2: Find 2(37)

Step 3: Find square of 3

So the answer is 1369.

Lets take an example.

Step 1: Find square of 6.

Step 5: Find square of 4

Step 7: Find square of 1

So, 12342 = 1522756

Square Of The Numbers With Unit Digit As 5

Square Of The Numbers In 50s

Square The Number If You Know Square Of Previous

Step 1: Find square of the previous number which is known.

Step 2: Multiply the number being squared (31) by 2 and subtract 1.

Shortcut Method For Finding Cube

Step 3: Write double of second and third digit below them.

Step 4: Add both these rows as shown below.

Starting from right, write 4 of 64 in the answer and 6 as carry.

Step 3: Write double of second and third digit below them.

Step 4: Add both these rows as shown below.

Starting from right, write 2 of 512 in the answer and 51 as carry.

Add 51 + 256 + 512 = 819.

Add 81 + 128 + 256 = 465

Step 3: Write double of second and third digit below them.

Step 4: Add both these rows as shown below.