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Value
41,900
Unit
MJ/10C103 m3
mg/L
12 15
MJ/kg COD
15 15.9
MJ/kg TSS
12.4 13.5
MJ/kg TSS
Tchobanoglous, 2009.
Chemical to chemical
Chemical to thermal
Chemical to electrical
Thermal to thermal
Hydraulic (potential or kinetic) to electrical
Table 2. Energy Demand for Wastewater Treatment, by Plant Size and Operational Capacity, for Onsite Metered Electric Energy and Source Energy.
Plant Capacity
1 MGD
19.6 GJ/MG
1,629 kWh/MG
27.2 GJ/MG
2,263 kWh/MG
5 MGD
15.2 GJ/MG
1,264 kWh/MG
22.8 GJ/MG
1,898 kWh/MG
10 MGD
13.3 GJ/MG
1,107 kWh/MG
20.9 GJ/MG
1,741 kWh/MG
20 MGD
11.4 GJ/MG
950 kWh/MG
19.0 GJ/MG
1,584 kWh/MG
50 MGD
8.9 GJ/MG
742 kWh/MG
16.5 GJ/MG
1,377 kWh/MG
7.0 GJ/MG
585 kWh/MG
14.7 GJ/MG
1,220 kWh/MG
100 MGD
Treatment Stage
Throughout system
Secondary treatment
~15 to 38%
Secondary treatment
~4 to 15%
Flexible sequencing of
aeration basins
Secondary treatment
~8 to 22%
High-efciency UV
Disinfection
Support facilities
(buildings)
~2 to 6%
AVERAGE RANGE
5.6 to 14.3%
WERF, 2011.
<0.7%
~4%
Improved Screening
Use of ne screens on collection mains or trunks, at satellite treatment facilities and at pump stations, is an innovative
step that can recover particulate matter before deposition and
particle size reduction occurs. This prevents the loss of chemical
energy, reduces the need for new facilities, and improves
process and infrastructure sustainability (Tchobanoglous, 2009).
Research is needed to determine the conditions where such
approaches can be feasible and nancially attractive.
Sidestream Treatment
The liquid sidestreams removed from biosolids processing
and returned to the main wastewater process are extremely
high in waste loads which add considerably to the energy
demand in conventional systems. Reductions in the load from
these sidestreams have the potential to reduce the energy
demand of the secondary treatment system. Although sidestream treatment has been used successfully overseas and
has signicantly reduced energy consumption, the use of
such treatment processes (DEMON, Anammox, and others)
in North America has been limited. Further research is needed
to determine the feasibility of such systems for sidestreams
and potentially scaled up for mainstream biological nutrient
removal facilities.
Biosolids to Energy
The discovery of plantomycete-like anaerobic ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (anammox) allowed the development of new
treatment concepts that apply the advantageous metabolic
pathways unique to this organism. Anammox bacteria oxidize
ammonia directly to nitrogen gas using nitrite without carbon
substrate required for conventional denitrication. Several
sidestream processes, such as DEMON, have utilized this
microbial pathway to provide low energy treatment of concentrated wastewater. The problem is that anammox bacteria
are very slow growing, making transition to full-scale systems
difcult. Successful mainstream deammonication treatment
processes must retain slow growing anammox bacteria in the
system. Recent research suggests that anammox bacteria can
form heavy granules that can be separated from the waste
activated sludge, whereby the heavier anammox-laden sludge
can be retained and concentrated in the system. Research is
needed to determine the conditions where such approaches
Anaerobic digestion,
coupled with combined
heat and power facilities for
energy recovery, is regarded
as one of the more mature
and successful energy
recovery approaches.
Efforts to boost energy
recovery from biogas
include the following:
Co-digestion of Organic
Wastes with Wastewater
Solids. Fats, oil, and
grease (FOG) are the most
common high-strength
organic waste co-digested
New Anaerobic Digester Process
with biosolids, however
Columbus (GA) Biosolids Flow Through
many food processing
Thermophilic Treatment
operations produce wastes
that are also well suited for
co-digestion in anaerobic digesters at wastewater treatment
facilities. FOG digestion has a high rate of biogas generation,
with reported values up to 1.3 times that of typical biosolids
gas generation. Recent research indicates that the addition
of FOG has a symbiotic effect on the digestion process, with
higher biogas yield than would be expected by the sum of
separate biosolids and FOG digestion. Other organic wastes that
could be used in the co-digestion process include glycerin from
biodiesel production, airplane de-icing uid waste, manure, and
other organic wastes (brewery, cheese production, etc.). For
more information on this topic, refer to WERF research project
no. OWSO5R07 at www.werf.org.
Solids Pretreatment. There are several emerging technologies
that improve the digestibility of solids by breaking open the
bacterial cells. These technologies include thermal hydrolysis,
mechanical disintegration, and electrical pulse treatment. Based
on experience to date, solids pretreatment has the potential to
more than double the readily biodegradable fraction, resulting
in a 30-60% increase in biogas production compared to digestion without pretreatment. For more information on this topic,
refer to WERF stock no. 05CTS3.
Advanced Biogas Cleaning. Biogas includes contaminants, such
as moisture, hydrogen sulde (H2S), and siloxanes. Hydrogen
sulde combines with moisture to form sulfuric acid, which
can damage gas utilization equipment. H2S can be removed
by adsorption onto iron, either in liquid or solid form, or other
selective media. Siloxanes are compounds containing silicon,
oxygen, and methane. During combustion of the biogas, siloxanes are converted to silicon dioxide, an abrasive solid, similar
to ne sand causing accelerated wear and loss of efciency.
Siloxanes must typically be removed to protect gas utiliza-
Energy Type
Energy as a
Percentage of
Natural Gas
Use
10-27
27-94
>94
Other Technology
13 57%
10 71%
11 61%
25 139%
5 38%
Heat recovery
13 49%
7 46%
Hydraulic
6 42%
Ammonia as fuel
-6 12%
-2 60%
13 49%
2 128%
8 110%
Incineration
2 69%
-39 208%
Gasication
-9 82%
WERF, 2011.
0%
References
Electric Power Research Industry (2002). Technical Report.
1006787. Water and Sustainability (Volume 4): U.S. Electricity
Consumption for Water Supply and Treatment.
Heidrich, ES., T.P. Curtis, and J. Dolng (2011). Determination
of the Internal Chemical Energy of Wastewater, Vol. 45, No. 2,
Environmental Science and Technology, pg 827.
NACWA (2009). Renewable Energy Recovery Opportunities
from Domestic Wastewater.
SAIC (2006). Water and Wastewater Energy Best Practice
Guidebook, Wisconsin Focus on Energy.
Susan Pekarek
Johnson County Wastewater
Jim Smith, D.Sc. retired
U.S. EPA ORD/NRMRL
Yi (Eve) Zuo Ph.D.
Chevron
Agency Liaisons
Abhijeet P. Borole, Ph.D.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Barry Liner, Ph.D.
Water Environment Federation
Phil Zahreddine
U.S. EPA
Technical Consultants
Lori Stone, P.E.
Black & Veatch
Steve Tarallo, P.E.
Black & Veatch