Control Volume and Reynolds Transport Theorem - 10!11!2013 - Final

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Control Volume and Reynolds

Transport Theorem
10. 11. 2013
Hyunse Yoon, Ph.D.
Assistant Research Scientist
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
University of Iowa
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

An analytical tool to shift from describing the
laws governing fluid motion using the system
concept to using the control volume concept
System vs. Control Volume

System: A collection of matter of fixed identity
Always the same atoms or fluid particles
A specific, identifiable quantity of matter
Control Volume (CV): A volume in space

through which fluid may flow
A geometric entity
Independent of mass
Examples of CV
Fixed CV
CV fixed at a nozzle
Moving CV
CV moving with ship
Deforming CV
CV deforming within cylinder
Laws of Mechanics
1. Conservation of mass:
2. Conservation of linear momentum:
3. Conservation of angular momentum:
4. Conservation of Energy:
=0
= =
=
The laws apply to either solid or fluid systems

Ideal for solid mechanics, where we follow the same system
For fluids, the laws need to be rewritten to apply to a specific region in
the neighborhood of our product (i.e., CV)
Extensive vs. Intensive Property

Governing Differential Equations (GDEs):
, , = 0, ,
= The amount of , , or contained in the

total mass of a system or a CV; Extensive property
Dependent on mass
(or ) = The amount of per unit mass; Intensive
property Independent on mass
for nonuniform )
or = / (=
=
for nonuniform
Fixed CV
At time : SYS = CV
= ()
At time + : SYS = (CV I) + II
+
= + +
+ +
Time Rate of Change of
+ ()
=
+ + + +
=
+
( + )
+
=
+
1) Change of
within CV over
2) Amount of
flowing out
through CS
over
Now, take limit of 0 to Eq. (1) term by term
3) Amountt of
flowing in
through CS
over
Eq. (1)
LHS of Eq. (1)
+ ()
lim
= lim
=
0
0
Time rate of
change of
within the
system
or, =
; material derivative
First term of RHS of Eq.(1)
+ ()
=
=
0
lim
Time rate of change of

withich CV
10
2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1)

and
= =
cos = ( cos )
Thus, the amount of flowing out of CV through over a short time :

= = cos
11
12
2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1) Contd.

By integrating over the entire outflow portion of CS,
Thus,
+ =
cos
( + )
1
= lim

cos
0
0
lim
,
Note that cos =
out =
cos
=
i.e., Out flux of through CS

= cos
3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1)

and
= =
cos
<0
= ( cos )
Thus, the amount of flowing out of CV through over a short time :

= = cos
13
3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1) Contd.

By integrating over the entire outflow portion of CS,
Thus,
+ =
cos
( + )
1
= lim

cos
0
0
lim
,
Note that cos =
in =
cos
=
i.e., influx of through CS
14
RTT for Fixed CV

Now the relationship between the time rate of change of for the system
and that for the CV is given by,
= +

With the fact that = + ,
= +
Time rate of
change of
within a system
Time rate of
change of
within CV
Net flux of
through CS
=
15
Example 1
16
Example 1 - Contd.
=
(4.16)
= cos ,
With = 1 and
= cos = cos
where
= cos
= (2 )
=
0.5
cos
2 =
1
2
cos
17
Example 1 - Contd.
Thus, with = 1,000 kg/m3 for water and = 3 m/s,
= 1,000
kg
m3
m
1
3
cos
m2 = 3,000 kg/s
s
cos
With = 1/,
= cos = cos = cos
=
=1/ cos
m
1
= 3
cos
m2 = 3 m3 s (. . , volume flow rate)
cos
s
Note: These results are the same for all values
18
19
Special Case:
= constant over discrete CSs
=
= +
constant
constant
Example 2
Given:
Water flow ( = constant)
1 = 10 cm; 2 = 15 cm
1 = 10 cm/s
Steady flow
Find: 2 = ?
Mass conservation:
/ = 0
= 1
1 = 2 =
1 1
2 =
1 =
2 2
Steady flow
0=
+ 2 2 2 1 1 1

or, 1 1 1 = 2 2 2
1
2
1 = 1
10 cm
15 cm
10
cm
= 4.4 cm/s
s
20
Example 3
Given:
1 = 5 cm; 2 = 7 cm
1 = 3 m/s
3 = 3 3 = 0.01 m3/s
= constant (i.e., steady flow)
1 = 2 = 3 = water
Find: 2 = ?
= 0; steady flow
0 = + 2 2 2 1 1 1 (3 3 3 )

or,
2 2 = 1 1 +
3 3
= 3
1 1 + 3
3 0.05 2 /4 + (0.01)
2 =
=
= 4.13 m/s
2
0.07 2 /4
21
Moving CV
22
RTT for Moving CV

(i.e., relative velocity )
= +
23
24
RTT for Moving and Deforming CV

= +
Both CV and CS change their shape and location

with time
= (, ) (, )
(, ): Velocity of CS
(, ): Fluid velocity in the coordinate
system in which the is observed
: Relative velocity of fluid seen by an
observer riding on the CV
*Ref) Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, McGraw Hill
RTT Summary (1)

General RTT (for moving and deforming CV):
=
+
Special Cases:
1) Non-deforming (but moving) CV
=
+
2) Fixed CV
=
+
3) Steady flow:
=0
4) Flux terms for uniform flow across discrete CSs (steady or unsteady)
=

25
RTT Summary (2)

For fixed CVs:
Parameter ()
= /
Mass ()
0=
Momentum
()
Energy ()
RTT
Remark
Continuity eq.
(Ch. 5.1)
Linear momentum eq.

(Ch. 5.2)
Energy eq.
(Ch. 5.3)
26
Continuity Equation (Ch. 5.1)

RTT with = mass and = 1,
or
0=
mass conservatoin
= +

Net rate of outflow

of mass across CS
Rate of decrease of
mass within CV
Note: Incompressible fluid ( = constant)
(Conservation of volume)
27
Simplifications
1. Steady flow
= 0

2. If = constant over discrete CSs (i.e., one-dimensional flow)

=

3. Steady one-dimensional flow in a conduit
or
For = constant
=0
2 2 2 1 1 1 = 0
1 1 = 2 2 (or 1 = 2 )
28
Some useful definitions

Mass flux
Volume flux
)
(Note: =
Average velocity
Average density
1
=

Note: unless = constant
29
Example 4
Estimate the time required to fill with
water a cone-shaped container 5 ft hight
and 5 ft across at the top if the filling rate
is 20 gal/min.
Apply the conservation of mass ( = 1)
0 = +

For incompressible fluid (i.e., = constant) and one inlet,

0=
30
Example 4 Contd.
Volume of the cone at time t,
2
=

12
Flow rate at the inlet,
gal
= 20
min
The continuity eq. becomes

2
=
12
in3
in3
231
1,728 3 = 2.674 ft 3 /min
gal
ft
or
12
=
2
31
Example 4 Contd.
Solve for (),
12
12
=
=
2
2
0
Thus, the time for = 5 ft is
2
5 ft 2 (5 ft)
=
=
= 12.2 min
12
(12)(2.674 ft 3 /min)
32

Control Volume and Reynolds Transport Theorem - 10!11!2013 - Final

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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013