Integration & Differentiation

What you are given and what you need to know in C4

FORMULAE FOR EDEXCEL

2013/14

Integration & Differentiation

What you are given and what you need to know in C4
Recap of C3 facts
Exact Values of trigonometric functions
x (deg)
x (rad)
sin

cos

tan

30

1
2

3
2

45

60

3
2

1
2

90

180

-1

Rules and facts

1. Sin2x + cos2x = 1

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

2. Tan x =

sin
cos
1

3. Cosec x =
4. Sec x =
5. Cot x =

sin
1

cos
1
tan

cos
sin

Applying these rules

Dividing (1) by sin2x will give you: 1 + cot2x = cosec2x
Dividing (1) by cos2x will give you: tan2x + 1 = sec2x

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

3
1

Differentiation

Parametric Equations
If y = f(t) and x = g(t), then:
dy dt
=

dt dx
Implicit Differentiation
When f(x,y) = g(x,y), differentiate implicitly: that is differentiate w.r.t. y and include
dy/dx . The solution can simplified where necessary.
Example: y2 = xy + x + 2
(Hint: Use the product rule for xy)
2

=1
+1+1

ax
( )
= ln()

Start with

y = ax

Take logs of both sides

ln(y) = ln(ax)
ln(y) = x ln(a)

Differentiate implicitly

= ln()

Rearrange and substitute for y

( )
= ln()

(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

Proof of a x

Integration

Rules for Integration

Integration by substitution

There is no simple rule for integration by substitution, you must follow these steps:
Youll be given an integral which is made up of two functions of x.
4 (

2 1)

Substitute u for one of the functions of x to give function which is easier to integrate.
= 2 1,
Next, find

, and rewrite it so that dx is on its own.

1
= 2, =

2
Rewrite the original integral in terms of u and du.
: 4 = 2
Integrate and substitute back for u at the end.

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

2 = 2 + = 2 (

2 1)

Integration by parts*

When u=f(x) and v=g(x), then:

Choose your u and v functions carefully to make the integral easier.

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

Volume of revolution : Cartesian

2

= 2
1

This describes the volume generated when the curve of y = f(x) from x1 to x2 is rotated 360
about the x-axis.

Volume of revolution: Parametric

= 2

This describes the volume generated when the curve is defined by its parametric form (x(t),
y(t)) in the interval (a,b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

Both equations for the volumes of revolution can be adjusted for rotation about the y-axis by
substituting x for y and vice versa.

(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book

Standard Integrals you should know :

1

( + ) =

(+1)

( + )+1 +

where n1

Exponential functions

= +
+

1 +

Other functions

1
= || +

1
1
= | + | +
+

()
= |()| +
()

This rule leads to these standard integrals (*) :

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

() = |() + cot()| +

() = |() + tan()| +
() = |()| +

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

Using functions and derivatives

() = () +

( + 1) () [()] = [()]+1 +

Trigonometric Integration
Basics
Learn these facts and do not confuse them with the rules for differentiation.
sin() = cos() +
cos() = sin() +
Summary (+ constant)
()

Cos x

Sin x

Sin x

-Cos x

sec2(kx)

In formula book

tan (kx)

tan(x)

|sec()|

cot(x)

|sin()|

sec (x)

|sec() + tan()|

cosec(x)

|cosec() + cot()|

(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

y=f(x)

Applying these facts

By the chain rule:

[sin(+)]

= acos( + )

Hence:

cos( + ) = sin( + ) +

It follows that:

sin( + ) =

cos( + ) +

By the quotient rule:

[tan()]

Hence:

2 () = tan() +

Also:

2 () = k tan() + (*)

Thus:

2 ( + ) = a tan( + ) +

= 2 ()

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book