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Bowling
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOWLING
Bowling is a popular anaerobic physical
exercise and/or competitive skill sport
which aims to hit the pins using rolled
weights (bowling balls) within a wooden or
synthetic lane. The objective of the game is
to gain many pin falls as possible.
Federation Internationale des Quilleurs
(FIQ) is the international governing body of
bowling worldwide responsible for carrying
out rules and regulations.
There is no agreed exact date when bowling was introduced. Most sports
historians cited that the sport originated way back the Stone Age. About
2,000 years ago, a similar game that entailed tossing stone objects as close
to other stone objects as possible was documented. This game became
popular with roman soldiers, and eventually evolved into what we call bocce,
or outdoor bowling.
Bowling is one of the oldest and most popular games in the world. Bowling is
a sport that can be dated back to circa 3200 BC. In the 1930's, a British
anthropologist named Sir Flinders Petrie discovered a collection of objects in
a child's grave in Egypt that appeared to be used for a primitive form of
bowling. There was a crude version of the bowling ball and pins that were all
sized for a child and were very primitive. This find was discovered along with
a couple of artifacts that could actually be dated back to 3200BC. This makes
the origin of bowling more than 5000 years old.
The next historical bowling related find was in Germany by a historian
named William Pehle whom said that there was evidence of bowling in
Germany around 300AD. England took the reins about 1366 as bowling was
forbidden by King Edward III. The game was taking archery practice away
from his troops. It is also known that Henry VIII brought bowling back.
Several types of "pin games" started to exist where balls were hurled
towards objects for points. These objects were somewhat pin shaped but
crude renditions of modern day bowling pin design and shape. As you can
see, the history of bowling is rich and deep.
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Because of mass popularity bowling was brought back. In the 1800's the
tenpin game was popular because of nine pin being outlawed as a gambling
game. Adding an extra pin gave people a way to keep bowling and exploited
a loophole in the law. Ball and pin formations still varied by region and it
wasn't until various regional bowler's clubs came together with the owner of
a restaurant on Sept. 9 1895 and formed the American Bowling Congress at
Beethoven hall in New York City. Consistency was born from there as was
national competitions. The congress was only for men, however women had
been bowling since the late nineteenth century. The women of bowling
formed their own congress called the Women's National Bowling Association
in 1917. Bowling really exploded from here due to the organized, agreed
upon standards. The game grew in popularity and became very popular all
over America.
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bowl every day. In the Federation Nationale des Quilleurs, bowling's best
athletes regularly compete in Olympic Games and worldwide competitions
and championships.
Bowling today remains one of the best activities for bonding with friends.
It's always a good time getting together with friends and family for a little
friendly bowling competition. As always, have fun bowling out there.
DUCKPIN BOWLING
Popular
along
the
eastern
seaboard of the United States and
even into the province of Quebec in
Canada,
duckpin
bowling
is
somewhat similar to the more
popular ten-pin bowling game, with
some important differences. While
there is some difference of opinion on
the exact origins of the sport, there
can be no doubt that duckpin bowling
was an established pastime by World
War I.
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by John McGraw and Wilbert Robinson, both of whom were later inductees
into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Other sources trace the origin of the game to
Lowell, Massachusetts in the early years of the 1890s.
Duckpin bowling is a variation of 10-pin bowling. The balls used in duckpin
bowling are 4-3/4 in (12 cm) to 5 in (12.7 cm) in diameter (which is slightly
larger than a softball), weigh 3 lb 6 oz (1.5 kg) to 3 lb 12 oz (1.7 kg) each,
and lack finger holes. They are thus significantly smaller than those used in
ten-pin bowling but are slightly larger and heavier than those used in
candlepin bowling. The pins, while arranged in a triangular fashion identical
to that used in ten-pin bowling, are shorter, smaller, and lighter than their
ten-pin equivalents which makes it more difficult to achieve a strike. For this
reason (and similar to candlepin bowling), the bowler is allowed three rolls
per frame (as opposed to the standard two rolls per frame in ten-pin
bowling).
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Table Tennis
BRIEF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Table tennis is a tennis-like skill sport in which two or four players hit a
lightweight ball back and forth using a bat /paddle or racket. The game takes
place on a table divided by a net. Players must allow a ball toward them with
one bounce on their table and it must return it- bouncing on the opponents
table. A player scores a point if the opposing player fails to properly return
the ball to the other side of the table. With two attempts of serving, the first
player to score eleven (11) points with two points advantage wins a set.
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The first table tennis world championship tournament was played in London
during the year 1927. Olympic table tennis was first played in 1988 in Seoul,
South Korea ( with both men and women Singles and Doubles matches).
Toward the end of 2000, International Table Tennis Federation instituted
several changes in the rules aimed at making the sport more viable as a
televised spectator sport.
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LAWN TENNIS
Tennis, original name lawn tennis, game in which two opposing players
(singles) or pairs of players (doubles) use tautly strung rackets to hit a ball of
specified size, weight, and bounce over a net on a rectangular court. Points
are awarded to a player or team whenever the opponent fails to correctly
return the ball within the prescribed dimensions of the court. Organized
tennis is played according to rules sanctioned by the International Tennis
Federation (ITF), the world governing body of the sport.
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SWIMMING
Swimming has been known since prehistoric times. Drawings from the Stone
Age were found in "the cave of swimmers" near Wadi Sora (or Sura) in the
southwestern part of Egypt. Written references date from 2000 B.C.,
including Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible (Ezekiel 47:5, Acts
27:42, Isaiah 25:11), Beowulf, and other sagas. In 1538 Nicolas Wynman,
German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book,
"Colymbetes". Competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly
using breaststroke. The front crawl, then called the trudgen, was introduced
in 1873 by John Arthur Trudgen, copying it from Native Americans. Swimming
was part of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902 the
trudgen was improved by Richard Cavill, using the flutter kick. In 1908, the
world swimming association, Federation Internationale de Natation de
Amateur (FINA), was formed. Butterfly was first a variant of breaststroke,
until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952.
HISTORY OF SWIMMING
Ancient Times
Drawings from the Stone Age were found in "the cave of swimmers" near
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Wadi Sora (or Sura) in the southwestern part of Egypt near Libya. These
pictures seem to show breaststroke or dog paddle, although it may also be
possible that the movements have a ritual meaning unrelated to swimming.
This cave is also featured in the movie The English Patient. An Egyptian clay
seal dated between 4000 B.C. and 9000 B.C. shows four swimmers who are
believed to be swimming a variant of the front crawl. More references to
swimming are found in Babylonian bas-reliefs and Assyrian wall drawings,
depicting a variant of the breaststroke. The most famous drawings were
found in the Kebir desert and are estimated to be from around 4000 B.C. The
Nagoda bas-relief also shows swimmers dating back from 3000 B.C. The
Indian palace Mohenjo Daro from 2800B.C. contains a swimming pool sized
30m by 60m. The Minoan palace Minos of Knossos in Crete also featured
baths. An Egyptian tomb from 2000 B.C. shows a variant of the front crawl.
Depictions of swimmers were also found from the Hittites, Minoans, and
other Middle Eastern civilizations, the Incas in the Tepantitla House at
Teotihuacan, and in mosaics in Pompeii.
The Greeks did not include swimming in the ancient Olympic Games, but
practiced the sport, often building swimming pools as part of their baths.
One common insult in Greece was to say about somebody that he/she
neither knew how to run nor swim. The Etruscans at Tarquinia (Italy) show
pictures of swimmers in 600 B.C., and tombs in Greece depict swimmers 500
B.C. The greek Scyllis was taken prisoner on a ship of the Persian king Xerxes
I in 480 B.C. After learning about an impending attack on the Greek navy, he
stole a knife and jumped overboard. During the night and using a snorkel
made from reed, he swam back to the ships and cut them loose. It was also
said that the ability to swim saved the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis, while
the Persians all drowned when their ships were destroyed. Julius Caesar was
also known to be a good swimmer. A series of reliefs from 850 B.C. in the
Nimrud Gallery of the British Museum show swimmers, mostly in military
context, often using swimming aids.
In Japan swimming was one of the noble skills of the Samurai, and historic
records describe swimming competitions in 36 B.C. organized by emperor
Suigui (spelling unclear), which are the first known swimming races.
The Germanic folklore describes swimming, which was used successfully in
wars against the Romans. Swimming competitions are also known from that
time.
Middle Ages to 1800
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Swimming was initially one of the seven agilities of knights during the Middle
Ages, including swimming with armour. However, as swimming was done in a
state of undress, it became less popular as society became more
conservative, and it was opposed by the church at the end of the middle
ages. For example, in the 16th century, a German court document in the
Vechta prohibited the naked public swimming of children. Leonardo da Vinci
made early sketches of lifebelts. In 1538 Nicolas Wynman, German professor
of languages, wrote the first swimming book "Colymbetes". His goal was not
exercise, but rather to reduce the dangers of drowning. Nevertheless, the
book contained a very good and methodical approach to learning
breaststroke, and includes swimming aids like air filled cow bladders, reed
bundles, or cork belts. Around the same time, E. Digby in England also wrote
a swimming book, claiming that humans can swim better than fish.
In 1603 the first national swimming organization was established in Japan.
TEmperor Go-Yozei of Japan declared that school children should swim.
In 1696, the French author Thevenot wrote "The Art of Swimming",
describing a breaststroke very similar to the modern breaststroke. This book
was translated into English and became the standard reference of swimming
for many years to come.
In 1708, the first known lifesaving group "Chinkiang Association for the
Saving of Life" was established in China. In 1796 a (still existing) swimming
club was founded in Upsala, Sweden. Benjamin Franklin is credited with the
invention of the swimming fins at the age of ten, in 1716.
In 1739 Guts Muts (also spelled as Guts Muth) from Schnepfenthal, Germany,
wrote "Gymnastik fr die Jugend" (Exercise for the youth), including a
significant portion about swimming. In 1794 Kanonikus Oronzio de Bernardi
of Italy wrote a two volume book about swimming, including floating practice
as a prerequisite for swimming studies. In 1798 Guts Muts wrote another
book "Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum Selbstunterricht" (Small
study book of the art of swimming for self study), recommending the use of a
"fishing rod" device to aid in the learning of swimming. His books describe a
three step approach to learn swimming that is still used today. First, get the
student used to the water, second, practice the swimming movements out of
the water, third, practice the swimming movements in the water. He believed
that swimming is an essential part of every education.
More lifesaving groups were established in 1767 (1768?) in Amsterdam by
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In 1873 John Arthur Trudgen reintroduced the front crawl to England. Trudgen
learned the stroke from Native Americans during a trip to South America (the
exact date, however, is disputed and may be anywhere between 1870 and
1890). This stroke, a variant of the front crawl, was then called the Trudgen
or Trudgeon. The arms were brought forward, alternating while the body
rolled from side to side. The kick was a scissors kick, with one kick for two
arm strokes, although it is believed that the Native Americans did indeed do
a flutter kick and Trudgen mistakenly used the (in Britain) more common
breaststroke kick. Variants used different ratios of scissor kicks to arm
strokes, or alternated with a flutter (up-and-down) kick. The speed of the new
stroke was demonstrated by F. V. C. Lane in 1901, swimming 100 yards in
1:00.0, an improvement of about ten seconds compared to the breaststroke
record. This style is the first European version of the front crawl, the fastest
swimming style known today. Due to its speed the Trudgen became very
quickly popular around the world, despite all the ungentlemanlike splashing.
Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English channel
(between England and France), in 1875. He used breaststroke, swimming
21.26 miles in 21 hours and 45 minutes. No other man or woman swam the
channel for the next 31 years. He died in 1882 while attempting to swim the
Niagara Falls. The first European amateur swimming competitions were in
1889 in Vienna.
In 1879 Louis III of Bavaria built a swimming pool in castle Linderhof. This is
believed to be the first artificial wave pool and also featured electrically
heated water and light.
Synchronized swimming started in the late 19th century, and the first
competition was in 1891 in Berlin, a men's-only event.
The Modern Olympic Era after 1896
The Olympic Games were held in 1896 in Athens, a male-only competition
(see also Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics). Six events were
planned, but only four events were actually contested: 100 m, 500 m, and
1200 m freestyle and 100 m for sailors. The first gold medal was won by
Alfred Hajos of Hungary in 1:22.20 for the 100m freestyle. Hajos was also
victorious in the 1200 m event, and was unable to compete in the 500 m,
which was won by Austrian Paul Neumann. Another swimming competition of
100m for sailors included three Greek sailors in Bay of Zea near Piraeus,
starting from a rowing boat. The winner was Ioannis Malokinis in two minutes
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diving into glass tanks. She was arrested for indecent exposure, as her
swimsuit showed arms, legs and the neck. Kellerman changed the suit to
have long arms and legs, and a collar, still keeping the close fit revealing the
shapes underneath. She later starred in several movies, including one about
her life.
In 1908, the world swimming association Federation Internationale de
Natation de Amateur (FINA) was formed.
Women were first allowed to swim in the Olympic Games in 1912 in
Stockholm, competing in freestyle races. (Women could participate in golf
and tennis since 1900 in Paris). In the 1912 games, Harry Hebner of the
United States won the 100m backstroke. At these games Duke Kahanamoku
from Hawaii won the 100m freestyle, having learned the six kicks per cycle
front crawl from older natives of his island. This style is now considered the
classical front crawl style. The men's competitions were 100m, 400m, and
1500m Freestyle, 100m backstroke, 200m and 400m breaststroke, and four
by 200m freestyle relay. The womens competitions were 100m freestyle and
four by 100m freestyle relay.
On 28 July 1912, a 800m long bridge between Binz and Rgen, Germany
collapsed under the load of 1000 people waiting for a cruise steamer
Kronprinz Wilhelm. Sailors of the German navy were able to save most
people, but 17 people died because they could not swim, including seven
children. This catastrophe caused the foundation of the Deutsche LebensRettungs-Gesellschaft (DLRG) (German lifesaving organization) on October
19 1913 in Leipzig. In the same year the first elastic swimsuit was made by
the sweater company Jantzen.
In 1922, Johnny Weissmuller became the first person to swim the 100m in
less than a minute, using a six kicks per cycle Australian crawl. Johnny
Weissmuller started the golden age of swimming and was the world's most
famous swimmer, winning five Olympic medals and 36 national
championships and never losing a race in his ten-year career, until he retired
from swimming and started his second career as Tarzan. His record of 51
seconds in 100 yard freestyle stood for over 17 years. In the same year, Sybil
Bauer was the first woman to break a mens world record over the 440m
backstroke in 6:24.8.
At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, lane dividers made of cork were used
for the first time, and lines on the pool bottom aided with orientation.
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1928 was the start of the scientific study of swimming by David Armbruster,
coach at the University of Iowa, filming underwater swimmers. The Japanese
also used underwater photography to research the stroke mechanics, and
subsequently dominated the 1932 Summer Olympics. Armbruster also
researched a problem of breaststroke where the swimmer was slowed down
significantly while bringing the arms forward underwater. In 1934 Armbruster
refined a method to bring the arms forward over water in breaststroke. While
this "butterfly" technique was difficult, it brought a great improvement in
speed. One year later, in 1935, Jack Sieg (Seig?), a swimmer also from the
University of Iowa developed a technique involving swimming on his side and
beating his legs in unison similar to a fish tail, and modified the technique
afterward to swim it face down. Armbruster and Sieg combined these
techniques into a variant of the breaststroke called butterfly with the two
kicks per cycle being called dolphin fishtail kick. Using this technique Sieg
swam 100 yards in 1:00.2. However, even though this technique was much
faster than regular breaststroke, the dolphin fishtail kick violated the rules
and was not allowed. Therefore, the butterfly arms with a breaststroke kick
were used by a few swimmers in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the
breaststroke competitions. In 1938, almost every breaststroke swimmer was
using this butterfly style, yet this stroke was considered a variant of the
breaststroke until 1952, when it was accepted as a separate style with a set
of rules.
Around that time another modification to the backstroke became popular.
Previously, the arms were held straight during the underwater push phase,
for example by the top backstroke swimmer from 1935 to 1945, Adolph
Kiefer. However, Australian swimmers developed a technique where the arms
are bent under water, increasing the horizontal push and the resulting speed
and reducing the wasted force upward and sideways. This style is now
generally used worldwide. In 1935 topless swimsuits for men were worn for
the first time during an official competition.
In 1943 the US ordered the reduction of fabric in swimsuits by 10% due to
wartime shortages, resulting in the first two piece swimsuits. Shortly
thereafter the Bikini was invented in Paris by Louis Reard (officially) or
Jacques Heim (earlier, but slightly larger).
Another modification was developed for breaststroke. In breaststroke,
breaking the water surface increases the friction, reducing the speed of the
swimmer. Therefore, swimming underwater increases the speed. This led to a
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2.
Lap Card
A card displayed by a turn judge at the turn side of a lane to inform swimmers in 800m and 1500m
freestyle events.
3. Starting Blocks
a raised platform mounted at the end of a pool from which swimmers begin a race
4.
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Swimming Cap
Caps are worn for various reasons. Some facilities require the wearing of swim
caps, in order to protect filters from becoming clogged with loose hairs which
fall from the head of swimmers who are not wearing a cap, or to ensure long
loose hair does not get caught in equipment.
5. Swim Suit
A swimsuit can be worn as an undergarment in sports that require a wetsuit
such as water skiing, scuba diving, surfing, and wake boarding.
6. Touch Pad
The pad at the end of each lane in the pool where a swimmer's time is registered and sent electronically
to the timing system.
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HISTORY OF GYMNASTIC
The ancient Greeks believed gymnastics to be the perfect symmetry
between mind and body. Modern gymnastics evolved at the end of the 19th
century.
1
Philosophical beginnings
Rebirth
Between 1896 and 1924 the sport evolved into what we recognise as modern
gymnastics. Among those disciplines discarded were club swinging, rock
lifting and even swimming, which appeared in 1922.
4
Changing times
In the early days of artistic gymnastics at the Games, participants often had
a background in ballet, and would reach their peak in their 20s. Nadia
Comanecis and Nellie Kim's perfect scores of 10 at the 1976 Montreal
Games, at the age of 14, heralded an era of younger champions, trained
specifically in gymnastics from childhood, although gymnasts must now be
16 to compete in the Olympic Games.
5
Olympic history
Artistic gymnastics was introduced at the very first Olympic Games in 1896
in Athens, and has been present at every edition of the Games since then. At
the beginning, it comprised disciplines that are difficult to qualify as
artistic, such as climbing and acrobatics.
The foundations of the Olympic gymnastics programme were laid at the 1924
Games in Paris, when the mens apparatus individual and team competitions
appeared. In 1928, women were included in the Amsterdam Games. It was
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not until 1952 that the womens programme was developed, with seven
events, and then stabilised at six events as from the 1960 Games in Rome.
This discipline was mainly dominated by the Soviet Union from 1952
onwards, following the creation of the Russian Gymnastics Federation in
1883. At the 2008 Games in Beijing, it was the Republic of Chinas turn to win
the most gold medals.
Parallel
bars (Artistic)
An
adjustable
exercises
Pommel horse
A solid apparatus 115 centimetres high with two handles, or
pommels, on top that men in artistic gymnastics use for a series of
manoeuvres defined by complex hand placements and body
positions while holding themselves above the apparatus.
Plane
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