CHAPTER-01

INTRODUCATION

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of Fisheries
Bangladesh is endowed with rich and extensive fishery resources; inland, estuarine and
marine with a wide variety of indigenous and exotic fish fauna. The soil, water and climate of
Bangladesh are unique for inland fisheries, both open and closed water. Fish and fisheries are
indispensable part in the life and livelihood of peoples of the country since time immemorial.
Fisheries sector plays an important role in providing nutrition, foreign exchange earnings and
generation of employment opportunities. Even in inland fisheries, Bangladesh ranks third
among the top ten countries of the world. Fish alone contributes about 60% to the national
annual protein intake of the country. Malnutrition is still in fact a serious and of a bigger
dimension problem in Bangladesh especially for growing children and is caused mainly due to
animal protein - deficient diets. Animal protein is essential for proper growth, repair and
maintenance of body tissues. Fish contain about 16-20% protein compared to about 12% in
egg, 3.5% in milk and 6-8% in rice and wheat. As Bangladesh has a limited prospect of
producing animal protein from other known source like poultry and cattle, fish is not only the
most important source of animal protein for the poorest segments of the population but often
the only one. In 1990-91 and 1991-92 total fish production was 8.96 and 9.52 lakh metric ton
in the country respectively which increased to 11.72 lakh metric ton during 1994-95.Thus an
increasing trend in fish production was noticed and this continued onward. In 1992-93,
fisheries sector contributed 4.2% to GDP. Within the agricultural sector, fisheries accounted
for 13.77%. Export earning constituted about 7.57% of the countrys total export earnings
(DoF, 1999). This sector is considered to be a potential source of self-employment for poor
farmers and displaced capture fishermen. Rapid development of aquaculture has already
generated considerable employment through culture of marketable fish seed production and
marketing of fish and fishery products. At present this sector absorbs close to 12.30 million
people, out of which 1.30 million are getting full time employment. Also it is significant that
there are 11 million part-time fishermen and women in the country and that 73% of the
households are involved in subsistence fisheries in floodplain (DoF, 2005). The National

Agriculture Commission of India while estimating the employment potential of fish culture
has indicated that every ton of fish produced provides employment to 2.5 persons (Kumar,
1992). So, there is ample opportunity of self-employment through aquaculture in the country.
The climate of Bangladesh is unique for aquaculture and fisheries resource management.
Winter lasts only for about 2 months whereas temperature and rainfall ranges from 07 c to
40 c and 1170 to 3400 mm respectively. All these contribute to the richness of its vast and
varied fisheries and aquaculture resources and provide favorable environment for aquaculture
in particular. It is surprising to note that most of the houses have at least one homestead
multipurpose domestic pond in the country almost suitable for aquaculture. Looking into
vastness of available water and human resources in the country the existing support services
and extension network were always considered far below the adequate level. Moreover oxbow lakes, floodplain and coastal shrimp farm require special extension service for its nature
and dimension. In such context, a technical assistance project entitled, "Institutional
strengthening in the Fisheries Sector" was jointly implemented by Govt. of Bangladesh (GoB)
and FAO/UNDP during 1990-1995. The extension component under the project had been
assigned to increase per unit fish production from pond aquaculture through conducting
demonstration of integrated semi-intensive fish culture. The extension component undertook
fisheries extension activities through Trickle down Extension System in 11 out of 64
districts in the country. There was no definite fisheries extension approach of Dept. of'
Fisheries (DoF) before adopting Trickle down Extension Approach for aquaculture
extension in Bangladesh. Natore was one of the districts out of 11 in the country. The author
was directly involved and responsible with the aquaculture extension activities under the
project as District Fisheries Officer and worked as head of DoF in Natore district .The author
carried out the present observation in consultation and guidance from Dr. Dilip Kumar,
expatriate Fishery Extension Expert under the FAO/UNDP project Institutional
strengthening in the Fisheries Sector"(BGD/87/045). The present observations on the
efficiency of Trickle down Extension (TDE) Approach in aquaculture development are
based upon the activities performed in Natore district. It may be considered as a representative
of Bangladesh as the factors like socio-economic, agro climatic and techno-commercial etc

are more or less same throughout the country except the hill tract districts. Facts and figures
related to this observation are collected, compiled and presented by the author applied to the
situation prevailing during the years from mid of 1992 to mid of 1995.

1.2 Fisheries Resources of Bangladesh

A total of approximately 4.30 million ha of inland water area is available for fish production.
Out of these about 1.46 million ha are perennial and the remaining are seasonal inundated
crop fields and low-lying flood plains almost suitable for aquaculture. A total number of 1.76
million ponds are available (SPARRSO, 1984). In addition around 1.08 million ha of brackish
water area is utilized under shrimp culture. Towards marine sector the country possesses 480
km of coast line with Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).It is surprising to note that nearly all
homestead in the country own a small to medium size multipurpose domestic pond. Inland
closed waters with aquaculture potentials are ponds and ditches, ox-bow lakes and coastal
shrimp farms-covering 5 28,390 ha. In addition many of the water bodies such as beels
(natural depression), borrow pits, seasonal flood plains, rice fields and irrigation canals etc.,
are also considered to be potential areas for aquaculture. Recent inland fisheries production
records have indicated that there has been rise in the production from aquaculture while a
decreasing trend is noticed in open waters capture fisheries. Several factors have been
responsible for such decline in production of fish; population pressure and resultant over
fishing have reduced the natural stock in open waters. Large scale siltation discharge of
industrial effluent, increasing use of insecticides and other related factors, reduction in inland
fish habitat and changes to aquatic environment resulting from the implementation of flood
control, drainage and irrigation canals etc. are the principal causes of decline of fish
production in the country. All these facts suggest that to meet the increasing demand of fish to
our growing millions we will have to depend largely on aquaculture.

1.3 Aquaculture Technology

In inland waters, carp culture is widely practiced. The carp culture system as a whole is
operated as a three-tier culture system where the practices are adopted for rearing fish during
their different stages till they are harvested. Spawn (post larvae) are reared up to fry (2-3 cm)

stage in nursery ponds, fry to fingerlings (8 - 12 cm) in rearing ponds and finally fingerlings
to table size fish in culture ponds or stocking ponds. Relatively smaller seasonal ponds are
mainly used for rearing spawn to fry stage and harvested after 2-3 weeks. Several crops (3-4)
of fry are usually cultured during the season. Pond fertilization by cattle manure and feeding
with 1:1 mixture of oil cakes and rice bran is the usual practice. Fry raised in nurseries are
reared up to fingerling in slightly bigger ponds (0.05 - 0.1 ha) of seasonal or perennial in
nature. Fingerlings are removed after 50-60 days and stocked in rearing ponds. The most
successful system of pond fish culture is the poly culture of three Indian major carp species
namely; Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala) along with
three Chinese carps namely ; Silver carp (Hypopthalmicthys molitrix) Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The best results in terms of
fish production in this system results not only through a judicious combination of species but
also due to appropriate management techniques including pond fertilization - both organic and
inorganic and supplementary feeding with mustard oil cakes, rice bran and wheat bran and
health care. On the basis of growth performance of different species, modifications are often
made in stocking density, species ratio, fertilization schedule and supplementary feeding
program in different environment. Multiple harvest and stocking are also practiced during
rearing operation (Kumar, 1992). Fish production to the tune of 4-7 ton/ha/year have been
achieved in different areas of Bangladesh by applying the above mentioned culture
technology. In south-western part of Bangladesh where seeds of freshwater prawn is
available, poly culture of fish with giant freshwater prawn golda chingri (Macrobraclrium
rosenbergii) is raised. In this practice more attention is paid to maintain a high water quality
in pond with requisite fertilizing and feeding. Special care is taken to avoid any injury during
molting of prawn. Natural seeds of prawn are generally collected from the nearby rivers and
stocked in freshwater ponds for rearing purpose. Bottom feeders like Mrigal (C. mrigala) and
Common carp (C. carpio) are removed from stocking and freshwater prawn is substituted for
them. Benthos produced from the properly fertilized pond form the bulk of natural feed of
prawn. As the freshwater prawn is high priced item in the market, it helps to increase the
income of the fish farmer / pond owners. Successful demonstrations of backyard hatchery

operation and thereby nursing of freshwater prawn seed can ensure the supply of seed
throughout the country which will integrate the fresh water prawn culture with carps. This
integration can bring a drastic change in the industry in earning foreign exchange, capital
investment and employment generation opportunities. Besides two or three fold income of
fish farmers are expected from poly culture of freshwater prawn and fish farming. At this
stage this technology is highly dependant on the availability of seeds of prawn through
artificial propagation and adoption of the same by private entrepreneurs.

Farming of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in the coastal belts especially in the south-east
and south-west part of Bangladesh is slowly emerging as a growing industry. There is a bright
prospect of increasing the production of shrimp by refining the culture technology such as
pond preparation, removal of predatory and weed fishes, proper fertilizing, stocking in proper
density and feeding with quality supplementary feeds along with better water quality
management. However, the shrimp production industry in the country needs a big push in
adopting the modem technology of raising shrimp attracting a huge investment from the
private sectors / entrepreneurs and a favorable Govt. policy towards the development of this
sector.

1.4 Past Efforts of Aquaculture Extension Service

With the recommendations from Dr. Ramaswamy Naido (September, 1938) the Directorate of
Fisheries was first set up in 1942. After partition of India in 1947, it was bifurcated and
shifted to Comilla district. In 1954 the developmental functions along with the staff were
transferred to the newly formed Directorate of Extension and Rural Development. However
this arrangement did not work and the Directorate was again restored to its original form in
1955. Fisheries extension activities were felt vital but could be experienced that it works
better when the activities are controlled by the Fisheries Directorate proper. Even during the
first 5 year plan of the then Pakistan the development program for fisheries had integrated
research and extension components. A scheme was prepared even during those days wherein
it was proposed to have an extension unit under the control of Fisheries Specialist who will

utilize the fisheries and other related personnel for social, economic and general improvement
of the area so far fish, fisheries and fishing industries are concerned. The second 5 year plan
comprised of 35 schemes. Out of which 21 were related to development of fisheries and the
remaining 14 were for research, education and extension. During the said plan period; 9.5
million fish fry were produced; 8 million distributed out of them to the interested fish culturist
bringing about improvement in over 6680 ha of water areas. Fish Seed Multiplication Farms
were constructed to meet the growing demand of fish seed among the fish culturists. The
subject of conservation and biological management was also felt equally important and
accordingly 23 Fisheries were declared as sanctuaries. For the first time a Fisheries Extension
Service Scheme was introduced at an expenditure of Tk. 9.56 lakh. During the period
approximately 50,000 ponds were surveyed, 18,000 ponds were brought under culture and
480 model fish culture demonstration started. A "Grow more fish" scheme was also taken up
under which 11 million fish fry were raised and distributed free of cost among the interested
farmers. The fisheries development activities of the public sector was by and large limited to
inland water until 1964 when the then East Pakistan Fisheries Development Corporation was
created for exploiting marine resources. In order to explore fisheries resource potential of the
Bay of Bengal, a pre-investment survey was undertaken in collaboration with FAO and other
infra-structural support were given in recognition as these were found to be essential
instrument for development. However, as early as 1960 a post of Extension Officer was
created to coordinate the extension activities of the department.

Since independence in 1971 the Government of Bangladesh has taken vigorous attempts to
enhance the development of Fisheries sub-sector. Several major fisheries development
projects were planned, financed and implemented by the public sector. Four plans have
already been implemented. In the on-going Fourth Five Year Plan FFYP(1990-1995)
Government set forth an ambitious program to increase fish production and exports to create
greater employment opportunities and to improve the socio-economic conditions of the target
group particularly fishermen. In mid seventies, a UNICEF sponsored project "Strengthening
of Fisheries Extension Service" was started under which 25 Fish Seed Multiplication Farm

(FSMF) were upgraded and activated by creating hatcheries, water supply system, training
dormitories and other facilities. To enhance fisheries extension activities throughout the
country, 60 post of Unit Extension Officer were created under the project. Besides conducting
training on fish culture for the rural youths under the project, a few result demonstrations
supplying with some inputs were started but due to lack of proper extension approach the
performance of the extension activities failed to give any measurable change. Another 50
FSMF have been upgraded in the early eighties under the Asian Development Bank (ADB)
assisted First Aquaculture Development project. During 1986 management of 20 FSMF has
been transferred to Grameen Bank to facilitate one spot input and credit facilities to fish
farmers. Most of the FSMFs have now excellent facilities for demonstration of fish breeding
techniques, seed rearing and table size fish production etc. These farms also offer testing of
newly developed aquaculture technologies and transfer of tested technological know-how to
fish farmers, training of unemployed youths and extension staff of DoF. These farms also
provide sufficient support to on going developmental activities. In addition to the network of
FSMFs, several Fisheries Extension and Training Centers (FETCs) have also been established
with excellent facilities for practical and field oriented training for officers, staff and fish
farmers. Such training activities are of regular feature at Fisheries Training and Extension
Centre, Faridpur; FTEC, Chandpur; Central Fish Breeding & Training Centre, Kotchandpur,
Jhenaidah; Fish Breeding & Training Centre, Raipur , Lakshmipur. More or less similar
facilities now exist at FSMF, Natore and better facilities at North-west Fisheries Extension
Project at Parbatipur, Dinajpur. Freshwater prawn hatchery at Cox's bazar and shrimp culture
demonstration centers at Khepupara, Barguna and Charfashan, Bhola have also been
established to extend extension support to the neighboring shrimp farmers.

However, looking into the vastness of available water and human resources in the country the
existing support services and extension network were always considered far below the
adequate level. The on-going ADB assisted Second Aquaculture Development Project tend to
promote extension of shrimp and carp culture in 25 districts of the country. The basic strategy
of the extension program of this project is to train the existing staff of DoF working in the

selected districts and organizing demonstration of improved culture practice, pond

engineering, hatchery and fry handling techniques etc. The project mobilizes the desired
material inputs to the farmers, the cost of which would be realized after the farmers sell their
crop. During the span of the project such demonstration will be carried out in 148 shrimp and
1113 poly culture based farmers ponds. Similar strategies are also being followed in other
areas of the country under the Integrated Fisheries Development Project of DoF, Bangladesh.

The IDA assisted shrimp culture project covers shrimp culture extension activities in the four
coastal districts namely Cox'sbazar, Satkhira, Bagerhat and Khulna. Under this project the
technology of producing post larvae of tiger shrimp (P. monodon) in hatcheries has been
demonstrated in Coxsbazar and Khulna region. Besides two Demonstration Farm-cumTraining Centre (DFTC) one each in Khulna and Coxsbazar area are being established to
demonstrate improved culture technology and to provide training to shrimp farmers and
hatchery operators. The trained extension staff is expected to process loan application,
supervise and implement of on-farm investment, credit and business management of farms.
Adequate financing for construction of shrimp farms and hatcheries in the private sectors
would be provided from the project.

Under the IDA assisted Oxbow lake Development project, six oxbow lakes in the districts of
Jessore, Narail and Jhenaidah were developed and managed by stocking and subsequent
harvesting by listed fishermen since 1980-81. This has greatly contributed to the rise of family
income of the involved fisherman. Under the joint program of Bangladesh Rural Development
Board and DoF, 80 ha of khas ponds in greater districts of Rajshahi, Pabna and Kushtia have
been re-excavated and developed for fish culture and leased out to landless poor/marginal
farmers. They are also being trained for 15 days at FSMF Kushtia and Natore on improved
method of fish culture.

Under DANIDA assisted Noakhali Rural Development Project (NRDP) which covers
Noakhali, Lakshmipur and Feni district over 11,000 persons have been trained on fish culture,
induced breeding of fish, fish hatchery and nursery operations. In addition 330 fish culture
demonstration ponds have been taken up for transfer of improved technologies.

DANIDA supported Mymensingh Aquaculture Extension Project (MAEP) is under operation

in Mymensingh, Jamalpur and Sherpur district with the overall objectives of increasing fish
production, creating employment, increase income and creating co-operation and group
formation. The extension approach followed by the project guarantees availability of all
aquaculture supports down to the village level with efficient and quick delivery system.

The Bay of Bengal program (BOBP) of FAO is also operating Extension Development Project
in Patuakhali and Barguna district. Several micro level projects have been designed aiming
group formation, initiative of group saving scheme, credit delivery to support economic
activities, participation and involvement of women, introduction of aquaculture and post
harvest technology and implementation of social program like literacy, health, education,
water supply, sanitation etc. are the core functions of the project. Regular fortnightly group
visits by extension staff to support and monitor the activities are being followed.

It has been realized that not only dedicated and effective extension service but also an appropriate
extension approach is critically needed to give definite direction to the program ensuring
maximum impact. Under FAO/UNDP technical assistance project Institutional Strengthening in
the Fisheries Sector (BGD/87/045), the DoF has operated an extension program which is based
upon Trickle down Extension (TDE) Approach. In TDE Approach, selection of the farmers is
based upon their experience on fish culture, resources and interest. One-day preparatory training
is organized for the selected fish farmers to implant self pride, self confidence and most basic
aspect of culture technology they intend to follow. Absolutely no input support is extended and to
compensate this intensive efforts are rendered towards motivational and convincing aspects. Each
such farmer is designated as Result Demonstrator Fish Farmer (RD) who involves 10 neighboring

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farmers designated as Fellow Fish Farmer (FF). RD get one day training once in every 3 months
and in turn they organize one day training for their linked 10 FF at their pond site. During 1990
1993, over 500 RD with 3700 FF had been adopted from 11 districts in the country. Under the
auspices of this program, the present observations on the efficiency of trickle down extension
approach in aquaculture development was conducted.

Moreover, development partners like World Bank, ADB, IDB, DFID (former ODA), JICA,
DANIDA etc are actively involved in the development of fisheries. Besides, there are more
than 100 international, national and local NGOs that are active in promoting fisheries
development throughout the country. Their activities include utilization of resources,
introduction of new fish culture technology, inputs supply, offering credit, arranging training,
seminars and workshops for fish farmers, landless people, marginal farmers, distressed group
etc.

1.5 Broad Objectives of the Study

An appropriate extension system is needed for any organized and well directed extension
system. "Trickle down Extension system" has been developed recently and presently being
followed by DoF under FAO/UNDP assisted project "Institutional Strengthening in the
Fisheries Sector (BGD/87/045)" from 1990 for effective aquaculture extension service in the
country. This is the high time to test the practicability of the system in Bangladesh. This is the
first demonstration of this type of aquaculture extension system in the region including
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.
The overall objectives of the study are to implement, monitor and evaluate the theorized
"Trickle down Extension system" in aquaculture development.
The specific objectives of the study were:
i) To transfer the low input based improved fish culture technology to selected fish
farmers through trickling down process of knowledge and skill;
ii) To increase income of marginal / poor fish farmers through self-employment of linked
farmers and their family members;
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iii) To test the practicability of aquaculture extension without material input assistance;
iv) To develop locally applicable aquaculture technology tailored according to need and
ability of the fish farmers;
v) To create a continuous learning environment for fish farmers and promote
participatory movement of fish farmers/ pond owners;
vi) To give opportunity to fish farmers from different segments to participate.

1.6 Importance of the Study

Presentations made at various fora around the globe have always pointed out that reaping a
good developmental harvest in rural sector largely depends upon three basic inputs:
appropriate technological base, extension efforts and credit and other service supports. In the
process, extension catalyses the crystallization of development as soon as the reagents i.e.
improved technologies and mobilized inputs is mixed in the background of available natural
and human resources.
Proper analysis of the laid past plan objectives and accomplishments made so far show that
the production targets were always fixed much lower than the national requirements of the
population and in spite of that the targets could never be achieved. Among several reasons
attributed to the shortfall one of the most acceptable explanations remained the extremely
inadequate extension and service support in the fisheries sector. If we review the pace of
fisheries development in Asian countries, it is evident that the development depends upon
many factors including the support services and the system of information transfer from the
Research and Development Centers to the farmers and fishermen at the grass root level.
Without the existence of such a system even the output of research and development is totally
wasted. Recent experiences in several countries have pointed out that an organized or
reorganized extension service along with strictly professional lines can have a significant and
rapid impact on increasing fisheries production and raising the standard of living of fish
farmers and fishermen (Rahman & Haque, 1991). In the above context it is evident that there
exists a big gap between potential production based upon available aquaculture technology

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and the actual national fish production in the South Asian countries. The cause is well known.
The fish farmers are relatively poor, illiterate and ignorant lot and hence they remain unaware
of the technological innovations. Merely due to this reason, there is emphasis on transfer of
technology carrying the information from lab to land/ ponds (Rahman & Haque, 1991).
The outcome of this field oriented study will provide a lot of valuable information which will
form basis for planning aquaculture extension strategy in the countries of this region including
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan etc.

1.7 Philosophy of Extension

1.7.1 Extension - Economic Necessity
Today most enlightened governments have realized that without a stable, productive and
contented rural population, all other factors towards economic development may fail. No
country can afford to neglect its rural population for the following reasons: First, every
country needs an ample and dependable supply of staple foods for the whole nation. In a
country where the farmers / fish farmers are discontented or not very efficient, the supply of
staple foods can not meet the demands of the whole nation. Second, where there is a great
difference between the standard of living of city-dwellers and that of rural people, many of
the best young men will tend to leave agriculture / aquaculture and drift to the cities. But the
city is not always able to absorb them. The result is overcrowding slums, unemployment,
vagrancy and social unrest. Third, it has been found that besides producing food, a modern
farmer can also grow industrial crops. These crops provide valuable raw materials for many
and diverse industries which help to provide employment for swelling population and increase
national wealth. Thus extension serves the economic objectives of the nation.

1.7.2 Extension Based Research

The main focus of extension is on people and the things that cause people to act as they do or
how to influence them to change. At least two things are necessary to bring about change
namely:
1) Source of new information
2) Spread of the information to the masses.
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The people in general have little opportunity to compare their practices with others; often they
are not even aware there is room for improvement. Therefore the first job of the extension
workers have to do is to help the people define their own problems. Once the problems have
been clarified, the extension worker can present them to the researchers, who in turn try to
look for possible solution. Again the extension workers have to bring the solution back to the
villager. He has to translate abstract formula into clear understandable language and show
them how; when and where the new knowledge may he profitably applied. Thus research
discovers and develops technology; it is the source of new information. Extension imparts the
technology to be used: it spreads necessary information from its source to the ultimate user the villager and the members of his family and encourages them to use the information. The
concept is illustrated in Fig.1 below:
Fig. 1. Research as a Basis of Extension Philosophy

1.7.3 Extension Bases its Programs on People's Need as Well as Technical and
National Economic Needs (Bradfield, D. J. 1977)
All people desire higher goals in life. Once people are convinced of the value of new methods
and the new methods will help them to reach their goal, they will change to attain this desired
goal. Therefore the major task of extension is to convince the people of the value of new and
better practices. Extension paves the way for further progress by making the community
aware of the benefits to be obtained from this program.

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1.7.4 Extension Education Process (Maunder, 1978)

The concept that the broader function of extension work is to help people and to solve their
own problems through the application of scientific knowledge is now generally accepted.
Then extension must be regarded as largely educational. But it is different from the type of
education taught in schools and colleges. The principal difference is that extension involves
no coercion of any sort. Extension depends on the ability of a limited number of workers to
inspire clientele and to create a desire for more efficient production and better living
conditions in the rural areas. The clientele must be encouraged to meet in groups to secure the
information and assistance they have come to desire. Extension differs from formal education
in another aspect. It is concerned not only with learning but also with the application of the
knowledge gained from everyday living. It is an extremely practical and concrete type of
education that may be put to use at once. This matter of timeliness must always be borne in
mind in the planning of extension programs. Educational basis of philosophy of extension is
illustrated in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Educational basis of philosophy of extension

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1.7.5 Extension Cooperation

Extension is only one of the many factors which tend to produce change in society.
Aquaculture extension is concerned mainly with producing change to improve fish
production. The basic principle of extension can be illustrated by a source hierarchy circle as
illustrated in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Social hierarchy circles as basis of philosophy of extension

Bigger circle: Target of development area - needing critical attention;

Small circle: Urban sector - needing less attention;

Smaller circle: Government - for policy and decision.

The outer ring represents the target group mostly in the poverty stricken rural areas beset with
problems of poverty; hardly able to meet their basic needs. The succeeding circle represents
the urban area with comparatively lesser problems and the inner core circle, the government.
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Through extension the government seeks to bring about development and positive change to
alleviate the problem areas, uplift socio-economic conditions in the rural area and prevent the
influx of the population to the urban areas. To bring about development through extension,
various areas of the economic sectors are being tapped and aquaculture is one of them. The
principle of extension is summed up in the Chinese proverb: " Give man a fish and he has
food for the day. Teach him how to grow fish and he has food for the rest of his life".

1.7.6 Characteristics of Trickle down Extension (TDE) Approach

Before mentioning the characteristics of Trickle down Extension (TDE) approach, let's look
into the definition of Fisheries Extension. Fisheries Extension has been defined as a service
or system which assists fish-farmers/ fishermen through educational process in improving fish
farming methods and techniques; increasing production efficiency and income and ultimately
improving their levels of living and quality of rural life. The central figure in this effort is the
fish farmers /fishermen and their families. In a wider context extension has to go beyond the
dissemination of new technologies which increase production and productivity and must
concern itself with the overall objectives of development of self-confidence, creating the
awareness of self-prestige and improvement of conditions of rural life; in particular the small
income fish farmers /fishermen. Such an approach calls for a more integrated view of the
problems and a better balance between economic and social objectives (Kumar & Karim,
1991) & (Maunder, 1973).

Trickle down System (TDS) of Aquaculture Extension is participatory extension which is

based upon the farmer to farmer move incorporating both individual and group extension
approaches. The system ensures practical hand on training to the fish farmers known as Result
Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs) who undertake demonstration of improved aquaculture
practice in their own ponds under the close guidance and supervision of the Extension
Officers. The RD in turn demonstrates his activities through method and result demonstrations
to the neighboring farmers designated as Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs). During the following
production cycle; FFs graduate to become RD, adopt the technology voluntarily, conduct

17

similar demonstration and in turn link 5-10 FFs with them. Thus the knowledge of improved
technology trickles down from the Extension Officers (EOs) to RDs and ultimately to FFs and
this chain of events continues to follow (Fig.4).

Fig. 4. Trickle down Extension System

Since it is ensured that FFs are invited to participate as and when method / result
demonstrations and in-situ training are organized by the RDs at their pond sites the trickling
down of knowledge is purposefully made an active process (Kumar & Karim, 1993).

1.8 Key Components of the System

Fishery Extension Officer /Agent (District Fisheries Officers/Thana Fisheries

Officers/Assistant Fisheries Officers);

Result Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs);

Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs);

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Sound and appropriate aquaculture technology;

Appropriate and adequate training for Extension Officers;

In-situ mosaic training and demonstration support to RDs and FFs ;

Tight and effective monitoring schedule, record keeping and reporting.

1.9 Details of Trickle down Extension System

1.9.1 Basic Design
Under Trickle Down Extension System (TDES) , fish farmers are selected on the basis of well
laid criteria and the farming technologies are selected as per their resources, on going
activities, area of interest, financial and technical capabilities etc while negotiating with them,
proper attention is paid to honor their traditional values, belief and their sentiments. The
selected RDs are supported to demonstrate the results of selected fish culture technology in
their own ponds. The complete package of successive practices of the particular aquaculture
technology including the overall production and profit performance are also demonstrated to
5-10 neighboring fish farmers designated as FFs. All the FFs are kept informed about the
successive steps of farming type to be displayed by the RDs and are frequently invited to see
the activities/demonstration. Extension officer is considered to be the functional unit of the
extension service system.

The records of all the activities pertaining to production technology followed, inputs used and
the expenditure incurred are properly maintained by the RD with the help of extension
personnel in the especially designed record keeping book supplied to them. Extension personnel
make at least two visits a month to the RDs pond to extend necessary guidance and to help carry
on method demonstration whenever organized. The extension personnel properly explains the
RD what is required to be done in the next fortnight to one month and also inserts his advice in
the record book kept with the RD so that if the RD forgets the instruction, he is having access to
read it or someone nearby can read for him. During the next visit, the Extension Officer reviews
the progress, identifies the problems and suggests the possible solutions. All the activities are

19

systematically monitored and communicate to the head quarter through their line of authority.
Especially designed field diary is given to the extension workers for this purpose. The diary is
submitted to the respective higher authority every month for appraise the on-going activities
and also to receive necessary guidance if required. The higher authority inserts his guidance/
remarks in the diary for further course of action. The progress and problems are also
discussed during the scheduled monthly meeting at the district headquater. Workshops are
organized at considerable intervals where extension workers and RDs are given opportunity to
exchange and express their views, experience and results to revitalize the system. Under this
theorized system an atmosphere of owners is created among the extension personnel and the
fish farmers and the knowledge and skill of improved fish culture technologies trickles down
from the RDs to FFs and rest of the farmers in due course.

1.9.2 Training
Training is one of the core components of this system. Although separate training is organized
for extension personnel, RDs and linked FFs, the system operation itself provides a
continuous learning environment for all the participatory functionaries.

1.9.3 Extension Personnel

Initially short-duration extension orientation program is organized for the extension personnel
to make them understand the program objectives, the system design and its operation which
enables them to proceed to select the RDs, maintain record keeping book, tour diary, reporting
formats etc. A Comprehensive Extension Training on fish culture for the extension personnel
is organized where field activities are clarified to them through practical exercise. This brings
clarity in their understanding about the package of practices of the selected production
technology and the mechanism of its transfer. Concept of fishery extension, communication,
appropriate extension teaching methods and tools, extension program planning etc form part
of the comprehensive training. The extension program gets momentum after the
comprehensive extension training. During the field operation these extension agents are given
guidance and necessary support through periodical visits by the extension experts. One
complete year of such an exercise offers ample opportunity for the extension workers to get
grip over the program and gain confidence. Growing popularity and respect among the fish
20

farming community brings more dedication and confidence in their approach.

1.9.4 Result Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs)

RDs are invited for day long in-situ training preferably at one of the RDs pond site. The
content of the training is directed towards building up of self confidence, self respect,
leadership, managerial capability and fish culture skill. Stress is given for maintaining the
record keeping book especially designed for the purpose. They are also reminded about their
social and religious responsibility to train 5-10 neighboring FFs in fish culture who are going
to be selected at their recommendations. Appropriate extension teaching methods and tools
are employed for making the communication most effective .In this case, pictorial information
on extension and improved method of fish culture were chosen for dissemination.
Considering the background and level of education of RDs and FFs, pictures on different
information of extension and improved aquaculture practice has been prepared from the
project. These pictures were pasted on the plain side of sand papers. The sand papers with
pictures are attached temporarily on velvet clothes and hang from a vertically placed wooden
stand for showing it the audience one after another.

After 3-4 months of field operations similar day-long training cum - discussion is again
organized for RDs at one of the demonstration pond site which serves as refresher-cumfollowup course. Their on-farm problems are discussed and solutions are advised. They are also
trained how to organize and conduct method demonstrations and training for their linked FFs.
Concerned extension worker are given full responsibility and proper direction to organize
such mosaic in-situ training programs. In no circumstances RDs and FFs training should be
combined; otherwise FFs will give no importance and attention to their RDs as a result RDs
will become ineffective for this program. Gradually he will lose interest and initiative for
further course of action.

1.9.5 Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs)

After 3-4 months of culture operations when the crop becomes matured enough to be displayed,
RDs are encouraged and supported to organize a day-long training program and method

21

demonstrations at their pond site for their FFs. While conducting the training especially designed
and developed extension materials and tools are used. Simple and pictorial instructional manual
on fish culture is distributed among the participants through their respective RDs. Such short
demonstration- cum- training program is usually repeated once in every 3-4 months. At the time
of harvest the crop as well as the economics are properly displayed and explained to all FFs and
other neighboring farmers. This helps FFs to acquaint with the production and profit potential of
the endeavor, arouse interest and also gives them confidence to act as RD in the subsequent cycle.
Meanwhile the RD becomes doubly confident recalls his deficiencies and pledges to do much
better in the next production cycle. Such RDs require little care and occasional supervision by
extension workers. On the other hand, they become more confident and skilled in their operation
and extend more efficiently his services to his FFs (converted RDs) and graduate to become
senior RD.

1.9.6 Salient Features of Trickle down System

Farmers to farmers approach /contact;
Ensures flow of trickling down process of knowledge and skill;
Continuous learning environment for fish farmers and field officers;
Promotes participatory movement;
It helps fish farmers to develop self-reliance. self-respect and self-confidence;
Helps in creating large number of skilled fisheries extension volunteers;
No /or least material input assistance;
Locally applicable aquaculture extension technology tailored according to need and
ability of the fish farmers;
It gives opportunity for fish farmers from different segments to participate.

1.9.7 Basic Key Components under the System

1) Selection of right type of Result Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs) from different
segments of fish farmers;
2) Linking of Fellow Farmers (FFs) as per the recommendations of RDs with each RD;

22

3) Locally applicable aquaculture extension technology tailored according to the

capacity of the fish farmers;
4) Conducting training for field extension workers;
5) Conducting training for RDs and their FFs;
6) Follow up activities ;
7) Proper way of recording;
8) Creating a continuous learning environment for the fish farmers as well as the
extension personnel.

1.10 Trickle down Extension Approach in Aquaculture Development

Nearly all homestead in Bangladesh own a small to medium size multipurpose domestic
pond. Due to illiteracy, poverty, lack of access to information etc., rural mass remain ignorant
of the technological developments and still practice the age-old traditional methods of fish
culture in such ponds. There are more than 1.76 million ponds in the country with an average
production of fish@ 1.3 ton/ha/yr (FRSS, 1993) which could easily be raised to over 5.5
ton/ha/yr. The existing situation analysis of the relevant facts associated with pond fish culture
in Bangladesh surfaced the following facts:
1) Vast population of client group with traditional out looks;
2) Illiterate to semi- literate clientele;
3) Age-old traditional fish culture technology in practice;
4) Extremely weak financial base of the .fish farmers;
5) Critically limited number of field personnel with the DoF who are yet to be oriented
towards extension function;
6) Tendency of farmers towards immediate gain in the form of free input and credit
rather than learning the technology and reaping the benefit after practicing the same.

Moreover, there was no definite fisheries extension approach of DoF before adopting this
approach in Bangladesh. However, a project entitled, "Institutional strengthening in the
Fisheries Sector"(BGD/87/045) was jointly implemented in Bangladesh by Govt. of

23

Bangladesh (GoB) and FAO/UNDP. Among others the extension component was assigned to
increase the fish production from pond culture through conducting demonstration of
integrated semi-intensive pond fish culture system in private ponds. The extension component
undertook fisheries extension activities in 11 out of 64 districts in Bangladesh on a pilot basis.
Natore was one of the districts out of 11 in the country. The author was directly involved and
responsible with the aquaculture extension activities as District Fisheries Officer under the
project. Four thanas (lowest administrative unit) out of 6 were selected for fisheries extension
activities in Natore district (Fig.5).

The present observations on the efficiency of Trickle down Extension (TDE) Approach in
aquaculture development are based upon the observations in Natore district. It may be considered
as a representative of Bangladesh as the factors like socio-economic, agro climatic and technocommercial etc are more or less same throughout the country except the hill tract districts.

1.11 Improved /Semi-intensive Fish Culture Technology (SIF) Followed

The following steps are followed in improved/ semi-intensive fish culture technology (SIF)
especially for profitable carp culture:

1) The pond is dewatered to kill or eradicate unwanted or carnivores fish. This also helps
to repair the pond dyke to save from over flooding during rainy season and makes the
pond bottom even for easy netting .Otherwise the pond may be poisoned by using
rotenone powder, selphos or quickphos tablet to eradicate the unwanted carnivores
fish, insects and other carnivores .The pond became ready for stocking of fish
fingerling after 2 (two) weeks. A complete cycle has been shown in Fig.5.

24

Fig. 5. Improved/semi-intensive fish culture technology cycle

2) Following after dewatering or poisoning the pond, lime is applied @ 2 kg /decimal to

release micronutrients and kill unwanted insects and mollusks and acts to maintain
favorable condition of water (PH 6.0 to 7.5) which is most desired for maintaining
better water quality and rapid growth of fish.

3) After 1-2 weeks of lime application, both organic manure such as cow dung, chicken
litters, compost and inorganic fertilizers such as Urea, Triple super phosphate (TSP)
and Muriate of potash (MP) are applied to boost up growth of plankton- the ultimate
natural food of cultured fishes.

25

4) When water became greenish, bigger size and healthy fish fingerlings (7-12 cm) of
cultured species Indian major carp namely; Catla (C. catla), Rohu (L. rohita) and
Mrigal (C. mrigala) along with three exotic carp namely; Silver carp (H. molitrix).
Grass carp (C. idella) and Common carp (C. carpio) are stocked. Sorputi(Puntius sp)
is also advised to stock in low density. This combination of six species has been found
to utilize the available natural food of all layers of the pond ecosystem.
5) To remove the obnoxious gases and enhance the fermentation fresh cow dung is
soaked with 4 times of water and kept for 24 hours in an open place .Urea and TSP are
well mixed with this semi- liquid material and again mixed with water before
spreading through out the pond during 09.00 to 11.00 Hrs on sunny days. This
promotes to intensify and maintain a steady growth of plankton in the pond.
6) Considering the ability, the farmers are advised to supply the supplementary feed. To
promote rapid growth of fish, supplementary fish feed like mustard oil cake, rice bran
and wheat bran are applied @2-3% of body weight of stocked fish fingerling. The
mustard oil cake is soaked for 24 hours in water and then mixed with rice bran and
wheat bran before apply to the pond. The amount of fish feed is adjusted with the
increased body weight of cultured fish .Green grass like napier grass, banana leaf,
sweet potato leaf, duck weed etc are applied to feed the grass carp and supplied in a
feeding tray ( rectangular bamboo frame) fixed in one corner of the pond.
7) After 3-4 months, sampling of fish is done to monitor the growth of fish and record the
weight of different species of fishes to adjust the supplementary feed.
8) When the fishes attain table size (0.75-1.0 kg), the fishes are sold keeping a record of
the number of fishes taken out.
9) The same number and same species of healthy fish fingerling are again stocked in the
pond.
10) Racking is done very often to eliminate the obnoxious gases from the pond bottom
with a racker.

26

1.12 Operational Limitations and Modifications

As mentioned earlier there was no definite extension approach of Dept. of Fisheries (DoF), so
the adopted Trickle down Extension Approach in its implementation phase had the following
limitations:
1.

The RDs, FFs and the Extension Personnel had a tremendous curiosity in the
beginning; but a slow, steady and cautious adoption of the approach was noticed.

2. So many projects / departments in their mode of extension service to the agricultural

farmers had the provision of supplying input credit. So if input assistance could be
introduced in the project, a better performance is expected but there was no scope to
supply inputs to farmers. This had a limitation in quicker adoption of the approach.
3. The transfer of Extension Personnel from a working place created limiting negative
effects on the clientele. Substitute officers in the same place had to understand the
working atmosphere and the approach because the project extension activities were
not spread over the country.
4. Initial RDs had a strong tendency towards getting immediate gain in the form of free
inputs and credit rather than learning the technology of fish culture.
5. Some women fish farmers were very much interested to know the improved fish
culture technology at home but failed repeatedly to attend any training program
organized at village level due to social barrier. Moreover, there was no women
extension worker to work with the women clientele.
6. Farmers sometimes were very reluctant to collect the necessary fish culture inputs like
organic manure, quality and bigger in size fingerlings from adjacent areas etc.
7. Extension personnel had acute transport problem in the early stage of the project.
Which if supplied could increase extension activities and outcome.
8. The study was confined in Natore district in the early stage of the program.
9. Facts and figures collected and presented in this observation by the investigator
applied to the situation prevailing during the years from mid of 1992 to mid of 1994.
10. The researcher has to depend on the data as provided by the selected farmers both RDs
and FFs and concerned Thana Fisheries Officers (TFOs).
27

The following modifications were undertaken during the study:

1. The fish farmers who had at least minimum ability to bear the production expenses
were selected as RDs as there was no scope to supply fish culture inputs under the
project.
2. Aquaculture technology was tailored according to the capacity- both technical and
economical of fish farmers before put into operation.
3. More motivational efforts were engaged to change the attitude of the fish farmers;
although it was a difficult proposition as receiving free input is a common expectation
among the fish farmers.
4. Extension personnel were paid actual travel expenses to cover the traveling cost in his
jurisdiction.
5. The number of RDs were kept manageable and under strict control to facilitate close
supervision and assistance as required by the existing concept of aquaculture
extension, a new approach to the field workers of DoF.

28

CHAPTER-02
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

29

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The success of any extension program depends on the efficiency of extension approaches
employed for attainment of goals. There was no definite approach of extension before
introduction of 'Trickle down Extension System' in aquaculture development under Dept. of
Fisheries (DoF) in Bangladesh. Trickle down Extension System has been employed for
aquaculture development since I990. Evaluative research work on efficiency of Trickle down
Extension System should have been due by this time. The purpose of this chapter is to
review literature having relevance to the present study. The researcher made an elaborate
search of available literature having relevance to this investigation.

Before going to further discussion on extension, one must take into consideration the
extension program of Department of Agriculture Extension (DAF) in Bangladesh for its
vastness and long experience. The extension program in the DAE was started in this part of
the world in 1914 with the appointment of District Level Agricultural Officer who conducted
demonstration farm in each district. The extension services for the farmer's improvement did
not go beyond the district level demonstration farm prior to 1940. However in 1950, 2500
PLA (Primary Licensing Agent) under Jute Regulation Department was added with
Agricultural Extension Department to work directly with the farmers. But these field level
workers were mostly grade VIII level passed, without having any academic background in
agriculture. During 1950, V-AID (Village Agricultural and Industrial Development) project
was made responsible for extension works. However, V-AID was discontinued in late 1950's.
But the realization of the value of extension education was increased and as such the
Directorate of Agriculture (Extension and Management) was created in early 70's keeping the
Directorate of Agriculture (Research and Education) separate. This was a true beginning of
extension program to educate farmers for adoption of' improved crop production practices.
During the mid seventies realization of extension services was over-emphasized and thereby
several mono crop extension agencies were created under the Ministry of Agriculture and
other Ministries also organized their own extension services for specialized crop and
management. However the last phase of evolutionary process of extension services that

30

records to distinct metamorphosis are; i) introduction of the T&V system ii) unification of
mono-crop services into Directorate of Agricultural Extension (DAE). (Halim.1991).
However, the Training &Visit (T&V) system did not work as anticipated and promoted single
crop farming. The DAE are now working for Crop Diversification Program (CDP) as
expected along with Agriculture Support Service Program (ASSP).
Since 1960's the country has experienced a chronic food deficiency. She has to spent a lion's
share (20-30%) (BBS, 1989) of her export earnings to meet the food shortage. To achieve
self-sufficiency in food grain, the then government introduced High Yielding Variety (HYV)
of seed - fertilizer - irrigation technology, popularly known as "Green Revolution" in midsixties which resulted in changes of traditional aus (paddy)/jute or aman(paddy) followed by
rabi based cropping pattern (CP) into boro based CP. However introduction of Flood Control
Drainage and Irrigation (FCDI) in early I970's had accelerated the change. In recent years
boro alone covers 25% of total rice producing areas (BBS, 1993). Under the changed CP most
parts of flood plains and beels(natural depression) remain bare of vegetation which allowed
playing of small craft and easy use of gears and destruction of hiding places of fishes.
Moreover surplus agricultural laborers became engaged in fishing for income thus creating
high fishing pressure and less catch per unit (CPU). Thus it appeared that the trade off'
between agriculture and fisheries had gone to the advantages of agricultural populations and
to the detriment of the traditional fishermen which deserved serious attention of the planners
and decision makers (Mondal, 1994). This was the onset of emergent need for fisheries
extensions in Bangladesh both in capture and culture fisheries. So after 1972-73, Government
organization postulated the need for fisheries development through extension services. Karim
(1978) mentioned that as class fishermen in Bangladesh were very poor. No comprehensive
survey of the socio-economic of fishermen had ever been made. Information about them was
thus rather sketchy. Some information about the coastal fishermen was available.
In Sri Lanka, the Government was in the process of restructuring and evolving an extension
service to suit its decentralized governance and also to answer the changed needs of primary
producers. Maldives was just evolving an extension services to cater the needs of its thriving

31

fisher folk communities. Malaysia had already developed a solid fisheries extension service
based on locating technical trained staff at field level and used modified form of Training and
Visit (T&V) System. (Rahman & Haque, 1991).

Fish farmers, artisanal fishermen and fisherwomen engaged in fish culture, collection of fish
seed from natural sources, fishing in enclosed and open inland and coastal waters, processing
etc are the primary producers of the sector and as such they are the focal object for sectoral
development and welfare schemes. Unlike agriculture there is marked socio-economical and
functional stratification among the primary producers. Broadly they are divided into small
scale fish farmer belonging to landless, pond less, small and marginal farmer categories, the
artisanal fishermen and fisherwomen engaged in fishing, transport, crude processing and retail
marketing of fishing products and last group consisting of affluent and well-off aquaculture
entrepreneurs, corporate bodies, trading houses etc. engaged in operating large commercial
farms, mechanized and sophisticated fishing craft, owners of processing plants, whole sellers
of fishery products and exporters (Kumar, 1993).

Cole (1978) reviewed the role of extension services on the different pattern of operation in the
Indo Pacific Fishery Commission (IPFC) region. In many countries the fisheries extension
function is relatively new but there is an increasing awareness of its value. He emphasized the
means and need of bridging the gap between the fishermen and the administrator or research
worker. Tietze (1982) mentioned the main purpose of Orissa marine fisheries extension
service was to assist in the technological, economic and social development of traditional
fishing families.

Vasanthakumar et al, (1988) reported that improvement in the standard of living of fishing
households and fishing labor households and optimal utilization of fishery resources for
employment production and export were the important goals of marine fisheries extension
service of Tamil Nadu State. India. He gave an account of the extension teaching methods
used for individual contact, group contact and mass contact, the subject matter fields covered

32

in extension teaching with their relative importance, the characteristics of extension

personnel, research support provided co-ordination among the various agencies involved and
the participation of the clientele and the organization.

Tietze (1984) advocated the development of small scale fisheries in Southern Asia. He outlined a
training and visit system that has been widely used in agricultural extension work and suggested
how such a system could he applied to fisheries. He mentioned that extension workers not only
give technical advice but they attempt to change socio-cultural attitudes that impede development.
Hotta (1982) recommended in his report submitted to FAO for welfare of Indonesian
fishermen to strengthen fisheries extension service (Project personal was attached) a more
vital functioning of fisheries co-operatives in institutional credit coupled with the upgrading
of their marketing infrastructure and facilities: implementation of socio-economic studies
concerning economic impacts rendered by credit program: better co-ordination between the
Directorate General of Fisheries and co-operative Department at all levels of administration
and management: implementation of feasibility studies of BRI prior to the disbursement of
loans: compilation of a manual on lending policies: project evaluation and appraisal and
utilization of agriculture training facilities for fisheries extension officers.
Alam (1990) experienced from NGO (Community Development Centre -- CODEC) activities
that i) participatory approach was a significant output of regular learning process. ii)
Participatory approach in the field of development was a evolutionary and degree of
development could be measured by degree of participation. iii) Strong support from the
government required to abolish the exploitation of the middlemen as well as to abolish the
fake fisher folk organizations. iv) Government should recognize the non-formal real fisher
folk organization already established by different NGOs in Bangladesh.
Roy (1990) reported that the success of any program for development of small scale fisheries
and coastal fisher folk largely depended on the ability of the fisheries extension staff to
communicate and mobilize effectively the fisher folk communities. A number of problems
were identified such as lack of funds, transportation, training and as well as the equipment,
trainers and skills for extension and knowledge transfer for effective extension work.
33

Chakroff (1981) recommended that aquaculture development largely depended on extension

services that operate at field level and effectively transfer culture technologies to fish farmers.
He also mentioned that the organizations and functions of aquaculture extension service vary
from country to country depending upon its political, social and economic goals. Referring ten
selected countries experience in establishing aquaculture extension service, he advised to
develop their own systems that would meet their socio-economic goals.

Rao (1988) in status report of India slated fisheries extension as the weakest link in fisheries
development. He reiterated the need of a well organized extension system in the country to
propagate modern fish farming technology to the remote rural areas. Aquaculture Extension
Services status report of FAO (1982) in countries around the world has shown that in most cases
there was very little information available or information was too old. Women's involvement in
aquaculture has been reported by Sharma et al (1991) as an emerging trend in India. They
mentioned of giving incentives by way of economic inputs like fish seed, feed, fertilizer,
piscicide, breeding kits to ensure fruitful participation in adoption of innovations. The extension
methodology oriented the focus on scientific and technological inputs like continuous training,
demonstrations, regular farm visits, performance evaluation and feed back. Mutambo (1991)
examined the problems involved in the extension of aquaculture in traditional villages in
Malawi. According to him aquaculture is relatively new in the country and requires technical
support from very competent personnel. Extension depends upon effective communication
which is very different in the traditional environments in rural Africa due to the different social
structures. FAO Commission on Fisheries (1981) has adopted four front strategies for
aquaculture development concentrating on: 1) National planning development 2) The
establishment of regional research and training centers 3) The identification, formulation and
implementation of demonstration and/or pilot-scale projects, and 4) The preparation and
publication of extension manuals. Emphasis will be given to brackish water lagoon / estuary
fisheries and to aquaculture extension. Sharma (1988) has given an account of aquaculture
development and fisheries production in Nepal and pointed out training, Panchayet pond
leasing, infrastructure, fisheries extension and loan as main constraints.

34

Kumar (1992) reported that the most successful system of pond fish culture is the poly culture
of three Indian major Carp species Catla, Rohu and Mrigal along with three Chinese carps
viz. Silver carp, Grass carp and Common carp. The best results are obtained through a
judicious combination of species and appropriate pond management techniques including
pond fertilization, supplementary feeding, health care and harvest which are often adjusted
with stocking density, species ratio, fertilization schedule and supplementary feeding
program. Fish production more than 10 ton/ha/year has been achieved in India. Deppert et al
(1990) reported even higher fish production through applying intensive culture techniques
with regular fertilizing and daily feeding with high quality balanced fish feed, water
exchanges or aeration and monthly harvests. Recently the Central Institute of Freshwater
Aquaculture (CIFA) under support from Dept. of Biotechnology has come forward with an
improved freshwater aquaculture technology with a potential for producing fish over 15
ton/ha/year (Kumar. 1994 Personal communication). Kumar (1992) reported of raising fish
together with compatible combination(s) with poultry, duckery, pig rearing and cattle rising.
Fertilizers and supplementary feed are not used resulting in drastic cost reduction. Fish
production obtained from fish + pig farming, fish + duck farming and fish + poultry farming
were 6-7 ton/ha, 3-4 ton/ha and 4-5 ton/ha respectively with a reasonable amount of animal
production in the form of meat and eggs.
With the increase of irrigation facilities, the raising of boro paddy (IRRI) has also been
increased. So, in most paddy fields it is possible to culture fish with little management and
care. This gives the opportunity to raise two crops; paddy and fish at the same time from the
same land with little extra fertilizer and labor. Rice paddy varieties which are disease resistant
and fish species which are hardy, fast growing and survive in low oxygen level are selected
for rearing in rice-fish culture system. This culture technique is becoming popular in
Bangladesh day by day (NFEP, 1994). Recently the culture of fresh water prawn is also being
introduced. At present, it is being reared with carps either supplying with supplementary feed
or with fertilizing alone. The introduction of semi-intensive or intensive culture techniques
will help to increase production many folds. Cultures of Penaeid shrimp in the coastal belt are
the introduction of a gigantic shrimp farming industry in the country which requires most
improvement in the present culture techniques.

35

Kumar (1992) reported that although the world's total marine production now stands at more
than 80 million tons per year, all trends indicate that a saturation point is quickly approaching.
During the past decade the growth rate hovered around 2% much lower than earlier decades.
It is estimated that Asian aquaculture production could be raised from present 8 million to 2030 million tons a year by the end of the century. Aquaculture production has increased at an
annual growth rate of nearly 7% from 1975-84. Due to the pollution of water and over fishing,
the aquatic resources of the coast and near sea have suffered damage to a certain degree. So
marine fishing is becoming high in cost and unprofitable. Freshwater fish culture is a
profitable undertaking with low investment, quick result and low cost technology. The meat
production rate of fish culture is the highest among all forms of animal culture. Production in
the water can be done in a vertical way. And the waste of agriculture can he used in fish
culture. So, the development of agriculture, fisheries and animal husbandry can promote one
another. Because of all these reasons, many countries have gradually directed the course of
their development of fisheries to the development of aquaculture. (Anon. I978).The author
(1994) found that aquaculture production technologies are available in the country and
elsewhere which ensure fish production ranges loom 5-I5 tons/ha/year against national
average production of 1.3 tons/ha/year. In shrimp farming, the national average production is
300 kg/ha against available technology of producing 4-5 tons/ha/year. Thus a wide extension
gap exists between the technology evolved in the Research Institutes and the farmers practice
in the country.

The national daily "The Bangladesh Observer" in her sub-editorial on 4th of July, 1994 has
emphasized about the advantages of Bangladesh to other countries and mentioned that it has a
very broad base of inland freshwater along with a sea-coast which may be used for fish
production. The knowledge and skill needed for pisciculture is already available in the
country. Utilizing modern technology and inputs, the upcoming entrepreneurs might have
positive results occurring to the economy as a whole. A widening fish farming sector will also
provide rewarding jobs to the surplus agricultural labor that now migrate to cities and swell
the slums. To bring knowledge about semi-intensive fish culture to the maximum number of

36

pond operators is the basic strategy of MAEP (I993). The main instrument is the
establishment of an intensive extension program on "turn key" basis in the project area to
increase fish production. The project uses the "demonstration effect" of successful credit and
demonstration ponds to show the largely un-educated rural target group about proper methods
of pond cultivation. The approach followed by MAEP is to guarantee that all aquaculture
supports will he available in the project area down to the village and "Bari" level to provide
the improved pond production systems through skilled extension workers at the Union and
village level. The extension worker is the vehicle through which the project delivers
technology to the beneficiaries. Through credit, demonstration and contact farmers, semiintensive fish culture is demonstrated. Participatory on site rather than class room oriented
formal training in various aspects of semi-intensive aquaculture, motivation, gender and
awareness raising are undertaken by the training section. Continuous formal and non-formal
training is a major feature of the MAEP. The credit is of highly supervised in nature and are
without collateral to ensure that the loans get to project target group of poor marginal and
landless farmers including women interested in fish culture. Involvement of women in
aquaculture under MAEP is another promising feature expected to open up a new horizon as
an income generating activity especially in homestead pond aquaculture. A tight monitoring
and evaluation are done on field and financial activities. A computerized data base has been
developed and is used for field and project level production monitoring.

Second Aquaculture Development Project in Bangladesh had developed a felt need system of
aquaculture extension in the project area. The system had the opportunity to utilize the interest
free loan money from Asian Development Bank (ADB) to support the contact farmers
supplying with required inputs for fish culture as loan. The project prefers to select those
farmers who can spend some money to buy needed inputs in cases where-tendered inputs will
arrive late from the project. The project employed Fisheries Extension Officers and root level
Thana Fisheries Officers of DoF to demonstrate improved aquaculture technology to the fish
farmers through method and result demonstration while visiting the pond site. Occasionally,
neighbor pond owners/ fish farmers are invited to see/ share the method/ result demonstrations.

37

Individual contact followed by group methods is followed for communications. It is expected

that the demonstrated aquaculture technology will automatically trickle down to other farmers
of the area. The contact farmers are changed every year to cover the targeted members of
contact farmers of the project document. It was realized that the extension officers had to be
skilled up through training and practical demonstration before assigned with extension job in
the field. Post evaluation showed that instead of weeklong training arranged for the farmers,
repeated day long training gave better performance and understanding. However, the whole
system or approach is still in a developmental stage. (A. K. Mlihir Bhuiya, 1994, Personal
communication).

Northwest Fisheries Extension Project's (NFEP) main activities are poverty focused extension
and training, technology development and brood stock management. The project activities are
confined in five districts; Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Dinajpur Nilphamari and Rangpur of
North-west region of Bangladesh. The extension and monitoring team select the targeted poor
farmers by a poverty ranking method with an average income for farmers entering the project
of about Taka 7300 annually for an average household of six members. The selected extension
messages are offered to farmers through classroom and pond site training and by using ponds
as centers for demonstration and rallies. Project has the provision to provide credit in the form
of inputs. The extension officers and workers help to disseminate the better technology on
aquaculture in farmers level developed in the project. The project gives special emphasis to
use fry traders as an extension agents in aquaculture (Meherul, Personal communication,
1994).

Abed (1991) stated that development of the poor is the prime concern of the NGOs and their
focus being on poverty. NGOs work predominantly with social objectives, empowerment of
the poor, emancipation of women, removal of social prejudices and so on. Education and
consciousness, therefore, figure out prominently in a NGO activity. So, raising the
consciousness of the target people has been a major goal of the education and development
interventions designed by the NGOs. NGOs firmly believe that adoption of innovation which

38

is the goal of any extension program, cannot take place unless the capacity of the receivers is
properly developed. NGOs program are targeted to the poor - landless, small farmers,
fishermen artisans - both men and women.

Ahmed (1990) mentioned working experience with BRAC, one of the largest NGO in
Bangladesh that BRAC strives for achieving two broad goals; alleviation of poverty and
empowerment of the poor offer a full scale extension service including credit /inputs,
technology and formal and non-formal training to clients.

The name of the game of extension as with other helping professions is interacting with
people. Few professions require as much ability to accurately read people as do extension.
Good extension is carried out with and in and through people (Marsh, 1977). He further added
that the agents need to involve people, needs to help people, make behavioral changes in
themselves and bring about the adoption of change by a wider group of people through
working with them directly. This amount of peoples contact and involvement adds up to a
need to understand self and others and what goes on between them. These functions of
extension could be achieved only if' the extension workers are well equipped with recent and
new skills, knowledge and practices through an improved and continuous training program.
Research findings accept the trickle down or diffusion process which is continually going on
within the farming community. Ideas diffuse from the innovators through the early adopters to
the early minority and then trickle down to the late majority and laggards. It is this diffusion
process which advisory work (extension) seeks to initiate and accelerate. To be fully effective
advisory work must he capable of responding to and meeting the differing needs of the
different kinds of farmers making up the industry. (Anon, l989). Any extension approach has
to he analyzed both in its macro and micro environment. But the effect and contributions of
different environmental dimensions on the performance of agricultural extension has been
studied (Rahman and Mahboob, 1976; Mridha and Haque, 1975; Gross, 1977; Dey, 1985; and
House, 1981) but the results are conflicting. Client character, both at individual and system
level did not have significant influences on the performance of extension programs and
organizations under different socio-economic conditions. In extension, people often are
blamed for not changing from the traditional belief and farming practices. Chowdhury (1980)
39

questioned; is this due to people's resistance to change or the ineffectiveness of the extension
service to make them change? Do people really resist change? Some do, but others do not.
Most frequently Swanson et al. (1984) suggested that not only should agricultural extension
be client- oriented, but the technological and related needs of these different client groups
must be identified and solved. World Bank officials identified (a) appropriate technology (b)
attractive markets and (c) available inputs as the critical ingredients for successful
development (Russel, 1981). Extension effectiveness will be dependent upon those
ingredients which are outside its direct control.
Axinn and Thorat (1972) pointed out that the extent to which the goals of an agricultural
extension program will he achieved tend to be directly related to the extent to which those,
toward whom the program is directed, have participated in establishing the goals.

Research conducted by Rogers (1983) indicated that extensions effectiveness was directly
related to the number of contacts made by extension workers with given individuals, as well
as the approach used by the worker. He also revealed that the use of demonstrations was an
excellent technique to build trust and to gain acceptance of information. Consequently,
mobility is essential for contacting clients frequently and carrying out field work.

Oakley et al. (1985) recommended that wherever possible objectives of extension should be
expressed in terms of amounts and numbers rather than general statements. Oaklay et al.
(1985) advocated evaluating the effect of extension on agricultural production, family
incomes and standards of living. He further added that evaluation and farm income for a
representation sample of farm families and then comparing the figures with previous levels.
Supe (1983) recommended the devices to measure the progress towards the educational
objectives of extension which were: a) value scales b) altitude scales c) opinion polls d)
knowledge and comprehension tests e) interest checks I) skill or performance g) adoption of
practices h) case history techniques.

40

Kumar (1993) mentioned that the Trickle down System of Aquaculture Extension had
provided opportunity for fish farmers to act as extension volunteer on behalf of DoF. He
experienced that farmers were willing to work as volunteer extension agent on behalf of
Department of Fisheries (DoF). They enjoyed organizing demonstration and training for their
Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs) and maintain linkage with the Government offices and officers.
The main factors responsible for generating such an instant interest was the respect they
received in their society and the production and profit they enjoyed. Appreciation was another
tool for motivating them. The half dollar worth of medal which was awarded to the RD
worked as magic potion.

Kumar et al (1993) worked out the salient features of Trickle Down System of Extension as:
a) Farmers to farmers approach / contact b) Ensures flow of trickling down process of
knowledge and skill c) Continuous learning environment for fish farmers and Field officers d)
Promotes participatory movement e) Helps fish fanner to develop self reliance ,self-respect
and self-confidence I) Helps in creating large number of skilled fisheries extension volunteers
g) No/ or least material input assistance It) Locally applicable aquaculture extension
technology tailored according to need and ability of the fish farmers h) It gives opportunity
for fish farmers from different segments to participate. They also recommended for the
development of self-reliance, self-respect and self-confidence of clients through a) Field
oriented training program b) Field related workshop and seminar C) Assigning responsibility
d) Close supervision encouragement and time to time appreciation by supervisory officers e)
Rewarding and recognition to the best worker / officer / farmers t) Doing by self g) Start
working with what you have Ii) Strengthens collective action for implementation of their own
program and building up problem solving capacity.

Natore district was selected for the transfer of semi-intensive aquaculture technology through
'Trickle down Extension Approach'. Micro level studies of TDE approach involved various
components of performance in the light of technology adoption and response by the involved
clients and the associated field workers. Gilbert et al. (1980) identified problems facing

41

technology development, adaptation and transfer into four major groups: a) Lack of
knowledge and understanding of farming systems. b) Insufficient feedback from farmers to
research program c) Insufficient understanding of the environment within which farmers work
and) lack of mechanisms for testing and adapting technology on farmers fields. Morrison et
al. (1984) reported that many technologies designed for agriculture were basically
inappropriate for a large segment of the clientele and that the solution lies in the design of
appropriate technology which is appropriate for the resource poor farmer. Swanson et at.
(1984) reported that extension must focus on the technological needs of all categories of
farmers, not just a single category of large progressive farmers but small low access farmers
also. They also added that to do so will result in more broad-based technology utilization that
will be more efficient and effective use of the vast human resources found in the rural areas of
most developing countries. Johnson III et al. (1984) found that the most important means of
accelerating national development in economics with large agricultural sectors is the
development, adaptation and evaluation of new agricultural technology that can be adopted by
small farmers. Hence identification, development, adaptation, verification and farmer
adoption of new agricultural technology has become an important part of the economic
development strategies in many countries. Extension services can play a substantial part in
this process. (Kellog et al. 1983) & Adams (1982) identified two groups of actors, the
extension agency that have devised a certain package and want to sell it and the client group
ranging from intelligent, credit worthy, hard working, progressive farmers to the hard core of
dull witted and hopeless laggards; too poor to follow the extension agent's advice. He found
out six reasons for widening gap between rich and poor farmers and recommended that
extension workers should work with small groups of poor farmers and discuss their problems.

Sofranko (1984) recommended for broader participation in agricultural program with due
importance were: a) People participated in activities which met their "felt needs" b) Farmer's
idea should be taken into account c) Actual benefits were tied to participation d) Use of
convincing and realistic demonstrations and trials

e) Participation of a small group of

progressive farmers will not lead lo broader participation. DoF & FAO / UNDP (1993)

42

recommended for human development through TDES were: 1) Result Demonstration Fish
Farmers (RDs) should be supported to develop leadership through non-formal education,
sense of honesty, level of knowledge about improved technology, patience to solve the
problems of their own, sacrificing attitude, deep sense of self-respect and confidence, friendly
and pleasing behavior, sense of responsibility and helping attitude 2) Leadership among RDs
should he developed through systematic and organized leadership development training
program, conducting workshop at the right place, at the right time with right type of
participants, organizing seminars on problem solving topics, rewarding / recognition system,
assigning responsibility in organizing the rural development activities, close supervision and
support by supervisory officers 3) Self reliance and self-confidence should he developed
among the RDs by motivating them to work with whatever inputs they have and check the
usual temptation of seeking free input assistance credit etc. 4) Vigorous efforts should he
made to change the attitude of RDs so that they feel pride in timely repayment of credit etc 5)
Social importance to RDs should be given through extending invitation at important occasions
/ program, offering visits to Research Institute, consideration should be given to RDs in
leasing the Government ponds and visit by local officers / senior officers to his house / pond
etc. DoF / FAO/UNDP (1993) identified the guiding factors for the success of TDES was: a)
Personal profile of extension workers/ officers in term of their interest, sincerity, hard work
and commitment. b) Good relationship between RDs and Extension staff

c) Good

relationship between RDs and FFs. d) Appropriate technologies for transfer befitting to local
conditions e) Appropriate training for extension staff and fish Farmers f) Proper knowledge of
water resource management g) Timely availability of required inputs h) Requisite number of
field staff at the Thana level and facilities for their mobility i) Proper supervision and
monitoring system j) Social recognition to officers and RDs for their services. Sofrmko
(1984) concluded that the competence of extension workers and the perception of farmers will
be influenced by the training that they had and had in the social and economic spheres, their
actual experiences with farming and their interaction with the institutes and research agencies
responsible for generating new or adapted technologies. He also added that major role of the
extension worker was to asses farmers' needs, both with respect to the types of technologies

43

that would fit into their farming scheme and the skill levels and information needed to
promote successful transfer of the appropriate technology. In many cases the worker had to
get farmers to develop a need for change and work 'as a liaison between the farmer and the
ministry, agency or research organization promoting change.

Fish production trend in the country are in a transition stage from extensive to semi-intensive
and gradually in a better production level. The same is true for shrimp farming also. DoF &
FAO/UNDP (1993) reported the average fish production per hectare per year increased from
980 Kg to 3373 Kg in Rajshahi Division, from 932 Kg to 3915 Kg per hectare in Khulna
Division and from 661 Kg to 3239 Kg in Dhaka Division. Ameen (1993) found the average
fish production from the 16 ponds was 2830 Kg/ha/year (range 1890 - 3820 Kg). In both
cases, stocking density was rational with multi species and regular organic and inorganic
fertilizing and occasional feeding. Nuruzzaman (1992) reported that the average shrimp
production @ 200 kg/ha/year with extensive system with or without water quality
management and supplementary feeding with local feed staff. Ameen et al. (1986 a) have
shown from their work in Noakhali that the pond area affects carp production in them i.e. fish
yield is related to pond size. Fish production increases with unit increase in pond area and that
carp growth in ponds smaller than 0.2 acre does not compare well with that in larger ponds.
Kumar (1992) reported that the water depth and total volume of water available for individual
fish are crucial in fish culture system. Adequate water depth is needed not only for optimum
growth, but also to provide enough space and oxygen for fish life, water level in these ponds
are mainly dependant upon monsoon rains. Following the monsoon season, the water level
starts decreasing gradually and shortage of water is quite common during the summer season
which is the most crucial time for fish culture since the fish growth rate is faster in this period.
Karim (1975) mentioned that the depth of the pond should be at least 5 (150 cm) to 6'(180
cm) feet of water. When the water became shallow, light would penetrate even to the bottom,
warm up the water and facilitated an increased production. Kumar (1992) reported that the
undrainable ponds greatly varied in their dimensions ranging from 0.02 ha to over 2.5 ha
water surface area and 50 cm to 250 cm in depth. The larger ponds were relatively deeper

44

while smaller and seasonal ponds were shallower. On the other hand in deeper perennial
ponds where the water column was more than 3 m, fish life is again adversely affected. In
such ponds the photosynthetic or oxygen producing zone was less in comparison with the
oxygen consuming layer. In addition the sediment proper and the sediment community also
consumed a considerable amount of oxygen. All such conditions lead to a negative oxygen
balance. The metabolic rate of fish is restrained to a great extent by the temperature of water
when water temperature drops below 15c the fish almost stop feeding. (Anon.1979). Karim
(1975) reported that the water temperature varied at different times of the day and also during
different seasons of the year.

All activities of living creatures slowed down as the temperature falls. Carp stopped feeding at
about I0'c and become torpid at about 5c. Rising temperature increased the rate of 1)
development of animals 2) respiratory movements 3) heart beat and circulatory rhythms 4)
enzyme action and 5) other physiological processes. The water temperature also has a great
influence on the biological production, determination of spawning season etc. Rahman (1992)
reported temperature had different relations with other factors especially dissolved oxygen
content, dissolved oxygen and temperature of water showed inverse relationship. Rahman et
at. (1982) confirmed that water temperature was directly related with air temperature but
sometimes exception might occur when water temperature may be slightly higher than air
temperature. In pond bottom water temperature was slightly lower than or equal to surface
water temperature.

Plankton volume and water colors are directly related and influenced by primary producers
that are plankton biomass of a pond. Kumar (1992) reported that primary productivity was
dependant on light, carbon dioxide, temperature and essential nutrients, each of which could
be a limiting factor. Islam et al. (1978) found out that primary productivity showed a positive
correlation with solar radiation, alkalinity and p H of water. Das and Srivastava (1956 &1959)
reported a bimodal pattern of plankton production in freshwater ponds of Uttar Pradesh, while
the planktonic peaks in these ponds were recorded in spring and monsoon; the troughs were

45

discernible during summer and autumn. It was observed that the dominant planktonic forms
during the period of maxima belonged to phytoplankton and these dominating during the
period of minima belonged to zooplankton. Rahman (1992) found out that in most cases green
or blue green or red color appeared in pond water due to bloom.

Jhingran (1985) informed that plankton blooms were very often responsible for imparting to
the water certain colors like green, dark dirty brown, yellowish green, yellowish brown,
reddish brown, bluish green etc. The principal participants in such blooms were a number of
species of phytoplankton belonging to Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae. Chrysophyceae,
Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Myxophyceae.

Rahman (1992) reported that the best pond bottom soil was that where decomposition of
organic matter was rapid and soil-water interaction was continuous and favorable to release
essential nutrients from bottom-mud.

Jhingran (1985) observed that the pH of the soil influenced transformation of soluble
phosphates and controlled by the absorption and released of ions of essential nutrients at soilwater interlace.

Kumar (1993) mentioned that the TDS of Aquaculture Extension provided opportunity for
fish farmers to act as volunteer extension agent on behalf of DOF. He also found that there
was a real urge for learning new improved farming practice among the clientele which
remained masked by the greed for material provision. Quality of training and approach had
been found to influence the program. A systematic approach for extension program had been
found to be highly desirable. He also mentioned that encouraging the farmers to conduct
training and demonstration for their FFs and participation at the workshops, inspired sense of
self-confidence, self-respect, sense of owns with the DOF and the Fisheries Officers and also
helped in building up leading quality.

46

CHAPTER-03
METHODS AND MATERIALS

47

3. METHODS AND MATERIALS

3.1 Location of the Study
The present study was conducted in the north-western part of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is
located between 20.34 to N. latitude and 88A1 to 92.4 E. longitudinal axis. The area of
Bangladesh is I43778 sq. km.; 65% of which is arable. About 85% of the area is flat alluvial
plain criss-crossed by mighty rivers the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna and their
numerous tributaries. The delta is one of the largest of the world, which after the deposition of
rich alluvial soil provides very fertile land. It enjoys a sub-tropical monsoon climate. It has a
population of about 125 million. The country is divided into 5 divisions, 64 districts and 460
thanas. The study area covers 4, out of 6 thanas under Natore district. The location of Natore
district has been shown in the country map (Fig .6).
Fig. 6. Map of Bangladesh showing Natore District

48

3.2 Populations of Study

In Natore, there are more than 12,545 ponds covering an area of 3,161 ha in Natore district.
The study covers 20 Result Demonstrations Fish Farmers' designated as 'Result
Demonstrator' (RD), 200 Fellow Fish Farmers (FF) and their families. Moreover, numerous
fish farmers linked with RDs as their neighbors, friends, relatives, colleagues etc. were also
included as the non-contact farmers and constituted the part of the population for the present
study. Two FFs from each RD were selected by random sampling method. Thus 40 FFs from
20 RDs were selected for this study. 20 ponds belonging to 20 RDs varying in size, shape, and
soil condition and water depth have been chosen for this field oriented study.

3.3 Field Employment of TDE Approach

To implement the TDE Approach in aquaculture development, eleven districts were selected
throughout the country and Natore was one of them. As there was no definite fisheries
extension system of DoF so a selected number of thanas were included in the project to gain
experience for further expansion of project area. Four out of six thanas of Natore district were
selected for smooth implementation of aquaculture extension program through TDE
Approach. A limited number of RDs were selected from each thana considering the limited
facilities and manpower. The number of selected RDs (Table 1) from each thana was as
follows:
Table 1. Number of selected RDs (thana wise) under Natore district
Sl. No.

Name of thana

Number of RDs

1.

Natore sadar

2.

Singra

3.

Bagatipara

4.

Boraigram

Total

20

49

An especially designed record keeping book was supplied to the RDs to keep records of all
the activities pertaining to production technologies followed, inputs used and the expenditures
incurred with the help of extension personnel; the Thana Fisheries Officer or Assistant
Fisheries Officer (TFO/AFO). A sample copy of the record keeping book is enclosed in
Appendix A. Either TFO or AFO performed at least two visits a month to the RDs pond to
extend necessary guidance and to help carry on method demonstrations whenever organized.
The author also visited the respective RDs pond frequently. The extension personnel properly
explained to the RD what was required to be done within the next fortnight to one month and
also inserted his advice in the record book kept with the RD. During the visit the Extension
Personnel reviewed the progress, identified the problems and suggested the possible solution.
All the activities were systematically monitored and communicated to the higher authority. A
special designed field diary was given to the TFO/AFO for this purpose. A sample copy of
the field diary is enclosed in Appendix B. The diary was submitted to the District Fisheries
Officer, Natore every month to appraise the on going activities and also to receive necessary
guidance if required. DFO Natore (author) inserted his guidance / remarks in the diary for
further course of action. The progress and problems were also discussed during the scheduled
monthly meeting chaired by the author (DFO) at the district headquarter where all the TFOs
and Farm Managers (FMs) duly attend. Three workshops were organized at considerable
intervals where Extension Personnel including the author (DFO) and RDs were given
opportunity to exchange and express their views, experience and results to revitalize the
system.

A day long extension orientation program was organized for the TFOs / AFOs and made them
understand the program objectives, the system design and its operation. Record keeping and
reporting schedules, such as RDs record keeping book, tour diary of the TFOs/ AFOs, reporting
format etc were properly explained. Orientation was followed by week long Comprehensive
Extension Training on fish culture for all the involved officers. The curriculum also included
practical exercise on field activities to be undertaken by them. This brought clarity in their
understanding about the package of practices of the selected production technologies and the

50

mechanism of its transfer. Concept of fishery extension, communication, appropriate extension

teaching methods and tools, extension program planning etc formed part of the comprehensive
training. Discussions were organized after every field exercise to review the field problems
encountered in the process and solutions were found out. The extension program got momentum
after the comprehensive extension training. During the field operation the extension agents were
given guidance and necessary support through periodical visits by the project extension experts.
Growing popularity and respect of extension personnel among the fish farming community
brought more dedication and confidence in their approach.

3.4 Selection of Result Demonstrators (RDs)

Since frequent contact between the TFOs/ AFOs and the individual fish farmer is not possible,
the message focused on:
a) A small number of selected fish farmers 'Result Demonstrators representing all the
segments of the fish farming community;
b) Formal and informal fish farmer groups or organization such as fishermen cooperatives, private hatchery operators, fry/fingerling producers etc. Emphasis were
given to select those fish farmers who were ready to learn, try out, adopt improved fish
production technology and spread the information among other farmers. Moreover, he
was convinced to provide a feed back on problems faced in adoption of recommended
practice as well as other problems impending fisheries development.
The following criteria were followed in the selection of RDs for this study:
i)

RD was the sole owner of the pond and able to afford considerable time for pond
fish farming activities;

ii)

They were selected from a cross section of the society so that they represent
various socio-economic groups which comprises the village society;

iii)

They were educated having at least working knowledge of reading and writing in
Bengali;

iv)

They were respected persons in their own community;

51

v)

They were interested to receive new ideas and practices and willing to try them out
and spread the acquired knowledge to other fish farmers of the locality;

vi)

They were responsive to meet and assist TFOs / AFOs during their visits and
discussed all problems associated with adaptations of new methods/ technologies and
the results of the technology adopted;

vii)

They were able to meet the material inputs cost at least 70% of their own;

viii)

They were active and enthusiastic.

Thus 20 RDs from 4 thanas of Natore district were selected. Each RD was provided with a
Sign Board from the project office to fix up adjacent to his pond or road side so that most of
the villagers could see the Sign Board from a distance. The following writing in Bangla was
written in the sign board which is translated below:

Fish Culture Demonstration and Advisory Center

Management by

: Dept. of Fisheries and

FAO /UNDP project BGD/87/045

Name of Pond Owner

Area of pond

Code

This signboard was a strong social and technological recognition of the RD towards best
innovators in the locality. Each RD is assigned with a given code number. The code number
was formulated taking the first letter for the district name and two letters from Thana name
and then a serial number from the district serial. Thus NSR-18 stands for a RD of Natore
district of Singra thana and his serial number is 18. In this way 1-20 RD was given a code
number. In the present study, these code numbers will be used instead of particular name of
RD. However RDs were selected in such a way that from each village a single RD represents
the community. The name of RDs with code number, name of village, and Thana along with
their area of pond is listed in Table 2.
52

Table 2. Code Number of RDs with name of Natore district

Name of Thana
Bagatipara

Boraigram

Natore Sadar

Singra

Code#
NBP-01
NBP-02
NBP-03
NBP-04
NBR-05
NBR-06
NBR-07
NBR-08
NBR-09
NBR-10
NNS-11
NNS-12
NNS-13
NNS-14
NNS-15
NNS-16
NSR-17
NSR-18
NSR-19
NSR-20

Name of RD
Md. Abdul Aziz
Md. Rafiquddin
Md. Ansaruddin
Md. Abdul Gani
Md. Moslem Hossain
Md. Abdus Sattar
Md. Shahidul Islam
Md. Nurul Amin
Md. Mosharaf
Md. Khalilur Rahman
Md. Abdul Jalil
Md. Ershad Ahmed
Sheikh Ramjan Ali
Md. Afazuddin
Md. Matiur Rahman
Md. Mokhtar Hossain
Md. Abdus Salam
Md. Akhteruzzaman
Md. Taibur Rahman
Md. Islamil Hossain

53

Name of village
Bhitarbhagh
Noorpur
Faguardiar
Pearabaria
Gunaihati
Koidima
Kachutia
Kalikapur
Haroa
Gunaihati
Faridpur Amhati
Bonbelghoria
Duttapara
Thakur luxmikole
Ekdala
Dhakopara
Katapukuria
Telegram
Chatardhigi
Singra
Total Water Area

Pond Area (ha)

0.40
0.24
0.06
0.18
0.40
0.17
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.10
0.93
1.00
0.93
0.40
0.11
0.13
0.43
0.18
0.33
0.18
6.35

3.5 Selection of Demonstration Pond

In the selection of the demonstration ponds, the following points were given due
importance:
i)

Ponds w i t h perfectly built dykes to avoid the risk of flooding;

ii)

Ponds were located near the RDs homestead to avoid poaching or least
risk of poaching;

iii)

Ponds were perennial in nature;

iv)

Better road communication to facilitate frequent visits.

3.6 Nomination of Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs)

After initiation of fish culture activities in full swing, the RDs nominated their 10 (ten)
Fellow Farmers (FFs) in consultation with concerned T F O . The RDs tried to keep contact
with his FFs and invited him in in-situ fish culture training program arranged by him with
support from concerned TFO. The RDs were also encouraged to visit his FFs pond whenever
opportunity comes. The FFs were encouraged to keep a close contact with his RD and consult
with him for any encountered problem on fish culture. Thus 20 RDs nominated 200 Fellow
Fish Farmers in their locality.

3.7 Fish culture Training of RDs and FFs

TFO invited his RDs for day long in-situ training preferably at one of the RD's pond site. The
content of the training was directed towards building up of self confidence, self-respect,
leadership, managerial capability and fish culture skill.

The set up of the training was kept informal so as to make it more participatory and to
encourage the RDs to discuss their problems and clear their doubts and queries. They were
also reminded about their social and religious responsibility to train 10 neighboring FFs on
fish culture that are going to be selected at their own recommendation. Fish culture steps like
pond preparation including dyke repair, weed clearance, netting of weed fishes, removal of
excessive bottom mud, application of lime, application of fertilizer and filling with water,
54

stocking with fish fingerlings, regular manuring, supply of fish feed, partial harvesting and
restocking etc were exhibited through appropriate extension teaching methods and tools for
making the communication most effective. After four months of field operation similar daylong training-cum-discussion was again organized for RDs at one of the RD's pond site which
served as refresher-cum-follow-up course. Their on-farm problems were discussed and
solutions were advised. The training of RDs and FFs were always conducted separately. After
3-4 months of culture operations when the crop becomes matured enough to be displayed RDs
were encouraged and supported to organize a day-long training program and method
demonstrations at their pond site for their FFs. For convenience and economy of time, usually
two RDs and their linked 20 FFs were grouped together for the training. During training,
extension materials and tools were used. Simple and pictorial instructional manual on fish
culture (in Bangla) prepared by the project was distributed among the participants through
their respective RDs. Such short demonstration-cum-training program was repeated once in
every 3-4 months. At the time of harvest, the crop as well as the economics were properly
displayed and explained to all FFs and other neighboring farmers. This helped FFs to acquaint
with the production and profit potential of the endeavor; arouse interest and also gave them
confidence to act as RD in the subsequent cycle.

3.8 Monitoring of Physico-chemical Parameters of RDs Pond

The following parameters were monitored at fixed interval to assess the productivity of
individual RD's pond. The parameters like water area, water depth, water temperature,
plankton volume and water color were monitored and recorded for 12 months beginning from
April 1992 to March 1993 whereas fish fingerling stocking, material input, labor input and
fish harvesting data were monitored and recorded for two years i.e. 24 months beginning from
July 1992 to June 1994. Soil nutrient including N. P. K., organic carbon, pH and physical
composition were analyzed and recorded in the month of June, 1994.

55

3.8.1 Water Area

The water area of each RD's pond was taken in April, 1992 and recorded in hectares. Thus the
total water area of each pond was expressed in ha.

3.8.2 Water Depth

The water depth of individual RDs pond was also recorded in the first week of every month.
As the depth of a pond generally varies from middle to the adjacent sides, so more than two
readings were taken by a bamboo stick and measured with a measuring tape and then average
depth was recorded in meters (m).

3.8.3 Water Temperature

Surface water temperature of individual RD's pond was recorded using a graduated centigrade
thermometer from 0c to I00 0 c. The temperature was recorded between 10-00 to 11-00 a.m.
in the first two days of every week.

3.8.4 Plankton Volume

One hundred liters of pond water was filtered through the plankton net and the sample was
preserved in 5% formaldehyde. Then the sample was transferred to a graduated cylinder and
allowed for 5-6 hours to settle the plankton at the bottom and recorded its volume and
expressed the volume as ml of plankton/l (Kumar, 1992). The plankton volume of individual
RD's pond was monitored fortnightly and continued for one year beginning from April 1992
to March 1993.

3.8.5 Water Color

The color of individual RD's pond water was observed in naked eyes during day-time and
recorded the color. This observation was carried out on fortnightly basis.

56

3.8.6 Soil Nutrient

Soil samples 400-500 gm (appx.) were collected from each RD's pond bottom manually and
put immediately in polythene bag for further analysis. Precautions were taken so that soil
nutrients were not washed away. Soil samples were air dried in an open room by opening the
mouth of the polythene bag but not in the direct sun. The samples were brought to Soil
Resource Development Institute (SDI), Shyampur, Rajshahi, Ministry of Agriculture, GoB for
analysis. An arrangement was made with the Institute for analysis of the soil samples in their
well equipped Soil Analysis laboratory. Soil samples were analyzed to find out the nutrient
value according to the procedure mentioned below.

3.8.7 Methods of Soil Analysis

Minimum five soil samples were collected from the top soft layer of each RD's pond.
However the number of samples depends upon the variability of the soil quality. The samples
were mixed well to get uniform composite sample. Samples were air dried in shade and
grounded to fine powder by wooden hammer and strained through 2 mm sieve.

3.8.8 Physical Composition

Gravimetric method was followed to find out the physical composition of soil samples.
Procedure: 20 gm soil was taken in a 400 ml beaker, added 35 ml H 2O2 while keeping the
beaker on water bath. When the reaction was over, added more H 2O2 till no more frothing
taken place. Cooled and added 50 ml (N) MCI and 200 ml distilled water and allowed the
content to stand for an hour with occasional stirring. Filtered the soil and washed free of acid
with hot water, tested by AgNo3 solution. Transferred the soil to a beaker, added 8 ml (N)
NaOH solution and shake for another 20 minutes in a mechanical shaker. The contents now
were transferred to a 1000 ml measuring cylinder, shake vigorously for 1minute and allowed
to stand for 4 minutes. Suck 20 ml of the content with a 20 ml pipette from I0 cm level. Dry it
in a beaker till constant weight was attained which gave the weight of silt and clay. The
operation was repeated after 6 hours to get the weight of clay alone. The percentage of sand
was obtained by deducting percentage of clay + silt from 100. Similarly percentage of clay
was subtracted from that of clay + silt to get the percentage of silt.
57

3.8.9 Soil pH
Place a layer of neutral barium sulphate 1 cm thick in a 50 ml dry test tube, added 10 gm of
air-dried powdered soil sample and added 25 ml of distilled water, shake well and keep it for
settling. Take 10 ml of clear aliquot were taken in a glass tube provided with the color
comparator and added 0.2 ml of universal indicator. The glass tube was shaken gently and
matched the color against standard color disc for that indicator. After ascertaining the
approximate pH value, used suitable indicators to determine the exact pH. Bromothymal blue
for pH range of 6.0 - 7.6, Phenol red for 6.8 - 8.4 and thymol blue for 8.0 - 9.6 were used as
indicators. After adding the required indicator stirred the sample and matched the color
against appropriate standard color disc and read the values.

3.8.10 Organic Carbon

Procedure: Place I gm of soil sample (0.5 gm and 2.0 gm for soils with expected high and
low organic Carbon levels respectively) in a 500 ml flask. Added 10 ml of reagent (1) and
mixed thoroughly. Added 20 ml of reagent (V) and mixed gently by rotation. The mixture is
allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Added water to make up to 200 ml and then added 10 ml of
reagent number (iv). Titrate with (N) Fe (NH4) 2SO4 or (N) FeO4 solution using I ml dauphin
lamina as indicator. At the end point, color of the solution sharply changes to a brilliant green.

Calculation:
Organic Carbon (%)
= (Titration Value (ml) for blank - titration value (ml) with soil) x 0.3
Total Nitrogen Procedure: Take 10 gm of air-dried soil in a kjeldahl flask. Added 30
ml of concentrated. H2SO4, 1.0 gm of salicylic acid and kept in cold for 30 minutes. Now
added 5.0 gm of sodium thiosulphate and again kept for 30 minutes. Added 1.0 gin of
powdered copper sulphate and 10 gm of potassium sulphate and digested the mixture. Clear
blue color of the solution indicates completion of digestion. Cooled and transferred with water
to an ammonia distillation flask. Make it alkaline with excess of 12 (N) NaoH using
phenolphthalein as indicator and distilled off the ammonia collecting it in 25 ml 0 .1 (N)

58

H2SO4 in a conical flask with a few drops of methyl red indicator. Collect about 150 ml of the
distillate. Titrated the excess of a 0.1 (N) H2SO4 with 0.1 (N) NaoH till the solution turns color
less.

Calculation:
Total nitrogen (%)
= (25 - No. of ml of NaoH required) x 0.0014 x100
weight of soil taken

3.8.11 Available Phosphorus

Procedure: Standard curve: Taken 0.5 ml, 2.5 ml, 5.0 nil and 10.0 ml of 2 ppm solution of
phosphorus in 50 ml capacity volumetric flasks. Added 2.0 ml of sulphomalylodic acid in
each flask. Made the volume up to 50 ml mark by adding distilled water and added 5 drops of
SNCL2 while shaking gently. The color develops at its full intensity in 3 - 4 minutes and
begins to fade after 10-12 minutes. Found out the respective optical density readings by the
help of a photoelectric calorimeter or a spectrophotometer and plot the readings against the
corresponding concentrations of phosphorus to prepare a standard curve.

I gm of air-dried and powdered soil sample were taken in a glass bottle with stopper, added
200 ml of 0.002 (N) H2SO4 solution and shake for 30 minutes with a mechanical shaker. The
solution was filtered immediately in a whatman No.42 filter paper. 25 ml of the clear filtrate
were taken and found out the concentration of phosphorus in that solution through the
standard curve.

Calculation:
Available Phosphorus (mg) / 100 gm soil =ppm Phosphorus in solution x 20

59

3.9 Stocking of Fingerlings

RDs were strongly encouraged to stock 7.5 - 12.5 cm (3-5 inches) healthy indigenous major
carp viz.; Catla (C. catla). Rohu (L. rohita) and Mrigal (C. mrigala) and exotic carps viz.;
Silver Carp (H. molitrix), Common carp (C. carpio) and Grass carp (C. idella) fingerlings in
their ponds. The numbers and species composition of fish fingerlings were recommended
considering the productivity of the pond, ability of input supply and level of management skill
of the pond owner and advice to keep the record in the record book. The average weights of
fingerlings were also recorded averaging 10-15 fingerlings in a sensitive spring balance. The
dates of stocking were also recorded. Before stocking in the pond, fingerlings were given
prophylactic treatment using one teaspoonful of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in 10 liters
of water or 250 gm of table salt. RDs were advised for multiple harvesting of fish and
stocking with the same numbers and species of fish fingerlings. Common carp (C. carpio)
were kept in close observation during their maturity stage so that they could not reproduce
naturally in the pond and increase the number of stock in the pond.

3.10 Material Inputs

Material input utilized for fish culture in each RDs pond was recorded properly by RD himself
in the record book. Material inputs like poison, fuel, lime, organic and inorganic manure,
fish fingerlings, medicines, fish feed and others, if any, applied in the pond were recorded
daily both in quantity and cost and sum up monthly basis to calculate the material input cost
and quantity utilized.

3.11 Labor Inputs

Labor input employed for fish culture activities in each RD's pond was recorded daily.
Laborer cost was calculated according to the prevailing wage rate in the locality. Laborer cost
were included for activities like dyke repair, weed clearance, application of poison, pond
bottom stirring, application of manure and fish feed, netting, guarding etc in the pond and
were sum up monthly basis.

60

3.12 Fish Harvesting

RDs sold their first crop of surface feeder species viz; Silver carp (H.molitrix) and Catla (C.
catla) when they attained 0.75-1.0 kg in weight. RDs were explained and motivated to sell
other fishes when they attain also one kg (appx.) in weight to avail the benefit of optimum
carrying capacity of his pond and encouraged to substitute by stocking the same number of
fish species. RDs were advised to keep the number and weight of fish taken out from the pond
and the sale price of fish sold and records the same in the record book. Extension personnel
helped the RD while visiting his pond to maintain the record properly. This sort of activities
were given due importance to bring confidence in the fish culture activities by calculating the
expenditure incurred and income gained.

3.13 Trickle down Extension Evaluation

Due importance were given to evaluate the efficiency of TDE Approach in aquaculture
development. A survey format prepared by Fishery Extension Expert under FAO/UNDP
project (BGD/87/045) for evaluation of impact on socio-economic changes, technological
changes and economics of culture operations of Result Demonstration and acceptance of
technical know-how through "Trickle down Extension Approach" was used. A sample copy of
the evaluation format is enclosed in Appendix C. The format consisted of three sections viz;
i)

Socio-economic factors

ii)

Technological factors

iii)

Input used (quantity / cost)/production level achieved.

Necessary modifications/ improvement were done in the original format to suit and facilitate
this study. The data were collected from the respective RD's and FF's on a suitable prescheduled date and time in their house/ pond site through interview method and recorded in
the format for further analysis. A twelve month period were considered a full carp culture
cycle. This one culture cycle was again considered to evaluate the impact of adoption of
semi-intensive fish culture (SIF) technology through TDE approach. Hence to measure the
socio-economical and technological change, evaluation were done before and after one year

61

adoption of SIF through TDE approach. On the other hand, 24 months, i.e. two culture-cycles
were considered for production level achieved after adoption of semi intensive fish culture
technology.

3.14 Operationalization of Semi-Intensive Fish Culture (SIF) Technological Factors

3.14.1 Culture Technology
This was determined on the basis of an individual's actual use either extensive or semiintensive fish culture technology (SIF) with a score of 0 and I respectively.

3.14.2 Fish Species

It was measured on the basis of numbers of fish species reared. The six species viz., Silver
carp, Catla, Rui, Grass carp, Mrigal and Common carp combination as recommended in semiintensive fish culture were treated as the best polycultured species and deviation from this as
unacceptable with a score of 2 and 1 respectively.

3.14.3 Stocking Density

This was measured on the basis of numbers of fish / fingerlings stocked at the recommended
rate of 6000/ha. Any increase in stocking density exceeding the recommended numbers of fish
fingerlings/ha were considered as major deviation from recommended culture technology for
this study. A score of 2 and 1 were allotted for practicing and non-practicing the recommended
rate respectively.

3.14.4 Stocking Ratio

It was determined on the basis ohm individual's actual maintenance of stocking of fish species
ratio in the recommended polyculture practice with a score of 2 and l for follow-up and
deviation from this respectively.

3.14.5 Stocking Size

It was measured on the basis of recommended size (7-12 cm) of fish fingerlings stocking with
a score of 2 and I for adopting and deviation respectively.
62

3.14.6 Stocking Date

This was determined on the basis of stocking of pond with a highest score of 2 for early
stocking in the months of June - July and 2 for late stocking i.e. in the months of Aug. September.

3.14.7 Period of Rearing

This was measured in terms of time spent for raising one crop of fish. Time spent up to one
year for one crop was considered as the standard and more than this was deviation with a
score of 2 and 1 respectively.

3.14.8 Manure & Fertilizer Application

This was measured on the basis of application of manure both organic and inorganic in the
fish pond. As both organic and inorganic fertilizers are considered very important for fish
pond, so a score of I were attributed for their use in the fish pond by any individual and zero
for non-use.

3.14.9 Lime Application

This was measured on the basis of use of lime in the fish pond by any individual with a score
of 1 and 0 for no use at all.

3.14.10 Periodicity of Manuring

This was measured on the basis of period of manure use. The duration of the period were
daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly and irregular with a score 5,4,3,2 & 1 and zero for no use
of manure. Daily use of manure was preferred most for highest biological production.

3.14.11 Method of Manure Application

It was measured on the basis of method followed in applying manure in the fish pond.
The method were dumping at the corner, broadcasting throughout the pond and mixing with
water and application throughout with a score of 1, 2 & 3 respectively.
63

3.14.12 Feed Used

It was measured on the basis of either use of supplementary feed in the pond or not with a
score of 1 for use and 0 for not use.

3.14.13 Periodicity of Feeding

This was measured on the basis of feed supply in the pond in respect of duration. The duration
was daily, weekly and irregular with a score of 3.2 & 1 respectively.

3.14.14 Prophylactic Treatment

It was measured on the basis of recommended prophylactic treatment to fish during raising
period. The treatment might be given during every periodical netting, stocking time,
occasional and no treatment at all with a score of 3, 2, 1 & 0 respectively.

3.14.15 Health Check

It was measured on the basis of health check of fish by fish farmers to ascertain normal
growth of fish with a score of I for checking health of fish & 0 for not checking.

3.14.16 Sampling of Fish

It was measured on the basis of sampling of fish to record the growth rate in weight basis in
respect with time. The time of sampling was monthly, quarterly, half yearly and irregular with a
score of 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. However, a 0 score was given for non-use of the technology.

3.14.17 Multiple Harvest and Stock Practice

It was measured on the basis of practice of multiple fish harvest and fingerling stock
technology to boost higher production. A score of 1 was given for practicing the technology
and 0 for non-use.

64

3.14.18 Eradication of Unwanted Fish

It was measured on the basis of recommended procedure followed in eradicating unwanted
fish from the pond. The procedures were poisoning, dewatering and repeated netting with a
score of 3, 2, & 1 respectively. However, a 0 score was given for non-use of the technology.

3.14.19 Eradication of Aquatic Weeds

It was measured on the basis of method followed in eradicating aquatic weeds from the pond
under culture. The methods were mechanical, biological and chemical use with a score of 3, 2,
I and 0 score was given for non-use of the technology respectively.

3.15 Data Collection

The data related with fish production in RD's pond was collected for 24 months representing
two crop cycles and began from July 1992 and ended in June 1994 respectively whereas
parametric data were collected for 12 months from April 1992 to March 1993 respectively
after adoption of SIF technology through TDE approach. Bench mark survey and extension
evaluation data were collected by the investigator himself. The physical parameters of RD's
pond were collected by the respective TFOs/AFOs. They were fully explained and
demonstrated the method for proper collection of data from the RD's pond. The data related
with fish production were first recorded in the record book supplied to the RD. The data were
then compiled from the RD's book and analyzed to gather information about production level,
inputs use, cost function, level of income, employment generation and problems encountered.
The data also provided information about contribution of different species of fish to the
income, production, relative expenditure on different inputs like feed, seed, manure etc and
overall economics.

65

3.16 Statistical Analysis

The data collected for this study were compiled, tabulated and analyzed in accordance with
the objectives of the study. Statistical measures such as number and percentage distribution,
range and standard deviation were used in describing the efficiency of the approach. For
clarity of understanding, tables were also used for presenting the data. T-statistic was also
computed to find out the differences. Wherever possible, numeric figures were used to
quantify the differences between RD's and FF's rather giving a simple statement.

Data were collected during the study period beginning from April 1992 to June 1994 where in:
a) 1 US $

= Taka 40.00

b) 1 kg of fish

= Taka 30.00 appx. (medium size)

= Taka 40.00 appx. (bigger size) local whole sale market

c) Bangla shon (Bengali calendar year) = Baisakh (middle of April to middle of May)to
Chaitra (middle of April to middle of May)
= 12 months one full carp culture cycle

66

CHAPTER-04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

67

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results
4.1.1 Result Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs)
Initially 20 RDs from 4 thanas were selected for aquaculture extension under TDES. In the
end of study period of two years, number of RDs increased from 20 to 72. Out of which, 20
were initial and 52 were converted RDs (CRDs) from Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs). Number of
RDs and FFs along with converted RDs (CRDs) has been shown in Fig.7.
Fig. 7. Number of RD, FF, CRD & Total RD

Besides listed FFs, there were additional FFs as relatives, friends and colleagues including
family members of the RDs. When the TDS of aquaculture extension program was in full
swing and RDs & FFs started harvesting their fish, many interested persons/pond owner
approached the concerned TFOs and the observer to include them as RD under the project.
But considering the limitations of resources and management strategy, number of RDs were
kept limited for the study period.

68

4.1.2 Physico-chemical Parameters of RDs Pond

4.1.2.1 Water Area and Depth
All the demonstration ponds were undrainable and rain fed in nature. The water spread area
was found to be directly related with the water depth. When depth of water increased, the area
of the pond also increased. The area and depth of water has been shown in Table 4.
Fig. 8. Water Area of RDs' Pond

RD
Fig. 9. Water Depth of RDs' Pond

RD

69

Relatively deeper ponds (around 2 m) possessed better fish production potential. The water
depths varied with rain fall as the pond are rain fed. Hence the depth increased during rainy
season i.e. July and August and decreased to minimum during dry period i.e. February to May.
The highest and lowest water areas were 1.03 and 0.04 ha respectively. Whereas the highest
and lowest water depth recorded were 3.50 m and 0.95 m respectively. The water area and
depth under observation were found to be quite typical to sub-tropical climatic conditions.

4.1.2.2 Water Temperature

Recorded water temperature has been shown in Fig.10. The highest and lowest water
temperature 39.0 0C and 22.5 C were recorded in the second weeks of April 92 and January
'93 respectively. The recorded annual mean water temperature was 30.4 C. The temperature
varied with the change of sub-tropical weather conditions. The temperature fluctuations were
always within the optimum level of carp growth in pond.

Fig. 10. Weekly water temperature (0C) in RDS Pond during 1399 B.S
(April/92-March/93)

70

4.1.2.3 Plankton Volume

The Volume of plankton recorded on fortnightly basis in RDs pond is presented in Fig.11.
The highest and lowest mean plankton volume recorded was 0.008 and 0.002 ml/1
respectively and the mean plankton volume was 0.038 ml/1 of pond water. The volume of
plankton was dependant on a number of physico-chemical as well as biological parameters
such as availability of nutrients, growth rate of plankton, grazing by stocked species of fishes
and age of fish fingerlings. Every day the crop of plankton were simultaneously consumed by
herbivores, zooplankton and fishes.
Fig. 11. Plankton volume (settling volume) in ml of plankton/l water in RDs pond
for 1399 B.S. (April'92-March '93)

RD

The variation of plankton volume was within the acceptable range and maintained as optimum
steady level throughout the culture period. Regular liquid manuring with organic manures and
inorganic fertilizers facilitates better growth of plankton.
4.1.2.4 Water Color
Color of the water of RDs pond was recorded fortnightly which is presented in Table 3. Green
to greenish and brown to brownish color were mainly observed during the study period with
variation of light to deep. The color of water was the resultant reflection of primary producers
71

i.e. plankton dominated in the water body. In few cases, light turbid/muddy colors were
observed due to mixture of suspended soil particles in water after heavy rain. In rare cases,
common carp stirred the bottom mud in search of food and caused turbidity due to increased
suspended solids.

72

Table 3. Water color of RDs Pond

RD#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

April92
1st
2nd
LG
LG
B
LM
G
LG
LG
LG
G
G
G
DBG
LG
LG
G
LT
G
T
LG
DB
LG
G
G
G
B
GY
LG
DG
LG
G
DG
B
LG
LB
G
G
LG
GY
LG
LG

1st
G
LG
G
G
LG
LG
G
LG
T
B
G
G
B
B
B
B
LG
LG
LB
LG

May
2nd
G
G
G
LG
G
G
G
G
LG
LB
DG
LG
LB
BS
LB
LG
LG
G
GS
LGY

June
1st
2nd
LT
LG
T
LT
LG
LG
G
LG
LG
GY
G
LG
LG
LGY
GY
LG
G
G
G
LG
BG
G
T
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
B
LG
G
LB
LB
G
BG
LGY
LG
GY
LG

1st
LG
G
LT
DG
LT
LG
LG
G
LG
G
T
G
T
GY
LB
LG
LG
DG
GY
G

July
2nd
G
G
GS
LG
G
G
DG
DG
G
LG
LG
LG
LG
LGY
LB
LG
LGY
G
LG
LG

Aug
1st
2nd
LT
LT
GY
BS
LG
G
G
T
LG
G
DG
LG
G
LG
LG
LG
DG
LG
DG
LB
GY
LG
LG
GY
GY
GY
LGY LG
LG
G
LG
G
LG
LG
G
LG
LG
GY
BL
LG

Sept
1st
2nd
DG
DG
LG
G
LG
LG
LG
G
G
LG
G
LG
G
LG
LG
G
LG
LG
G
LG
DG
G
LG
G
LGY
LG
LG
GS
G
B
G
LG
GY
LGY
LG
DGY
LGY LGY
LG
GY

Oct
1st
2nd
LG
LB
LG
LB
LG
G
LG
LG
LG
BS
G
G
LG
LG
LB
B
LG
LB
LBL
B
LG
LB
LG
LB
LG
LB
LGY
LG
GY
LGY
B
LB
BS
DB
LG
LB
LG
LG
LG
LGY

Nov
1st
2nd
LB
LG
BS
G
G
G
B
GS
LB
LG
LG
LB
G
BS
BS
GSB
LB
LG
LG
GY
B
LG
B
LGY
BS
LB
LB
B
LBL
LG
LBL
LG
LB
LGY
BS
BS
LGY
B
LGY
B

Dec
1st
2nd
G
G
DG
BS
LG
BS
LBL
G
B
B
BS
LG
B
G
GSB
LB
LG
G
B
LB
B
LG
GY
BS
GY
B
LGY
BS
B
LGY
LG
LGY
GY
GY
RB
GY
LB
LN
LG
LG

Jan93
1st
2nd
LG
LG
LB
GY
LG
G
G
DG
B
LG
LG
G
G
DG
LG
G
G
G
LG
LG
LG
G
LB
LG
LG
LG
LB
GY
BSG
LG
LGY LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
G
B
LB

Feb
1st
2nd
LG
G
BS
G
G
DG
DG
DG
DG
G
DG
G
DG
LG
GLG LG
G
T
LB
DB
G
LG
G
G
G
LG
LG
LB
LG
LB
G
LB
GY
LB
G
LG
G
LY
LG
LG

Mar93
1st
2nd
BG
DG
LG
DG
DG
G
G
DG
G
G
GY
G
LG
G
LG
G
LG
T
B
DB
LBL
G
LBL
BL
BL
BL
B
B
B
BSG
B
LB
LG
LG
G
LTM
G
GB
GB

Legend: DG=Deep Green; LG= Light Green ; G= Green ; B= Brown ; BS=Brownish ; T= Turbid ; LB= Light Brown ; LM=Light Muddy; GY=Grey; LGY=Light Grey ; GS= Greenish; DBG= Deep
Blue Green ; LT=Light Turbid; BL=Blue ; DGY=Deep Grey; LBL=Light Blue ; GSB=Greenish brown; RB=Reddish Brown ; BSG=Brownish Green; DB= Deep Brown; LGB= Light Green
Brown ; DBL=Deep Blue; LTM=Light Turbid Muddy

73

4.1.2.5 Soil Nutrients

The physical composition and pH values of RDs pond soil were also observed after 2 years of
operation through SIF technology. The textural class of soil was clay, clay loam, sandy loam,
sandy clay, loamy sand and sandy clay loam. The lowest and highest p H values recorded were
5.8 and 8.1 respectively. The observed parameters are presented in Table 4 along with
percentage of organic carbon, amount of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus.
Table 4. Physical composition & selected nutrients value of soil samples of RDs pond
Physical
RD No

Composition

pH

Organic

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

(ppm)
(Ug/mg)
NBP-1
7.7
0.29
6.2
38.5
NBP-2
7.9
2.01
4.5
126
NBP-3
7.8
1.97
4.5
37
NBP-4
8.1
0.54
4.5
16.2
NBR-5
7.7
1.59
2.7
14.9
NBR-6
7.7
2.05
6.2
58.3
NBR-7
7.6
0.75
Trace
25.9
NBR-8
8
2.09
2.7
57.9
NBR-9
8.1
0.67
5.3
9.7
NBR-10
7.4
0.88
1.8
69
NNS-11
7.3
0.18
4.4
25.9
NNS-12
7.4
1.3
1.8
70.2
NNS-13
7.9
0.71
3.6
13.3
NNS-14
7.6
2.43
8
31.7
NNS-15
8
1.22
Trace
28.5
NNS-16
5.8
0.88
14
34
NSR-17
5.8
1.51
9.9
18
NSR-18
5.9
1.72
6.2
33
NSR-19
7.1
0.42
1
27
NSR-20
7.2
2.47
4.7
14.8
Mean
7.4
1.3
4.6
37.5
Range
5.8-8.1
0.29-2.47
Trace-14.0
9.7-126.0
The minimum, maximum and mean of available organic carbon (%) were 0.18, 2.47 and 1.3
(Textural Class)
Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Clay
Loamy Sand
Sandy Loam
Loam
Sandy Loam
Clay Loam
Clay
Sandy loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Clay
Clay
Sandy Clay
Clay
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay
Sandy Loam
Clay

Carbon (%)

Ammonium

respectively. A trace of ammonium nitrogen was detected in RD # 7 and 15 with sandy loam
and sandy clay loam pond mud. The minimum amount of ammonium nitrogen was 1.0 g/mg
soil with a maximum of 14.0. The minimum, maximum and mean amounts of phosphorus
present were 9.1, 126.0 and 37.5 ppm respectively. The utilization of available phosphorus by
primary producers is directly related with the supply of additional phosphorus added in the

74

water body. The maximum available phosphorus in the water body was abnormally 13 times
higher than the minimum level.

4.1.2.6 Stocking of Carp Seed (Fish Fingerlings)

Stocking of fish fingerlings with six species: Silver carp (H. molitrix), Catla (C. catla), Rui
(L. rohita), Mrigal (C. mrigala), Common Carp (C. carpio) and Grass carp (C. idella) were
stocked in the ponds. Six species combination were found to be more ideal for higher yield.
The smaller size and over stocking of fish fingerlings were common phenomena during the
initial stage of the study where as the appropriate stocking of fish fingerlings were noticed in
practice after adoption of SIF through TDES.
Multi-stocking i.e. restocking of fish fingerlings after every harvest practice was another
innovations successfully accepted by the RDs and FFs. The cost of fish fingerling increased
with the increase of fingerling size and total weight due to multiple stocking practices. The
investment cost statistics for purchase of fish seed before and after introduction of SIF among
FFs are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Comparison showing investment cost for fish seed by FFs per ha pond area
Statistics
Total cost (Tk.)
Mean
Range
STDEV

Before introduction of SIF

135820
3395.50
0-11508
2624.90

75

After introduction of SIF

353686
8842
2470-50000
8963.21

Stocking with high quality and different species of fish fingerlings has received due
importance for achievement of better yield. The minimum investment cost for fish seed has
been changed and raised to Tk 2470 / ha during the course of observation. FFs even did not
stock any fish seed before introduction of SIF.

4.1.2.7 Material Input

In case of RDs, 3.9 times increase in investment cost of material input has been observed after
adoption of SIF in the 1st year, whereas 4.5 times in the 2nd year. The results are presented in
Table 6. It is remarkable that before adoption of SIF, even 0 investment cost of material has
been noticed. Minimum investment in the 1st and 2nd year has been found to be in the order
of Tk.13695 and Tk.14843 respectively. Adoption of SIF through TDES has influenced the
RDs to use material inputs in a systematic way and the trend has been continued in the 2nd
year also. While observing the investment cost of material input use by FFs after adoption of
SIF, 4.4 times increase has been noticed. Similar to RDs, 0 investment cost of material inputs
has also been noticed in case of FFs. The minimum cost of investment for material input use
by FFs was Tk.8990/ha. The details are presented in Table 7. There is no significant difference
in investment cost for material inputs used by RDs and FFs before and after adoption of SIF
through TDES.

Table 6. Investment cost of material input used by RDs before and after 1 st year and 2nd year
adoption of SIF through TDS (n =20)
Statistics
Mean
Range
STDEV

Before
74223
1.0-32076
8747.38

76

After 1st year

After 2nd

28946.15
13695-42167
8788.81

year
35621.35
14843-61375
13656.08

Table 7. Investment cost of material input used by FFs before and after adoption of SIF (n=40)
Statistics
Mean
Range
STDEV

Before adoption
5841.50
0-243220
5094.25

After adoption
25850.88
8990-133910
21468.03

4.1.2.8 Labor Inputs

With the adoption of SIF, labor input use has increased significantly for both RDs and FFs. A
comparison between RDs and FFs in the use of labor inputs is shown in Table 12. Labor input
use has increased 5 and 8 times for RDs and FFs respectively.

Table 8. Comparison of labor inputs use between RDs and FFs before and after adoption
of SIF
Statistics
Mean
Range
STDEV

RDs
Before
1044.4
0-963
2385.8

FFs
After
5586.15
950-13472
4229.82

Before
416.55
0-2470
609.17

After
3557.58
0-18525
4699.89

4.1.2.9 Fish Harvesting

Multiple harvesting of table size (0.75- 1.0 kg) fish were practiced by both RDs and FFs
as recommended in SIF technology. Multiple harvests have doubled the cost of netting
than before. Multiple harvesting practices have facilitated achieving highest growth rate of
carps. Multiple harvest practice has also enabled the farmer to get quick return and to gain
confidence in the culture technology. Removal of bigger and table size individuals from the
population through multiple harvests allowed the remaining stock to acquire more space,
more oxygen and less competition for natural feed. This type of biological manipulation
has contributed to achieve better fish growth and thus higher production. T h e adopted
SIF technology offered opportunities of harvesting and selling of table size fishes more
often within one culture cycle. It was possible to harvest the fish crop partially within 5-6
months of stocking. The money thus earned gave them a quick return and helped thus to
purchase supplementary fish feed like rice bran, mustard oil cake etc and continued

77

feeding .Thus shifting of manure based technology to manure and feed based technology
became easy on the part of the farmers under observation.

4.1.2.10 Semi-intensive Fish Culture (SIF) Technology Adoption Level

The total package of semi-intensive fish culture technology (SIF) selected for transfer was
divided into 19 components with a full score of 42 for the convenience of measuring
technology adoption level. The adoption level was measured in case of RDs as well as their
FFs. Base line data showed that there were 4 times(appx) increase in the level of post
adoption score (Fig.12 & 13).

Table 9. Semi-intensive fish culture technology (SIF) adoption level of RDs and FFs

Description

Pre

RDs
FFs

adoption
Mean
8.65
9.2

Score

Post

Score

d.f

tvalue

S.D
2.852
3.1313

adoption
Mean
36.75
32.17

S.D.
4.5983
4.4311

19
38

26.269619**
18.68875**

** Highly significant at 0.001 level of significance

78

Fig 12. Pre and Post adoption of SIF technology by RDs

Fig 13. Pre and Post adoption score of SIF technology by FFs

The range of increase in adoption of the SIF technology was between 59.52 to 100%. In case
of FFs, this increase was found more than 3.5 times higher. The average level of increase was
between 54.76 to 97.62 %. The difference between pre and post level of adoption of SIF
technology both for RDs and FFs are highly significant (P <0.001). Detail technology
adoption level scores as obtained by individual RD and FF are given in Appendix D. It has
been found that out of 20 RDs, 2 of them obtained cent per cent scores whereas no FFs were
able to obtain cent per cent scores. In post adoption scoring, RDs obtained higher scores than

79

the FFs because they had direct contact with Resource Person and they had the opportunity to
attend training classes organized by the project. Extension personnel also visited their pond
very often and advice them on pond management and fish rearing. 8 RDs and 12 FFs obtained
minimum score 6 in pre adoption scoring whereas not a single RD or FF secured scores 6 in
post adoption scoring. Simple and easy to understand semi intensive fish culture technology
as presented to them through training, demonstration, discussion meeting, pond visit, informal
contact has made it so clear to them and they were able to adopt it as their own way.

4.1.2.11 Input Use Pattern

No input was supplied to the clients from the project. Basically three input use pattern were
followed namely; (a) use of fish toxicant (b) use of manure and (c) use of manure and fish
feed. A comparison between before and after adoption of SIF technology through TDES for
RDs are presented in Fig. 14 and for FFs in Fig.15

Fig.14. Comparison between number of RDs who used fish toxicant, manure and manure &
fish feed (RD=20) before and after introduction of SIF technology.

80

Fig.15. Comparison between number of FFs who used fish toxicant, manure and manure &
fish feed (FF=40) before and after introduction of SIF technology.

Table.10. Comparison between number of RDs and FFs who used fish toxicant, manure and
manure & fish feed before and after introduction of SIF technology
Inputs
Fish toxicant
Manure
Manure &

RD
Before
0(0%)
4(20%)
1(5%)

FF
After
14(70%)
19(95%)
19(95%)

Before
2(5%)
28(70%)
8(20%)

After
17(42.5%)
40(100%)
36(90%)

Feed
*The figures in the bracket represent percentage of use.
From table 10, it is clear that the use of fish toxicant to eradicate unwanted and carnivores'
fish was a new introduction & considered as a milestone in the SIF technology. Manure
application was successfully introduced through TDES. Most remarkable is the quick shifting
of manure based to manure and feed based fish culture technology without any input
assistance from out side. The results presented in Table 10 indicate that the use of inputs in
fish culture has significantly been increased. Comparison between RDs and FFs on per ha cost
of input used in pre and post adoption of SIF technology has been presented in Table 11.
Table.11. Comparison between RDs and FFs on per ha cost of inputs use in pre and post
adoption of S1F technology through TDES
81

Statistics

RDs

FFs
After

st

1
Mean
STDEV

Before
2
21209.40
19429.56

1 year

2nd year

3
63722.65
18707.59

4
73684.30
22852.11

Before
5
16852.63
10205.79

After
6
56310.30
38114.09

The presented data showed that the changes in pre and post adoption of SIF technology has
significantly been increased for both RDs and FFs respectively but there was no significant
differences in the use of inputs in the 1st and 2nd year operation by RDs. While observing the
mean total cost of production, total gross production of fish, fish sale and profit or loss, it was
found that with the increase of 3 times in total cost, the total gross production increased 4.49
times in case of RDs (Table 12). In both cases, t - values (P<0.00.1) are statistically
significant. In case of fish sale and the profit or loss of the production cycle, a 4.78 times and
12.04 times increment were noticed respectively. A highly significantt (P<0.001, P<0.001)
values was found.
Table.12. Comparison between before and after 1st year production performance of RDs
(n=20)
Description
Total production cost (Tk/ha/yr)
Total gross production (ton/ha/yr)
Fish sale (Tk/ha/yr)
Profit/Loss(-)Tk/ha/yr

Before status
21209.40
0.95
27017.60
5446.85

After 1st year

63722.65
4.27
129391.45

65634.25

t value
111214**
13.1478**
11.3553**
7.94333NS

* * Highly Significant at 0.001 level, NS= Not Significant

The production performance of FFs between before and after adoption of SIF is presented in
Table 13.
Table 13. Comparison between before and after production status of FFs through TDS
(n=40).
Description
Total production (Tk/ha/yr)
Total gross production (Ton/ha/yr)
Fish sale (Tk/ha/yr)
Profit/Loss(-)Tk/ha/yr

Before status
16852.63
1.16
31338.08
13898.92

82

After status
56310.30
3.20
104040.85
46764.80

t -value
6.368**
12.516
9.619**
7.65 NS

** Highly significant (P<0.001)

NS= Not Significant

The comparison between 1st yr. and 2nd yr. production status of RDs are presented in Table l4.

Table 14. RDs production status comparison between after 1st year and 2nd year of
operation (n=20)
Description
Total cost of production

After 1st yr
63722.65

After 2nd yr
73684.30

t value
3.4027*

(Tk/ha/yr)
Total gross production

4.27

4.62

1.2643 NS

(Ton/ha/yr)
Fish sale (Tk/ha/yr)
Profit/Loss(-)(Tk/ha/yr)

129391.45
65364.25

144723.90
69919.55

2.6383 NS
0.6140 NS

* Significant (P<0.01) NS = Not significant

All other values o f t were not significant except total cost of production. Comparison of fish
production performance between RDs (2nd year) production status and FFs (1st year) are presented
in Table 15.

83

Table 15. Comparison between FFs 1st yr (n1=40) and RDs 2nd yr (n 2 =20) production status
Description
Total cost of production

FFs (1st year)

56310.30

RDs (2nd year)

73684.30

t value
4.85043*

(Tk/ha/yr)
Total gross production

3.20

4.62

5.002 *

(Ton/ha/yr)
Fish sale (Tk/ha/yr)
Profit/Loss(-)(Tk/ha/yr)

104040.85
46764.80

144723.90
69919.55

94.326*
3.052

* Significant at 0.001 level

NS= Not Significant

Compared to FFs, one and half times (appx.) higher cost of production as well as gross
production, fish sale and profit were recorded in case of RDs. The calculatedt values are
significant. The FFs who were not active clients, have also exceeded the national average fish
production @ 1.3 ton/ha/year (1992-93). The physical demonstration of the SIF technology by
RDs in their respective areas has facilitated the diffusion of technology and successful
acceptance by neighbor FFs. The total cost of production and total gross production by RDs in
their 2nd year of operation were higher than FFs in their 1st year operation. The differences in
results are statistically significant (P<0.001, P<0.001) for total cost of production and total
gross production respectively. The results are shown in Table 15. The profit was also higher in
case of RDs in the 2nd year than FFs in the 1st year. The unit cost of production in case of
RDs was higher before adoption of SIF technology than after adoption. The results are shown
in Table 16.

84

Table 16. Unit Production cost (Tk/kg) of fish before and after adoption of SIF technology by
RDs and FFs
Description
RDs
FFs

Before adoption
Mean
20.898
15.150

SD
7.18
6.18

After adoption
st

1 year
Mean
SD
15.187
4.26
15.670
6.20

2nd year
Mean
SD
16.802
4.44
-

Unit cost of production for FFs before and after adoption was more or less same. Significantly
difference was marked in terms of unit cost of production in case of RDs and FFs. This may
be due to the awareness created by RDs to FFs during their 1st year of operation. After
adoption the differences between RDs and FFs did not vary significantly. Consequent to
increase in production, the cost of production also increased in case of RDs.

4.1.3 Socio-economic Change

4.1.3.1 Result Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs)
Thirteen parameters have been considered for socio-economic impact evaluation as mentioned
under the chapter Materials and Methods. Within the study period of 2 years, highly
significant changes have been found related to awareness about fish culture among family
members (t=7.86, P<0.00l ),followed by contact with TFO (t= 7.44, P< 0.001) and improved
pond fish culture operation in the village (t=6.026, P<0.001). Family fish consumption level
has also sharply been increased (t=4.323, P<0.001). The results are presented in Table 17. The
Trickle down System (TDS) in Aquaculture Extension was considered appropriate in
increasing income from fish farming which also influenced in increasing total annual income
of RDs to the extent of about one and half times (Mean 95.15 to 139.45). This has also
induced the RDs to double the number (Mean 1.50 to 3.00) of pond for fish culture
operation with three times increase in (Mean 0.32 to 1.01) water areas.

85

Table 17. Socio-economic statistics of RDs before and after introduction of SIF through
TDES
Parameters
Age
Family Size
Education
Annual Inc (000)
Fish Cons (kg/mo)
Inc. Fish (000)
Contact TFO
Contact Bank
Aware Fish Culture
Pond Village
Imp. Fish Culture
RD Pond
Total Water area
(ha)
FF. CV. RD.
Mem. Organization

Range
30-70
3-17
3-17
12-400
4-16
0-100
0-12
0-40
0-2
2-60
0-15
1-6

Before
Mean
43.5
7.85
9.65
95.15
10.17
10.64
1.85
4.3
0.75
15.55
2.75
1.5

SD
8.43
4.22
4.92
100.46
4.64
23.73
3.42
9.71
0.55
13.46
4.57
1.39

0.06-1

0.32

9.29

0-2

1.2

0.76

** Highly Significant (P<0.001)

After
t Value
Range Mean
SD
31-71
44.5
9.43
3-17
7.85
4.22
3-17
9.65
4.92
19-450 139.45 136.86 1.167 NS
8-60
22.72 12.13
4.323**
2.5-350 46.34 79.48 1.924 NS
8-80
28.4
15.59
7.44**
0-40
5.35
10.51 0.3281N5
2-9
4.45
2.03
7.86 **
7-60
23.25 13.57 1.801 NS
4-40
19.95 11.92
6.026**
1-21
3
4.53
1.416 NS
0.061.81
6.28
0-5
0-2

1.01
2.6
1.2

1.18
0.76

1.608 NS
-

NS Not Significant

Growing confidence in fish culture has also forced RDs to adopt for even higher production
technology from manure based to manure and feed based technology. As a result highly
significant (t = 7.44, P< 0.001) changes were noticed in contacting local T F O for better
technological advise. Fish culture activities became prestigious, socially acceptable and
economically viable after introduction of SIF through TDS. This has attracted villagers to
adopt this simple and profitable technology which in turn has initiated the villagers to
invest more money in digging new ponds. (Mean 15.55 to 23.25). A highly significant change
was found in involving people to start pond fish culture operation in the village (Mean 2.75 to
4.95) though they were not directly associated with the system. All these positive development
has taken place with the investment from their own money without any material input or
credit front outside, thus pointing towards high degree of sustainability of the system among
RDs including villagers. This has also been able to create work force in the rural areas from a
static to a more dynamic and productive one through the use of fallow water resources in the
86

best possible way. RDs were found to work willingly as honorary Extension Agent (EA) for
their FFs and promoted them to work as converted RDs (Mean 2.60). Ability to recognize his
FFs as CRDs brought self pride, self respect and prestige for the RDs themselves in the
society. TDS of Aquaculture Extension kept RDs busy in creative activities and found to
involve more than 60 pond owners as FFs. In few cases, subsistence agriculture farmer shifted
their profession from agriculture to fish culture and took it as their main profession.

4.1.3.2 Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs)

FFs were indirect or passive clients and under the TDES, they had very limited opportunity to
come into direct contact with the Resource Person i.e. Thana Fisheries Officer. They were the
recipient of secondary extension messages through RDs and were encouraged to consult and
follow RDs demonstration and advice. The socio-economic changes before and after
introduction of SIF through TDES are shown in Table 18.

87

Table 18. Socio-economic statistics of FFs' before and after introduction of SIF through TDS
Parameters
Age
Family Size
Education
Annual Inc.(000)
Fish Cons (kg/mo.)
Inc. Fish (000)
Contact TFO
Contact Bank
Aware Fish culture
Pond Village
Imp. Fish Culture
FF Pond
Total Water area (ha)
FF.CV.RD.
Mem. org

Range
18-60
2-22
3-14
13-237
2-30
0-70
0-10
0-5
0-12
0-48
0-15
0-3
0-2.2

Before
Mean
36.87
7.80
8.42
59.67
8.53
6.44
0.77
0.35
0.92
17.85
3.50
0.95
0.20

SD
9.62
4.06
6.84
7.61
6.43
15.56
1.87
10
0.69
11.71
4.13
0.59
0.35

0-2

0.67

0.65

** Highly Significant (P<0.001)

Range
91-61
2-22
3-14
18-360
4-40
0-150
0-60
0-5
1-12
10-60
5-60
1-11
0.04-

After
Mean
37.87
7.80
8.42
76.02
13.65
8.32
11.00
0.20
3.97
27.85
19.72
1.90
0.42

SD
9.62
6.84
74.96 1.093NS
8.27
3.091*
27.27 0.379NS
11.47 5.567**
0.85 0.5111NS
2.68
6.971**
14.81
3.350*
14.75 6.699**
1.87
3.064*
0.83 1.547NS

5.0
0-2

0.65

0.66

* Significant (p<0.01)

t- Value

NS = Not Significant

Maximum impact has been found in awareness about fish culture among family members (t
=6.971, P< 0.001) of FFs. Even the young & female members showed keen interest to know
about fish culture resulting in acceptance of SIF as the family practice and gradually accepted
by the village community. The changes recorded in improving fish culture operation in the
village were highly significant (t = 6.669, P< 0.001). TDES involved the whole village
community in fish culture indirectly though they did not receive any direct extension
messages. Besides being in contact with RDs, FFs also moved ahead and tried to contact with
the Thana Fisheries Officer directly to have immediate and better access to the technology.
Significant changes in family fish consumption pattern has also been noticed (t = 3.091, P <
0.05). Increase in family consumption of fish has contributed in sharing the practice of SIF by
family members. Before joining this TDES of aquaculture extension FFs has 0.95 (mean)
numbers of pond in possession where as it increased to 1.90 (mean) during the study period of
one year (t = 3.064, P<0.05). In reality changes shown by FFs are the final output of the
TDES. As FFs would contribute to sustain the trickle down extension system and involve
more and more people in the system.

88

While considering the changes between RDs and FFs, highly significant changes was found (t
= 4.916 at 0.1% level of significance) in contacting local TFOs. The differences are shown in
Table 19.
Table 19. Comparison of Socio- economic statistics of RDs (n1=20) and FFs (n2=40)
Parameters
Age
Family Size
Education
Annual Inc.(000)
Fish Cons.(kg/mo.)
Inc. Fish (000)
Contact TFO
Contact Bank
Aware Fish culture
Pond Village
Imp. Fish Culture
RD/FF Pond
Total Water area (ha)
FF.CV.RD.
Mem. org

RDs
Mean
44.5
7.85
9.65
139.45
22.72
46.34
28.40
5.35
4.45
23.25
19.95
3.00
1.01
2.60
1.20

FFs
SD
9.43
4.22
4.92
136.86
12.13
79.48
15.59
10.51
2.03
13.57
11.92
4.53
1.81
1.18
0.76

Mean
37.87
7.80
8.42
76.02
13.65
8.32
11.00
0.20
3.97
27.85
19.72
1.90
0.42
0.65

SD
9.62
4.06
2.99
74.96
8.27
27.27
11.47
0.85
2.68
14.81
14.75
1.87
0.83
0.66

t -value
2.320*
3.423**
2.747**
4.916***
9.487**
0.707NS
1.168NS
0.060NS
1.337NS
1.744NS
-

*Significant (p<0.05) ** Significant (P<0.001) *** Highly Significant (p<0.001) NS = Not Significant

RDs had higher contact than FFs as expected because RDs had direct contact with TFOs
during the implementation of TDES. Except annual income, fish consumption, income from
fish farming and contact with TFOs, there were no significant differences between RDs &
FFS.TDES has significantly influenced aquaculture development through the involvement of
both RDs and Fps. The system was efficient in transfer of the aquaculture extension messages
from the RDs who had direct or active contact to FFs with indirect or passive contact with
Resource Person (RP) i.e. Thana Fisheries Officers.

4.1.3.3 Limitations
Limitations have been categorized into; i) extension and ii) fish production related.
i)

Extension

The clients sometimes became confused due to exposure to various programs where input/

89

credit assistance are offered by government departments and NGOs working in the same area.
The extension activities through this approach were conducted on limited areas through a pilot
project. So, the people participating in the approach in the early stage had a strong suspicion,
the degree of which is very hard to quantify and stated in an acceptable statement. The field
workers of the Dept.of Fisheries (DoF) also resisted the TDES to some extend either
knowingly or unknowingly during the early stage which required much effort to make them
convinced. The opportunists / input assistance seekers also tried to avail the benefit of free
input assistance from DoF/ FAO assisted project. They initially came forward with the
objective of getting free material input or credit. However, realizing no such opportunity they
retreated themselves from the project activities. But often seeing the results in their vicinity
they lately realized the truth and came forward with commitment of active participation. As a
result, demonstration activities were delayed in a few cases.

There was no female extension worker in the project area. Interested female fish farmer ready
to join as RD failed to attend the training and other motivational group program due to social
barriers. Hence they were excluded from the program.

ii)

Fish Production

Weak commitment and less confidence on SIF technology designed for transfer through
TDES had delayed the collection and application of inputs in time and in appropriate doses.
The red scum infestation was found hazardous especially at post rainy and onset of winter
season. Over stocking of fish fingerlings in the pond was a common phenomenon with
expectation of getting higher production. Hence senior members of the family often
overstocked in the absence of RDs in the early stage of the TDES. This overstocking was
slowly stopped through repeated and convincing efforts from extension workers.

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4.2 Discussions
4.2.1 Selection of RD and FF
In the initial stage, selection of RDs have been found to be a critical step for ensuring success
of the demonstration as well as the effectiveness of the TDES in aquaculture extension. With
the laps of time and experienced gains, it became easy to select ideal and innovative farmers
as RDs. The results shown in Table 7 clearly indicate the acceptability of the TDES by rural
people. It is important to mention here that during two years of observation, one RD
successfully converted 2.6 FFs into CRDs and made them socially recognized and
psychologically prepared to work as Volunteer Extension Agent (VEA) for the Dept. of
Fisheries. The increases in number of RDs were a positive sign towards the system. Both RDs
and FFs contact with TFO as Resource Person, increased from 1.85 to 28.40 (Table 17) and
0.77 to 11.00 times (Table 18) respectively. The RDs had a higher production rate (@4.62
ton/ha/yr) than the FFs (@3.2 ton/ha/yr) (Table 15) which clearly indicates that the RDs had
the knowledge to play effective roles as informal educators to the FFs. A clearly significant
difference in annual income, fish consumption, and income from fish farming and contact
with TFO has been observed between RDs and FFs (Table 18). Dey and Karim (1992) had the
similar finding in annual income and contact for contact and non - contact farmers in
agricultural extension service.

One of the prime objectives of this study was to transfer the low input based improved /semiintensive fish culture technology to selected fish farmers, RDs showed high responsibility to
adopt, practice and transfer the low input based fish culture technology.

4.2.2 Physico-chemical Parameters of RDs Pond

The physico-chemical parameters of RDs' ponds were within the acceptable limit as observed
and presented in Fig 8, 9, 10, and 11. The existing water area and depth of RDs' ponds were
quite favorable for carp production in Bangladesh. Water depth never exceeded the critical
limit for fish production. The present demonstration of SIF technology in village homestead
ponds has demonstrated that raising of fish is commercially viable and profitable even in

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ponds with moderate depth and rejected the wrong concept of requirement of deeper ponds.
Water temperature (Table 10) was always within the acceptable range. Jhingran (1985)
reported that Indian major carps thrive well in the temperature range of 18.3 to 37.8 C. The
physical composition of RDs pond bottom mud was good for fish production. Out of 20
ponds, 6 (30%) had clay soil and 11 pond (55%) had loamy soil. Rahman (1992) has reported
that fertilization was very effective in loamy soil. According to him, clayey soil is not
favorable as such soils are compact and adsorptive. Though 30% pond was not very suitable,
yet the mean fish production was 4.27 mt/ha/year (Table 4). The mean value of pH 7.4 was
favorable for primary production. Addition of lime in appropriate doses as recommended had
the buffering effect on the soil. In two ponds, pH value were 5.8 which might be due to low
supply of 02 which delayed the decomposition of organic matter and facilitate the formation of
hydrogen sulphide, methane and short chain fatty acids which might have made the soil
acidic. Banerjea (1967) also recorded low pH (moderately acidic) in fish ponds of India.
However, the present findings confirmed with the recommendation made by Swingle (1967)
on suitability of pH values 6.5 to 9.0 for pond fish culture. RDs were able to keep the organic
carbon (%) level almost optimal during the study period. Banerjea (1967) also recommended
maintaining 1.5 to 2.5% range of organic carbon for optimal use in fish production. Soil
phosphorus (range 9.7-126.0; Mean 37.5) were in the average production level. This was also
in conformity with the recommendations of Banerjea (1967). Pond sediment in its pH values,
organic carbon (%), ammonium nitrogen ( g/ml soil) and phosphorus (ppm) were in average
condition which is reflected in terms of fish production @ 4.62 ton/ha/year in the 2nd year of
operation. (Table 14). The volume of plankton recorded during the study period showed the
abundance of plankton in an average level. Planktonic bloom except for Euglena bloom was
never a problem in these ponds. Follow up of manuring and management system as
recommended under SIF had enabled them to maintain a steady level in plankton volume
(Table 11). The variation of environmental conditions and the availability of nutrients caused
slight fluctuation in plankton volume. The difference in abundance of plankton volume may
be due to favorable ambient conditions, uninterrupted sunlight, reduced feeding by
zooplankton and greater availability of nutrients. Ali et.al. (1985) has reported the similar
findings from ponds in Bangladesh. The favorable physico-chemical parameters of RDs pond
facilitated them to adopt multiple harvesting and stocking practice.

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4.2.3 Stocking of Fish Fingerlings

Fish fingerling stocking in the pond with right species, size, number and in time have been
considered critical contributing factor for better production. As most of the RDs were in the
extensive fish culture level before joining the TDS of aquaculture extension, it required much
attention to create awareness before investment of money to purchase quality fish fingerlings.
In the initial stage, RDs had negative attitude towards collection of quality, bigger size and
different species of fish fingerlings. They tried to seek the support of the extension personnel
in providing quality fish fingerlings. However through discussion of self - reliance concept of
TDES repeatedly during the training program, RDs were able to collectively manage and
share the quality, bigger size and different species of fish fingerlings among themselves. Due
to growing demand the nursery operators of the area started producing bigger size and quality
fish fingerlings. This was an indirect achievement in the availability of bigger and quality fish
fingerlings in the area. The changes in seed input cost before and after adoption of SIF by RDs
has been shown in (Table 5).

4.2.4 Material Inputs

Fast growing herbivorous, silver carp (H. molitrix) contributed 25 to 45% of total production
in RDs pond. It was possible to harvest the first crop of Silver carp and Catla (C. catla) within
4 to 6 months of stocking. This quick return from fast growing fish culture of Indian major
carps; Catla (C.catla), Rohu (L.rohita) and Mrigal (C.mrigala) and exotic carp ; Silver carp
(H. molitrix) ,Common carp (C.carpio), Grass carp (C.idella) enabled the RDs in quick
shifting from manure based to manure and feed based SIF technology (Fig. 14 & 15). The
pattern of inputs is use by RDs and FFs before and after adoption of SIF through TDES has
been shown in Table 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Inputs use has increased after adoption of SIF
technology. RDs and FFs have invested more money in inputs with the gradual adoption of'
SIF technology. Though the use of material inputs has increased after adoption of SIF, the
availability of inputs likes cow dung, compost, mustard oil cake and rice bran of homestead
origin has made them easy to do so.

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4.2.5 Labor Input

In most cases, unemployed family members including women have found full or part time
production oriented job. Laborers unsuitable for other works like women, students etc. of the
family entered into this income generation venture and spared the skill laborers for more
skilled work. In the process they got recognition as skilled laborers though they were
unskilled prior to entering into this job. Thus, the system has also contributed to some extent
for human resource development. The system has also helped them lo convert themselves to
become professional. In the beginning fish culture was considered to be recreational or hobby.
Multiple harvesting and stocking created an atmosphere of active participation of the whole
family members. Family members became automatically involved in different activities like
pond preparation, fertilizing, stocking, feeding, partial harvesting and re-stocking etc. RDs
and FFs were also encouraged to involve family members in the fish culture activities. This
finding has got confirmation with the recommendations made by Supe (1990). According to
him, extension work is for the whole family and it should reach all the members of the family.
There should be place for the farmer, his wife and children in the program.

4.2.6 Enhancement of Fish Culture Knowledge

Baseline survey data showed that both RDs and FFs had scanty knowledge about rearing of
fish in pond (Mean value, RDs =8.65; FFs= 9.20. Table 9). The low cost, simple and improved
management based SIF technology was designed for transfer through TDES to RDs and FFs
in a short period to bring a measurable change in the fish culture practice in the area. Simple
technology need to be chosen for transfer was suggested by Benor and Harrison (1977).
Initially they suggested starting with low cost, improved management practices and other low
cost inputs into an area where traditional practices predominate. After 2 and I year successful
observation for RDs and FFs respectively, the adoption level were highly significant (t =
26.269619, p<0.001 and t =18.68807, p <.0.001; Table 9). In post adoption score, RDs had a
mean value of 36.75 with a longer period (2 years) of contact with the Resource Person (RP).

They had also higher education (9.65), annual income (139.45), contact with TFO (28.40),

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Contact with bank officers (5.35), awareness about fish culture (4.45), and more numbers of
pond (3.00) and more involvement in local organizations (1.20). In comparison with RDs
performance, FFs also had indirect or passive contact with RP (TFO), scored 32.17 in post
adoption evaluation which was only 12% less than the RDs. Achievement of high rank score
for both RDs (87.50%) and FFs (76.60%) in post adoption evaluation of the SIF technology
which was transferred to them through TDES might be the positive outcome of the TDES.
Kashem and Islam (1990) reported the same findings with contact farmers who had
comparatively higher agriculture knowledge, more favorable attitude towards technology and
higher adoption of agricultural practices. In other words, RDs failed to adopt 12.5% of SIF
technology whereas in case FFs it was 23.40%. Similar observations in technology adoption
level were also reported by Randhir (1989). This significant positive change has enabled RDs
and FFs to alter practices, increased yields (Table 12 & Table 13), create a desire and
willingness to invest more (Table 6 and 7), take risk, improved farming methods from
extensive to semi-intensive and improved standards of living by increasing annual income
(Table 16 and Table 17). Similar observation has been noticed by Ladejinksy (1970) in
agricultural extension services. Though the FFs had less ability to contact with Resource
Person (RP), yet they have scored high rank in the technological adoption level and this might
be possible due to awareness created in fish culture through demonstration activities
performed by his neighbor RD. The critical analysis of the SIF technological adoption of RDs
and FFs clearly indicate that in TDES, extension may continue even with less involvement of
RP. In other words, RDs can play the role of Volunteer Extension Agent (VEA) which is very
much needed in developing countries. This might help to bring more clients along with
resources under improved culture operation.

Before any demonstration, RDs did not use fish toxicant at all to remove or kill carnivorous
and weed fishes, only 20% used manure and 5% used both manure and fish feed. It is
remarkable to note that after adoption of SlF technology, 70% RDs used fish toxicant. The rest
of the RDs might have adopted other methods like dewatering to remove/ kill unwanted fish.
On the other hand, 95% RDs used manure and same percent RDs also used both manure and

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fish feed. This might be due to successful transfer of SIF technology and the use of low cost,
locally available ingredients like cow dung, lime, rice bran, wheat bran etc. In comparison
with RDs, FFs were also advanced in the use of fish toxicant 42.50%, manure 100% and
manure and fish feed (90%). This might happen due to observation of on-going SIF
demonstration in nearby pond of RDs. This also confirms that as an extension agent RDs are
more acceptable in their locality than outsiders. Moreover, a well organized demonstration
may create lasting impact in the adoption of innovation. Diffusion of SIF technology in the
village has perhaps created a continuous learning environment for the RDs which have
persuaded FFs to adopt the technology (Fig. 14 & 15). The successful adoption of manure and
feed based fish culture technology by both RDs (95%) and FFs (90%) are highly significant.
Both RDs and FFs have invested more money in inputs to get the maximum production
through adoption of SIF technology (Table 11). When the transferred SIF technology was
acceptable and brought full confidence about the fish production level to RDs and FFs, they
started investing more money in their pond. This might be due to the educational motivation
and visible results brought by TDES. The successful SIF technology demonstrations which
brought four times increase in fish production (Table 12) in RDs pond has also helped in
gaining confidence and consequent higher investment by FFs. The higher investment has also
increased fish production many times (Table 12 & 13). Srivastava (1991) also observed a
direct relationship between level of inputs used such as feed, fertilizer and management levels
and overall production. Habib and Chowdhury (1990) and Molla et.al. (1986) reported that
through the combined effect of inputs the growth of fishes were significant (P<0.001) which is
in close agreement with the present findings. Ameen et.al. (1983) also reported that
contribution of inputs had a positive response on fish yield. Before joining the TDES, RDs
and FFs got 25.68% and 82.47% of net profit respectively from fish culture. The higher
percentage of net profit earned by FFs might be due to effect of the adopted demonstration by
RDs. However, RDs earned 102.90% and 90% of net profit in the 1 st year and 2nd year
respectively from fish culture operation. Though the total amount of net profit (Tk. 69919.55)
has increased but in comparison with 1st year it was 12.99% less. In case of FFs, the net profit
earned before and after adoption of SIF were 82.47% and 83.04% respectively (Table 13 &

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14), which is only 0.575% higher than the previous operation. With the increase in total cost
of production as observed in Table 12, 13 and 14, total gross production, fish sale and net
profit has also increased. Srivastava (1991) has reported such observation in calculating
culture economics in India. Habib & Chowdhury (1990) had reported a net profit of 57.49%
from fish culture operation.

4.2.7 Cost, Income and Production of Fish

The difference between before and after status in total cost of production (Tk. / ha/yr.), total
gross production (ton/ ha/yr), fish sale (Tk./ha/yr.) and net profit earned (Tk./ha/yr.) for both
RDs and FFs were highly significant which indicate that TDES has been able to bring
measurable changes in the operation of SIF. The highly significant (p<0.001) difference for
FFs are very important for measuring the efficiency of TDES in aquaculture development.
Though the S1F technology followed by FFs trickled down from RDs, they were passive or
indirect contact farmers in the system (Table 12 & 13). The differences in total cost of
production for RDs 1st yr: and 2nd yr. (post adoption) had significant values of t = 3.4027 at
1% significance level (Table 14). The other production performance difference in total gross
production, fish sale and net profit earned were not significant. This might happen due to the
fact that the management level and inputs use pattern were not quite standardized enough to
bring a significant changes between 1st yr. and 2nd yr. operation. Perhaps the RDs might have
improved their technical knowledge, management skill and doubled the inputs use to bring
significant changes during the 1st year itself: The present findings are in line with Srivastava
(1991).

While comparing the differences between post adoption production status of FFs and 2 nd yr.
production status of RDs, a highly significant t values at p<0.001 level in total cost of
production (Tk. /ha/yr.) and total gross production (Ton/ ha/yr) have been observed. But the
difference in profit earned was not significant. The insignificant difference in profit between
RDs and FFs indicate that the FFs perhaps were able to adopt the SIF technology through
TDES from their respective RDs even during the 1st year of operation. This also helps to

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establish that the concept of SIF technology was equally adopted by the RDs and FFS. Before
adoption of SIF, the unit cost of production of fish for RDs was higher than FFs. In this case,
the diffusion of fish culture demonstration by RD has created awareness and local impact to
adopt improved fish culture operation and this perhaps contributed in reducing the production
cost of FFs. After adoption of SIF technology through TDES, the unit production cost of fish
for both RDs and FFs were Taka 15.18 and Taka 5.67 respectively.

It was found that age of the RDs ranged from 31 - 71 years that average being 44.5 years that
means farm affairs in the study area depends mostly on the farmers above 40 years of age.
Similar findings were recorded by Dey and karim (1992). The RDs had comparatively big
family with 7.85 family members on average with range of 3 to 17. Education of the RDs was
found to range from 3 to 17 classes; the average being 9.65 classes. Data furnished in Table
17 indicate that the majority of RDs had high school level education. The findings are
supported by Halim et.al (1986) and Hassanullah (1990). The mean value of annual income of
the RDs was 95.15 and 139.45 respectively in pre and post adoption level of SIF technology
through TDES. The difference in the annual income during pre and post adoption level was
influenced by income from fish farming might not be enough in amount to bring a significant
changes. The deference in income from fish farming between pre and post level status of RDs
are also insignificant. Perhaps the RDs will have to invest more money to bring a significant
change. However, the adoption of SIF technology has brought 4.5 times increase from Tk
10640 to Tk 46340 in income from fish culture and 1.46 times higher in annual income from
Tk 95150 to Tk 139450. Ranadhir (1984, 1986 and 1987) concluded that farmers who adopted
improved carp culture technology even at a lower level of input use obtained profits of Rs.
15000 to 20000/ha of cultivable water area in about years time at 1980-1981 price level. It
indicated that they achieved 8 to 10 times more profit than they were getting earlier form
traditional operations. The present findings have got relevance to the above concluded
observations.

4.2.8 Creation of Awareness about Fish Culture

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Family fish consumption level has also increased from 10.17 kg/year to 22.72 kg/year and the
difference was highly significant at 0.001 levels. Contact with TFO is the ultimate result of
awareness created through TDES to perfect the SIF technology. A highly significant change
was found in making contact with TFO by RDs and the value oft was 7.44 at 0.001 levels.
The significant difference in contact with TFO is a positive radiation towards increase of
knowledge which might help to increase the level of technology adoption. A post adoption
contact score of 28.40 times per year i.e. 2.3 times per month is expected to be contributive in
technology improvement and a strong participation of RDs. With a strong response to selfreliance, RDs were reluctant to contact with bank official for fish culture loan which increased
from 4.30 to 5.35 times in a year. The RDs responded very calmly about the present loan
distribution and recovery system of national banking sector of the country. Perhaps the most
important change brought by TDES was the creation of awareness regarding improved fish
culture technology among family member -men and women, adult and young and changes
were highly significant at 0.001 level. The created awareness is expected to involve family
members in the operation of TDES and becoming strong unit of extension center for
neighbors, friends, relatives etc.

This family participation might help to sustain the system and also the adoption of
recommended technology. The awareness created through TDES among family members
about improved fish culture operations has clearly demonstrated in bringing a significant
change in numbers of pond under improved fish culture operation in the village (Mean 2.75 to
19.95; t is highly significant at P<0.001 level (Table 17).

Number of ponds in the villages has increased form 15.55 to 23.25 but the difference is not
significant. Successful demonstration of SIF in RDs pond has attracted the villagers to invest
money in digging or re-excavating new ponds. This indicate that perhaps TDES contributed
significantly to increase in resources i.e., ponds in the villages and at the same time brought
the pond under improved fish culture operations. RDs were able to increase their number of
ponds from 1.50 to 3.00 with S. D. value 1.39 and 4.53 respectively. The total water area

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under operation by RDs also increased from 0.32 to 1.01 ha. These differences in number of
pond and total water area were not significant. Lack of capital for digging or buying new
ponds might prevent them in increasing number of ponds along with water areas. More than
50% RDs were members of local organizations. The RDs were successful in converting 2.60
numbers of FFs into CRDs through non-formal teaching, demonstration, helping and
supervising the SIF activities. This brought dignity, pride and recognition for social service to
them. The data on socio-economic parameters are presented in Table 17 & 19 respectively.
The FFs were relatively younger with mean age 37.87 years than the RDs (Mean age 44.5
years). Both RDs and FFs family size were about equal with 7.85 and 7.80 members
respectively. The change in annual income of FFs during pre and post adoption level was
Tk.59670 and Tk.76020 which were not significant (Table 18). Incomes from fish farming of
FFs during pre and post adoption period were also not significant. FFs were not in a position
to invest more money to get higher production and increase the fish production in their pond.
Less income from fish farming has failed to influence the annual income. This is mainly due
to the pond being smaller component of the family income generation system. Family
consumption of fish has increased from 8.5 kg/month to 13.65 kg/month. The change is
significant (t-=3.091 at 0.01 level) Fish produced in own pond by FFs has attributed more fish
for family consumption. This has also improved the protein supply level of the family. In
comparing the status of RDs and FFs a highly significant value of t= 3.423 at 0.001 level were
observed in family fish consumption. The higher annual income of RDs has implication of
more consumption of fish in the family (Table 19).
From table 18, it is clear that there were highly significant changes in contact with TFO,
awareness created about fish culture among family members and improved fish culture
operation undertaken in number of ponds. Significant changes were noticed in increasing in
the number of pond in the village and number of pond owned by FFs. In comparison with
RDs, FFs were less associated (Mean value 0.65) with organizations as members.

4.2.9 Resultant effect of TDES on Socio-economic Change

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It is too early to predict any socio-economic change in the program area within the
observation period of 2 years. However a comparison between socio-economical statistics of
RDs & FFs as presented in Table 19 showed that there were highly significant differences in
contact with TFO (t = 4.916 P<0.001),significant differences in fish consumption (t =3.423 P<
0.01), income from fish farming (t =2.747 P<0.01) and annual income (t =2.320 P<0.05).
Kashem and Islam (1992) reported similar difference with contact and non-contact farmer
under T&V system of Agricultural Extension. On the contrary, there were not significant
differences in awareness created about fish culture among family members, number of pond in
the village, improved fish culture operation undertaken in number of ponds, number of pond
owned by RDs & FFs and total water area under RDs & FFs. Table 19 clearly indicate that as
innovators, RDs can take more risk, invest more money to make the demonstration successful,
capable to adopt the SIF technology and increase the income from fish farming. On the other
hand, the FFs had the capacity to adopt the disseminated technology and utilize the same for
better production and income. Thus TDES have the capacity to influence both RDs and FFs at
the same time in the same unique and positive direction and bring about positive change in
attitude of the village community, establish better social order and implanting self respect and
self-confidence among the RDs & FFs.

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CHAPTER-05
SUMMARY

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5. SUMMARY
Summary
Fisheries sector plays an important role in providing nutrition, foreign exchange earnings, and
generation of employment opportunities. This sector is considered to be a potential source of
self- employment for poor farmers and displaced capture fishermen. Nearly all homesteads
own a small to medium size multipurpose domestic pond. Different development activities
including man made hazard are hindering the open waters production. But the demand of fish
is increasing with the population increase. It is obviously felt to increase the aquaculture
production to meet the growing demand of fish in the country. With the adoption of improved
fish culture technology, 4-7 ton of fish/ha/year has often been produced in Bangladesh. The
technology of raising fish with giant fresh water prawn (M. rosenbergii) is slowly emerging
and getting importance for export potential. Farming of tiger shrimp (P. monodon) are also
emerging as a growing industry. The shrimp production industry in the country needs big push
in adopting the modern technology to increase the present production level of 100-300
kg/ha/crop.

There was no definite extension system in aquaculture development in the country.

Appropriate extension approach is needed for any organized and well directed extension
system. Trickle down Extension System (TDES) has been developed to put into operation in
Bangladesh. The specific objectives of this study were to transfer the SIF technology, creation
of skilled fisheries extension volunteers, development of locally applicable manure based fish
culture technology and development of aquaculture as prestigious self- employment
profession through Trickle down Extension System.

There exists a big gap between potential production based upon available aquaculture
technology (4-7 ton/ha) and the actual national fish production (1.3 ton/ha/yr) which need
transfer of technology from lab to land/ponds. The outcome of this field oriented study will
provide a lot of valuable information which will form basis for planning aquaculture extension
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strategy in this region. Extension work is based on economic necessity, research, people's
need as well as technical and national economic needs .Extension is considered as educational
process and involved with the application of the knowledge gained from everyday living.
Extension co-operates with others which aims to develop individuals, community and nation.
The central figure in this approach is the fish farmers/fishermen and their families.

A technical assistance project entitled, "Institutional strengthening in the Fisheries Sector" was
jointly implemented by Govt. of Bangladesh (GoB) and FAO/UNDP during 1990-1995. The
extension component under the project had been assigned to increase per unit fish production
from pond aquaculture through conducting demonstration of integrated semi-intensive fish
culture. The extension component undertook fisheries extension activities through Trickle
down Extension System in 11 out of 64 districts in the country. Natore was one of the
districts out of 11 in the country. The author was directly involved and responsible with the
aquaculture extension activities under the project as District Fisheries Officer and worked as
head of DoF in Natore district .The author carried out the present observation in consultation
and guidance from Dr. Dilip Kumar, expatriate Fishery Extension Expert under the
FAO/UNDP project Institutional strengthening in the Fisheries Sector"(BGD/87/045). The
present observations on the efficiency of Trickle down Extension (TDE) Approach in
aquaculture development are based upon the activities performed in Natore district.

Apart from dissemination of new technologies, the development of self confidence, self
prestige and self reliance are implanted through TDES. Initially short-duration extension
orientation program is conducted for fisheries extension personnel followed by 4-5 days long
comprehensive aquaculture extension training. During field operation the extension agents are
given guidance and necessary support through periodical visits by extension experts. Result
Demonstration Fish Farmers (RDs) are invited for a day-long in situ training at one of the
RDs pond site on self confidence, self-respect, leadership and fish culture skill. After 3-4
months of field operation, similar day-long training-cum-discussion is again organized for
RDs. When the RDs harvested first crop, he is encouraged and support to conduct fish culture

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training for his neighbor 5-10 Fellow Fish Farmers (FFs). FFs are encouraged to keep contact
with the RDs and follow the fish culture demonstration in RDs pond. The present observations
on the efficiency of TDE approach is the outcome of activities, observations, and production
achieved development of extension personnel etc based on Natore District.

The development of agricultural extension service and adoption of T & V System followed by
Crop Diversification Program (CDP) along with Agricultural Support Service Program
(ASSP) has been discussed. The need of fisheries extension service in Bangladesh with
existing fisheries and aquaculture extension service with reference to mode of action/practice
has been presented. The available fish culture technology in and around Bangladesh which are
promising and potential for extension. An account of effect of extension evaluation has been
presented. The factors related with the success of extension program have been discussed with
relevant reference. The parameters influencing fish production are also presented.

The present study was conducted in the north western part of Bangladesh in four thanas under
Natore District. The study covers 20 RDs, 40 FFs and their families, relatives; neighbors etc.
20 ponds under respective RDs were under study. Two FFs were selected from each RD.
Production technologies followed, inputs used and the expenditure were recorded by
respective RDs in a record book supplied to them. Extension personnel were advised to insert
his advice & problem solving recommendation in the record book along with the activities to
be preformed within the next fortnight.

The water area, water depth, water temperature, plankton volume and water colors were
monitored and recorded for 12 months beginning from April 1992 to March 1993, whereas
fish fingerling stocking, materials input, labor input and fish harvesting data were monitored
and recorded for two years from July 1992 to June 1994 of RDs pond. Soil nutrient including
N.P. K., organic carbon, pH and physical composition were analyzed and recorded in the
month of June 1994. Stocking of fingerlings, material inputs use, labor inputs and fish
harvesting were recorded in record book given to RDs as and when done. A well devised from

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for evaluation of impact on socio-economic, technological and economics of culture

operations after adoption of SIF technology through TDES were used to collect the data from
respective RDs & FFs through interview method. Semi-intensive fish culture technological
factors were quantified according to the degree of acceptability by RDs and FFs.

Number of RDs increased from 20 to 72 at the end of the study period of two years with 52
numbers of converted RDs (CRDs). The physico-chemical parameters as recorded from RDs
pond were favorable for carp growth. Nutrients level of the pond of RDs also was favorable
and supportive for better production. The RDs and FFs responded positively in following the
use of materials including fish seed, materials inputs & labor inputs as recommended in SIF
technology which was selected for transfer under TDES to both RDs and then trickle down to
FFs. Use of fish toxicant was introduced to remove the carnivores and weed fishes. A quick
shifting from manure to manure and feed based fish culture technology was possible though
no inputs were supplied from project/ outside. Though the use of inputs has significantly
increased after adoption of SIF technology but the difference of inputs use between 1 st year
and 2nd year of operation was insignificant. A significant difference in total production cost
(Tk/ha/yr), total gross production (ton/ha/yr) and fish sale (Tk/ha/yr) has been found for both
RDs and FFs after adoption of SIF technology through TDES but the profit (Tk/ha/yr) was
insignificant. In comparison between 1st and 2nd year status of RDs, significant difference was
observed in total cost of production (Tk/ha/yr) only. In post adoption evaluation of SIF
technology through TDES between RDs & FFs, significant values of t were observed for
total cost of production (Tk/ha/yr), total gross production (ton/ha/yr). FFs being inactive
clients have also exceeded the national average fish production of 1.3ton/ ha/yr in their
practice. Consequent to increase in production, the cost of production of fish also increased.
Highly significant change have been found related to awareness about fish culture among
family members followed by contact with Thana Fisheries Officer and improved fish culture
operation in the village. Family fish consumption level has also sharply increased. The TDS of
aquaculture extension was considered appropriate in increasing income from fish farming
along with number of ponds under fish culture. Growing confidence in fish culture has forced

106

RDs to look for even higher production technology from manure based to manure and feed
based technology. A highly significant change was found in involving people to start pond fish
culture operation in the village though they were not directly associated with the system thus
pointing towards high degree of sustainability of the system among villagers. This has pushed
the static work force to a more dynamic and productive one. RDs were found to work
willingly as honorary extension agent for their FFs. Significant changes has also been
observed in case of FFs in creating awareness about fish culture among family members,
improving fish culture operation in the village and contact with Thana Fisheries Officer to
have immediate & better access to the technology. They also increased their number of ponds
for more production and income. Except annual income, fish consumption, income form fish
faming and contact with TFO, there was no significant differences between RDs and FFs.
TDES has significantly influenced aquaculture development through the involvement of both
RDs and FFs. The system was efficient in transfer of the aquaculture extension messages from
the RDs to FFs and thereby to community members. During two years of observation, one RD
converted 2.6 FFs into Converted RDs (CRDs). The increase in number of RDs was a positive
sign towards the system. The RDs had a higher production rate than FFs which clearly
indicate that the RDs had the knowledge to play effective roles as educators to FFs. Within
two years, the physico-chemical parameters as observed in RDs pond were favorable for carp
production under SIF technology. It was possible to bring a positive change to start stocking
with bigger size, quality fish fingerlings and is expected to involve family members in the
operation of TDES and becoming strong unit of extension center for neighbors, friends,
relatives etc. This family participation might help to sustain the system and also the adopting
of recommended technology. This family participation has perhaps influenced to bring a
significant change in fish culture operation in the village (Mean 2.75 to 19.95).TDES has also
influenced to increase the number of ponds from 15.55 to 23.25 in the village and at the same
time brought the pond under improved fish culture operations. The total water area under
operation by RDs also increased from 0.32 to 1.01 ha. More than 50% RDs were members of
local organizations. The RDs were successful in converting 2.60 members of FFs in CRDs
through non-formal teaching, demonstration, helping and supervising the SIF activities. This

107

brought dignity, pride and recognition for social service to them. The FFs were relatively
younger with mean age of 37.87 years with 8.42 mean class education. FFs were not in a
position to invest more money to get higher production and increase fish production in their
ponds. Less income from fish farming has failed to influence the annual income of FFs. This
is mainly due to the pond being smaller component of the family income generation system.
There were highly significant changes in contract with TFOs, awareness created about fish
culture among family members and improved fish culture operation undertaken in number of
ponds in the village. A significant changes were noticed in increasing the number of ponds in
the village and number of pond owned by FFs. FFs were less associated (mean value 0.65)
with organizations as members. There were highly significant differences in contact with
TFOs, significant differences in fish consumption, income from fish farming and annual
income between RDs and FFs in their post adoption status. On the contrary there were
insignificant differences in awareness created about fish culture among family members,
number of pond in the village, improved fish culture operation undertaken in number of ponds
owned by RDs and FFs and total water area under them. Thus TDES has influenced both RDs
and FFs at the same time in the same unique and positive direction and brought about positive
change in the attitude of village community, establish better social order implanting selfrespect and self confidence among the RDs and FFs. It has induced the trickling down of
knowledge of SIF technology from Fisheries Extension personnel to RDs and then to FFs. The
system has helped to minimize the existing production gap between locally available
technology and the average production level in fish production. It has significantly contributed
in the fisheries resource development and judicious utilizing of the resources through the
introduction of SIF technology. Definite ratio of carp fingerlings by RDs & FFs, multiple
harvest and stock practice has enabled clientele to get quick return from fish culture and there
by shifting of manure to manure and feed based fish culture technology. RDs and FFs have
invested more money in inputs with the gradual adoption of SIF technology. Unemployed
family member including women have found full or part time production oriented job. Thus
the system has also contributed to some extend in human resource development. TDES
perhaps were able to involve whole family members in the SIF technology. The selected SIF

108

technology for transfer through TDES was significantly adopted by RDs and FFs. Both
individual and group contact followed by repeated short training and effective field
demonstration has made it possible. Both RDs and FFs scored high rank in post adoption
evaluation of the SIF technology might be the positive outcome of the TDS though the FFs
had less contact with Resource Person (RP). This reveals the ability of RDs to play as
honorary volunteer extension agent which is very much needed in developing countries. Such
agent is also more acceptable to local community. In comparison with RDs, FFs were also
advanced in the use of fish toxicant, manure and fish feed. This might be possible due to the
demonstration effect and personal contact with neighboring RDs. The successful
demonstration of SIF technology brought four times increasing fish production in RDs pond
and subsequently has helped in gaining confidence and higher investment for higher
production by FFs. With the increase in total cost of production, the total gross production,
fish sale and net profit has also increased and changes were highly significant. The significant
difference in profit between RDs and FFs indicate that the FFs perhaps were able to adopt the
SIF technology through TDES from their respective RDs even during the first year of
operation. These also help to establish that the concept of SIF technology was equally adopted
by the RDs and FFs.

The average ages of the RDs were 44.5 years and majority of them had high school level
education (9.65 class). The adoption of SIF technology has brought 4.5 times increase from
Tk. 10640 to Tk.46340 in income from fish culture and 1.46 times higher in annual income
from Tk. 95150 to Tk 139450. A highly significant change was found in making contact with
TFO by RDs which is a positive radiation towards increase of knowledge and is expected to
be contributive in technology improvement and a strong participation in the system. Perhaps
the most important change brought by TDES was the creation of awareness regarding
improved fish culture technology among family. Participation of the farmers in the system
was very encouraging and considered it as their own program. The TDES started as an
approach under the project `Institutional Strengthening in the Fisheries Sector` but now fully
demonstrated and established as an extension system in Bangladesh. TDES in its mode of

109

operation implant the seed of self-respect and self-confidence to its clientele. The TDES
should be institutionalized to speed up the needed development of the nation which will help
to create a skilled workforce in the field of aquaculture. Thus human resources development
along with aquaculture development is possible simultaneously. Women Extension Officer are
required to be appointed and serve the women clientele for further development and create a
new sector in the aquaculture field for women participation in development activities of the
country. The TDES can shoulder the responsibilities of aquaculture extension to augment
desired production increase besides bringing betterment in quality of life of the primary
producers in Bangladesh. Training to extension staff and their exposure to recent
developments are very important to meet the needs to the beneficiaries. Limited inputs supply
for the poorest poor might enhance the extension activities under TDES. So, there should be
provision to supply limited inputs to the poorest of the poor clientele.

110

CHAPTER-06
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

111

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion
The following conclusion has been drawn from the observations on the efficiency of Trickle
down Extension System in aquaculture development:
1. The Trickle down Extension System (TDES) has contributed in human resource
development. The unskilled workforce has been converted into skilled ones through
TDES. This has successfully made them professional also. It has created self-employment
opportunity for educated unemployed rural youth, women, student etc. It has implanted
self-respect and self-confidence among the clientele. At the end of the program some
senior RDs were hired by relatives and rich pond owners of nearby villages.
2. The TDES has been able to induce the trickling down of knowledge of SIF technology
from Fisheries Extension Personnel to RDs and then to FFs.
3. The System has helped to minimize the existing production gap between locally available
technology package in the field of aquaculture and the average production level in fish
production.
4. It has significantly contributed in the fisheries resources development and judicious
utilization of the resources though the introduction of SIF technology.
5. The system has created a good number of volunteer extension agents who are more
acceptable to the clientele as extension agent than outsiders.
6. For sustainable extension service, the TDES has been able to accommodate the whole
family member in the system. Thus, it influenced the whole family towards socioeconomic change through creation of awareness.
7. It has contributed to increase the income from fish farming through adoption of semiintensive/improved fish culture technology.
8. Participation of fish farmers in the system was very encouraging and considered it as their
own program.
9. The TDES started as an approach under the project. "Institutional strengthening in the
fisheries Sector" but now fully demonstrated and established as an extension system in
Bangladesh.
112

6.2 Recommendations
The following recommendations are hence forth put forward for consideration:
1. No nation can develop until the seed of sell-respect and self-confidence get the
opportunity to germinate. TDES in its mode of operation implant the seed of self-respect
and self-confidence to its clientele. So, to speed up the needed development of the nation,
the TDES should be institutionalized. This in turn will bring self-employment opportunity
to the nation through aquaculture development. The efficient transfer of technology
mechanism of TDES, if institutionalized, will help to create a skilled workforce in the
field of aquaculture. Thus, human resource development along with aquaculture
development is possible simultaneously.
2. It has been experienced during the observations that women extension officer are highly
essential to reach the women clientele. So, women extension officer are required to be
appointed and serve the women clientele for further development and create a new sector
in the aquaculture field for women participation in development activities of the country.
3. Aquaculture production rate is expected to increase with further refinement of the
available technology, development of new production packages and improvement in
managerial skill thus requires concerted and continuous efforts towards development of
culture technology packages and more vigorous attempts for the transfer of such
technology packages to the users of the primary producers of the sector. All these
emphasize the necessity of a well organized and dedicated aquaculture extension service.
The TDES can shoulder the responsibilities of aquaculture extension to augment desired
increase in production, besides bringing betterment in quality of life of the primary
producers in Bangladesh.
4. Training to extension staff and their exposure to recent developments are very important to
meet the needs of the beneficiaries. TDES emphasize the need of well organized training
institutions where extension personnel and fisheries development officials will have access
to literature on the latest technology.
5. Limited input supply for the poorest poor might enhance the extension activities under
TDES. So, there should be provision to supply limited inputs to the poorest of the poor
clientele.

113

CHAPTER-07
REFERENCES

114

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Aquaculture. BRAC prokashana. Dhaka, Bangladesh. 1992.

Swanson, B.E. and J.B. Claar. (1984) The history and development of agricultural extension.
In: Agricultural extension; a reference manual, 2nd edition .Edited by B. E. Swanson; FAO,
Rome, Italy.pp.1-18

Swanson, B.E., N. Rolling and J. Jiggins (1984) Extension strategies for technology
utilization .In: Agricultural Extension; a reference manual. (2nd ed) FAO. pp. 92-93

The Bangladesh Observer (1994) Sub editorial; Pisciculture: its new dimension; published
on 4th July, 1994 in the national daily, The Bangladesh Observer.

Tietze, U. (1984) Marine fisheries extension services. A Training & Visit System for
Southern Asia. In: Marine Policy, Vol.8, and No.4.pp. 330-336

Vasantha .K. J., V. Sadaraj, N. Sukumaron and P. Selvaraj. (1988) Research and development
in Marine fisheries extension CMFRI-SPEC-PUBL., 1988.no.40 p.76.

125

CHAPTER-08
APPENDICES

126

8. APPENDICES
APPENDIX-A
Record Book
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES MONITORING
Thana

Name of Result Demonstrator

Village

Code No

POND AREA
FISH CULTURE COMPONENT
1. Date of Stoking
2. Stocking details
Species
AV. WT. (G) Nos. %

CULTURE PRACTICE
LIVESTOCK FARMING COMPONENT
1. Farming type (duck/ poultry/ others)
2. Date of housing
3. Housing details
Livestock AV. WT. (gm) Nos. of Bird/ Sq. M

Date

Details of Visit/Farming Activities

Demonstration Organized etc

127

Signature of UFO/ AFO

Location
Pond No.
Month:..

FISH CULTURE COMPONENT

DAILY RECOED
Input / Output
Date
A. Labor input

1
Q

2
Tk.

3
Q

4
Tk.

1. Dyke maintenance/ Repair

2. Deweeding
3. Herbicide application
4. Bottom racking
5. Fertilization
6. Feeding
7. Netting (sampling/ clearing/ harvesting)
8. Others
B. Material input cost
1. Piscicide (Kg/ L)
2. Fuel cost for watering/ dewatering (H)
3. Lime (Kg)
4. Fertilizer 4.1 .Organic (Kg.)
4.2.Inorganic (Kg.)
5. Fish seed (Nos)
6. Drug/ Chemical (gm)
7. Fish feed (Kg.)
8. Others
Total
Output (Sale proceeds)
1. Fish seed (Fry/ Fingerlings) Nos.
2. Fish
(Kg/ No.)

128

5
Q

6
Tk.

7
Q

8
Tk.

Tk.

28
Tk.

29
Q

30
Tk.

31
Q

Total

Q Quantity; H Man hours; D Days; Kg Kilogram; L Litre; gm Gram, No Number

129

APPENDIX B
FIELD DIARY

ACTIVITIES MONITORING
Name:
Date

Month:

Farming type:

Code #:

Recommendations accomplished

Reasons for not accepting

Recommendations including

after his (UFO/ AFO) last visit

the recommendations/

solutions suggested for the

problems if any

problems

Remarks

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE

DISTRICT FISHERIES OFFICER (DFO)
Period (Month)

Date of Submission

Remarks and Recommendations of DFO

130

Signature and date

APPENDIX C
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY FORM
For
Evaluation of impact on socio-economic condition of result demonstration and his/ her
acceptance of technical know- how through Trickle down Aquaculture Extension approach.

Case study No :

RD # :

Name

Upazila :

District

Age

Sex

(M/F) Education

Family size

Adult

Marital status:
Children

Fish farming experience: (Y/ N)

.

i. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Status
Before
After

Items
Major occupation
Minor occupation
Membership in organization
Type of house
Annual income
Fish consumption ; Kg/ month
Income from fish farming
Contact made with Fishery Officer (times/ yr)
Contact made with bank officer (times/ yr)
Awareness about fish culture among family members
- Adult male
- Adult women
-Children
-Old people

131

Sl.No.
11
12
13
14
15

Status
Before
After

Items
No. of ponds in the village
Improve culture operation in the village (no. of ponds)
No. of FF converted into RD
Utilization of profit (Area)
No. of ponds
---owned
---leased

16
17
20

----khas
Plan to take loan
Future plan
Total water area (ha) under culture

ii. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Items

Status
Before
After

Culture technology used

Species of fish reared
Stocking density: No of spawn/ fry/ fingerlings per ha
Stocking ratio
Stocking size
Stocking date
Period of rearing
Manure used
- Organic
- Inorganic

9
10

Lime used
Periodicity of manuring (daily/
weekly/fortnightly/monthly/irregular)

11

organic

- In organic
Method of application (Dumping at the corner/
broadcasting throughout the pond/ mixing with water

12
13

and application throughout)

Feed used
Periodicity of feeding/ method (Irregular/ daily/ weekly/

14

frequently)
Prophylactic treatment

- Stocking time

132

Sl.No.

Items

Status
Before
After
- Periodical netting
- Occasional

15
16

Health check
Sampling (Irregular/ monthly/ quarterly/ half yearly/ no

17
18

sampling)
Multiple harvesting stocking practice (Y/N)
Eradication of unwanted fish through - Dewatering
- Poisoning

19

Eradication of aquatic weeds

- Repeated netting
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Biological

133

iii. INPUT USED (QUANTITY/ COST)/ PRODUCTION ACHIEVED

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Items

Status
Before
After

Pond renovation
Eradication of unwanted fish
Eradication of weed
Lime
Organic manure
- Cow-dung
- Poultry dropping
- Compost

Inorganic manure

- Urea
- TSP

Fish seed

- MP
- Spawn
- Fry
- Fingerling

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Fish feed
Labor
Netting
Transportation/ Dealer commission etc.
Medicine
Others
Total cost (Taka)
Yield received
Expected remaining Yield
Gross production (ton/ ha/ yr)
Total price of fish in Tk.
Cost of production of 1 Kg. fish
Profit/ loss over operational cost (Tk.)

134

Appendix D

Table. A. Pre and post SIF technology adoption scores of RDs

Total score=42

Sl. No.
RD1
RD2
RD3
RD4
RD5
RD6
RD7
RD8
RD9
RD10
RD11
RD12
RD13
RD14
RD15
RD16
RD17
RD18
RD19
RD20
Mean

Pre Score
11
6
6
6
11
9
6
11
10
6
12
16
12
6
9
6
9
7
8
6
8.65

Post Score
41
31
37
36
42
37
41
41
41
41
42
38
33
39
34
31
32
37
25
36
36.75

Pre-

Post

Score(%)
26.19
14.29
14.29
14.29
26.19
21.43
14.29
26.19
23.81
14.29
28.57
38.1
28.57
14.29
21.43
14.29
21.43
16.67
19.05
14.29
20.59 %

Score(%)
97.62
73.81
88.1
85.71
100
88.1
97.62
97.62
97.62
97.62
100
90.48
78.57
92.86
80.95
73.81
76.19
88.1
59.52
85.71
87.50 %

135

STDEV
21.21320344
17.67766953
21.92031022
21.21320344
21.92031022
19.79898987
24.74873734
21.21320344
21.92031022
24.74873734
21.21320344
15.55634919
14.8492424
23.33452378
17.67766953
17.67766953
16.26345595
21.21320344
12.02081528
21.21320344

Appendix D (Cont.)
Table. B. Pre and post SIF technology adoption scores of
FFs
Total score=42

Sl. No
FF1
FF2
FF3
FF4
FF5
FF6
FF7
FF8
FF9
FF10
FF11
FF12
FF13
FF14
FF15
FF16
FF17
FF18
FF19
FF20
FF21
FF22
FF23
FF24
FF25
FF26
FF27
FF28
FF29
FF30
FF31
FF32
FF33
FF34
FF35
FF36

Pre Score
6
6
6
15
12
8
6
8
6
12
9
10
10
9
13
9
14
13
9
9
6
7
6
10
6
18
6
6
6
9
9
7
8
9
9
13

Post Score
31
34
23
32
40
32
27
35
26
33
31
28
28
26
30
32
34
31
20
23
36
41
38
35
28
34
39
37
29
40
32
35
35
37
32
32

Pre-

Post-

Score (%)
14.29
14.29
14.29
35.71
18.57
19.05
14.29
19.05
14.29
28.57
21.43
23.81
23.81
21.43
30.95
21.43
33.33
30.95
21.43
21.43
14.29
16.67
14.29
23.81
14.29
42.86
14.29
14.29
14.29
21.43
21.43
16.67
19.05
21.43
21.43
30.95

Score(%)
73.81
80.95
54.76
67.19
95.24
76.19
64.29
83.33
61.9
78.57
73.81
66.67
66.67
61.9
71.43
76.19
80.95
73.81
69.05
54.76
85371
97.62
90.48
83.33
66.67
80.95
92.86
88.1
69.05
95.24
76.19
83.33
83.33
88.1
76.19
76.19

136

STDEV
17.67767
19.79899
12.02082
12.02082
19.79899
16.97056
14.84924
19.09188
14.14214
14.84924
15.55635
12.72792
12.72792
12.02082
12.02082
16.26346
14.14214
12.72792
14.14214
9.899495
21.2132
24.04163
22.62742
17.67767
15.55635
11.31371
23.33452
21.92031
16.26346
21.92031
16.26346
19.79899
19.09188
19.79899
16.26346
13.43503

Sl. No
FF37
FF38
FF39
FF40
Mean

Pre Score
16
6
10
11
9.2

Post Score
29
34
29
30
32.17

Pre-

Post-

Score (%)
38.1
14.29
23.81
26.19
21.66

Score(%)
69.05
80.95
69.05
71.43
76.6

137

STDEV
9.192388
19.79899
13.43503
13.43503
12.17238