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Contents
1 Breed history
1.1 Colonial era
Quarter Horse
Country of
origin
United States
Common
nicknames
"America's Horse"
"World's Fastest Athlete"
Breed standards
American
Quarter
Horse
Association
Breed standards
(http://www.aqha.com/)
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Breed history
Colonial era
In the 17th century, colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross imported
English Thoroughbred horses with assorted "native" horses such as the Chickasaw horse, which was a breed
developed by Native American people from horses descended from Spain, developed from Iberian, Arabian and
Barb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors.[2]
One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus, a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the
Godolphin Arabian. He was foaled in 1746, and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756.[3] The influence of
Thoroughbreds like Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial "Quarter Horse".[4][5]
The breed is sometimes referred to as the "Famous American Quarter Running Horse".[6] The resulting horse
was small, hardy, and quick, and was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends.[7]
As flat racing became popular with the colonists, the Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter
over courses that, by necessity, were shorter than the classic racecourses of England, and were often no more
than a straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land. When matched against a Thoroughbred, local sprinters
often won. As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America, many colonial Quarter Horses were
included in the original American stud books,[6] starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed
and what would later become officially known as the "Quarter Horse," named after the 14 mile (0.40 km) race
distance at which it excelled.[8][9] with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph.[10]
Westward expansion
In the 19th century, pioneers heading West needed a hardy, willing horse. On the Great Plains, settlers
encountered horses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernn Corts and other Conquistadors had
introduced into the viceroyalty of New Spain, which today includes the Southwestern United States and
Mexico. These horses of the west included herds of feral animals known as Mustangs, as well as horses
domesticated by Native Americans, including the Comanche, Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes. As the colonial
Quarter Horse was crossed with these western horses, the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate
"cow sense," a natural instinct for working with cattle, making it popular with cattlemen on ranches.[11]
The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working
cattle. Even after the invention of the automobile, horses were still
irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range. Thus, major Texas
cattle ranches, such as the King Ranch, the 6666 (Four Sixes) Ranch, and the Waggoner Ranch played a
significant role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse. The skills needed by cowboys and their horses
became the foundation of the rodeo, a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and
expanded to become a major competitive event throughout the west. To this day, the Quarter Horse dominates
the sport both in speed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle.
However, sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain
for breeders as well. As a result, more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American
Quarter Horse breed. The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian, Morgan and
even Standardbred bloodlines.
In 1940, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers
from the southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses.[14] The horse
honored with the first registration number, P-1, was Wimpy,[15] a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire
Old Sorrel. Other sires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers Joe Reed
P-3, Chief P-5, Oklahoma Star P-6, Cowboy P-12, and Waggoner's Rainy Day P-13.[16] The Thoroughbred race
horse Three Bars, alive in the early years of the AQHA, is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of
Fame as one of the significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed.[17] Other significant Thoroughbred
sires seen in early AQHA pedigrees include Rocket Bar, Top Deck and Depth Charge.[18]
AQHA registration. If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced
successfully in sanctioned AQHA events, the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent
studbook, making its offspring eligible for AQHA registration[19]
Since Quarter Horse/Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horse
breed, this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed,
which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the early years of its formation. Some
breeders, who argue that the continued infusion of Thoroughbred bloodlines is beginning to compromise the
integrity of the breed standard, favor the earlier style of horse and have created several separate organizations to
promote and register "Foundation" Quarter Horses.[20][21][22]
The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide. European
nations such as Germany and Italy have imported large numbers of Quarter
Horses. Next to the American Quarter Horse Association (which also
encompasses Quarter Horses from Canada), the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in Brazil, followed
by Australia.[24] With the internationalization of the discipline of reining and its acceptance as one of the
official seven events of the World Equestrian Games, there is a growing international interest in Quarter Horses.
Countries like Japan, Switzerland and Israel that did not have traditional stock horse industries have begun to
compete with American Quarter Horses in their own nations and internationally. The American Quarter Horse is
the most popular breed in the United States today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest
breed registry in the world, with over 5 million American Quarter Horses registered worldwide.[25]
Breed characteristics
The modern Quarter Horse has a small, short, refined head with a straight profile, and a strong, well-muscled
body, featuring a broad chest and powerful, rounded hindquarters. They usually stand between 14 and 16 hands
(56 and 64 inches, 142 and 163 cm) high, although some Halter-type and English hunter-type horses may grow
as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm).
There are two main body types: the stock type and the hunter or racing type. The stock horse type is shorter,
more compact, stocky and well muscled, yet agile. The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses are somewhat
taller and smoother muscled than the stock type, more closely resembling the Thoroughbred.
Quarter Horses come in nearly all colors. The most common color is sorrel, a brownish red, part of the color
group called chestnut by most other breed registries. Other recognized colors
include bay, black, brown, buckskin, palomino, gray, dun, red dun, grullo (also
occasionally referred to as blue dun), red roan, blue roan, bay roan, perlino,
cremello, and white.[26] In the past, spotted color patterns were excluded, but
now with the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage, the registry accepts all
colors as long as both parents are registered.[27]
Stock type
See also: Stock horse
Reining and cutting horses are smaller in stature, with quick, agile movements
and very powerful hindquarters. Western pleasure show horses are often slightly
taller, with slower movements, smoother gaits, and a somewhat more level
topline though still featuring the powerful hindquarters characteristic of the
Quarter Horse.
Halter type
Horses shown in-hand in Halter competition are larger yet, with a very heavily muscled appearance, while
retaining small heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles. There is controversy amongst owners, breeder and
veterinarians regarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the
specialized halter horse, which typically is 15.2 to 16 hands (62 to 64 inches, 157 to 163 cm) and weighs in at
over 1,200 pounds (540 kg) when fitted for halter competition. Not only are there concerns about the weight to
frame ratio on the horse's skeletal system, but the massive build is also linked to HYPP. (See Genetic diseases
below))
Genetic diseases
in Quarter Horse foals. Thus, it is believed that some Quarter Horses may carry the gene for Lethal White
Syndrome. There is a DNA test for this condition.[39]
See also
Quarab
Quarter pony
Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
"AQHA Annual Report - 2014 Horse Statistics". American Quarter Horse Association. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 48
Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 2032
Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 106
Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 138
Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. xxxi
Beckmann, Bruce. "Quarter Horses". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved
2006-05-30.
"American Quarter Horse." Britannica School. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 2015. Web. 1 Jul. 2015.
Dutson, Judith (2012), Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America, Storey Publishing, p. 64,
ISBN 9781603429184
Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association. "Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association 19762008". IQHRA Website. Iowa
Quarter Horse Racing Association. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Mackay-Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 193
Close, Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares.
Oklahoma State University. "Quarter Horse". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Archived from the
original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Denhardt Quarter Horse pp. 143167
Kentucky Horse Park. "American Quarter Horse". International Museum of the Horse- Horse Breeds of the World.
Kentucky Horse Park. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
American Quarter Horse Association Combined Stud Book 1-2-3-4-5 p. 1
"Three Bars (TB)" (PDF). American Quarter Horse Association. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
Wiggins Great American Speedhorse p. 166
American Quarter Horse Association. "AQHA Handbook of Rules and Regulations". SECTION II, Registration Rules
and Regulations. American Quarter Horse Association.
Foundation Quarter Horse Association. "Foundation Quarter Horse Association". FQHA Website. Foundation Quarter
Horse Association. Archived from the original on 1 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
Foundation Horses. "Foundation Bred Quarter Horses". FoundationHorses.com. Foundation Horses. Archived from the
original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
National Foundation Quarter Horse Association. "National Foundation Quarter Horse Association". NFQHA Website.
National Foundation Quarter Horse Association. Archived from the original on 22 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
National Saddle Clubs Association (http://www.omoksee.com/)
The Canadian Quarter Horse Association (http://www.cqha.ca/)
American Quarter Horse Association. "Horse Statistics" (PDF). 2006 AQHA Annual Report. American Quarter Horse
Association. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
"Registration rules" (pdf). American Quarter Horse Association. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
American Quarter Horse Association. "AQHA Handbook of Rules & Regulations 2008 Rule 205 (d).". AQHA Website.
American Quarter Horse Association. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration (http://www.aqha.com/association/registration/hypp.html)
"AQHA Handbook, Section 448 Halter Classes, (j) Performance Halter". Retrieved 30 September 2012.
30. Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses - Aleman - 2009
- Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Wiley Online Librar... (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.19391676.2009.0274.x/abstract)
31. http://manc.umd.edu/Abstracts2010/LenzHYPP%20abstract.pdf
32. ftp://ftp.aave.inv.org.ar/IVIS/aaep/Equine%20Malignant%20Hyperthermia.pdf
33. Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (1999). "Exertional rhabdomyolysis in
quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies". Equine Vet J Suppl 30: 5338. PMID 10659313.
34. Sellnow, "HERDA (http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9687)", The Horse Online News
35. Valberg, Stephanie DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM and James R Mickelson PhD. "Glycogen Branching Enzyme
Deficiency (GBED) in Horses". Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED). University of Minnsesota. Archived
from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
36. Valberg et al., "Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10659313&dopt=AbstractPlus)",
Equine Vet Journal Supplement, pp. 53338
37. Ulman, Katherine. "Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis". Summer 2000 Newsletter. Purdue University, Animal Disease
Diagnostic Lab. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
38. Church, "ACVIM 2006 (http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7628)", The Horse Online News
39. University of California Davis. "Horse Coat Color Tests". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. University of California at
Davis. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
References
American Quarter Horse Association (1961). Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1-2-3-4-5. Amarillo, TX:
American Quarter Horse Association.
Church, Stephanie L. (2006-09-14). "ACVIM 2006: Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses". The Horse Online News (#
7628). Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
Close, Pat (1994). Legends 2: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares. Colorado Springs: Western Horseman.
ISBN 0-911647-30-9.
Denhardt, Robert M. (1979). The Quarter Running Horse: America's Oldest Breed. Norman, OK: University of
Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1500-9.
Mackay-Smith, Alexander (1983). The Colonial Quarter Race Horse. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson.
Sellnow, Les (2007-05-28). "HERDA: DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease". The Horse Online News.
Retrieved 2007-05-07.
Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L, de la Corte F (July 1999). "Exertional rhabdomyolysis in
quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies". Equine Vet Journal Supplement 30: 5338.
PMID 10659313.
Wiggins, Walt (1978). The Great American Speedhorse: A Guide to Quarter Racing. New York: Sovereign Books.
ISBN 0-671-18340-0.
Further reading
Denhardt, Robert Moorman (1997). Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse. University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN 0-8061-2947-6.
External links
American Quarter Horse Association (http://www.aqha.com)
Information about Quarter Horses in Europe (http://www.quarterhorse-europe.net/)
Quarter Horse in New Caledonia
(http://www.membres.lycos.fr/equitationwestern/)
Czech Quarter Horse Association (http://www.czqha.cz/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Quarter_Horse&oldid=689082303"
Categories: Horse breeds Horse breeds originating in the United States American Quarter Horses
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