INTRODUCTION

Thanksgiving Praise Allah SWT writer who has bestowed his grace so that we can
finish the paper on Heart.
The purpose of this paper to learn and study the structure, physiological and workings
of the heart.
In preparing this paper, we get a lot of guidance and support from various parties, for
that on this occasion we did not forget to thank our lecturers and all those who have helped in
the writing of this paper.
We realize that in the preparation of this paper is far from perfect, we are looking
forward to the criticisms and suggestions for improvement in the future.
Hopefully, this paper can be useful for the development of science and all those who read it.

Jambi,5 april 2014

writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................
1.2 Problems .......................................................................................................................
1.3 Objectives .....................................................................................................................
PART II: DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of heart disease ............................................................................................
2.2 Causes of heart disease .................................................................................................
2.3 the types of heart disease ..............................................................................................
2.4 how to prevent heart disease .........................................................................................
2.5 symptoms of heart disease ............................................................................................
2.6 means the treatment of heart disease ............................................................................
PART III: CONCLUSION
3.1 suggestion .....................................................................................................................
3.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................
REFERENCES

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Heart disease is often considered a disease of the elderly monopoly . First is the
disease primarily affects older people aged 60 years and over , because age is also a risk
factor for heart disease and stroke . However, nowadays it is also suffered by patients under
the age of 40 years . This occurs because of changes in lifestyle , especially in the modern
urban youth .
When the era of globalization lead to information more easily available , developing
countries may soon mimic the habits of the western countries are considered to mirror the
pattern of modern life . Some behaviors such as eating fast food ( fast food ) is high in
saturated fats , smoking , alcohol , overwork , lack of exercise , and stress , has been a human
lifestyle especially in urban areas. Yet all these behaviors may be the causative factors of
heart disease and stroke .
1.2 Problems
The problems are shallow in this paper are :
1 . What is heart disease ?
2 . Causes of heart disease ?
3 . Anything what types of heart disease ?
4 . How do I prevent heart disease ?
5 . Anything what symptoms that occur in people with heart disease ?
6 . How the treatment of heart disease ?
1.3 Objectives
The purpose of this paper is :
1 . To determine heart disease
2 . To find out the causes of heart disease
3 . To determine the types of heart disease
4 . To find out how to prevent heart disease
5 . To know the symptoms of heart disease
6 . To find out how to cure heart disease

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Heart ( Latin cor ) is a hollow , hollow , muscular organ that pumps blood through the
blood vessels by repeated rhythmic contractions . The term cardiac means associated with the
heart , the heart of Greek cardiauntuk . The heart is one organ that plays a role in the
circulatory system .
A. Structure of the anatomy and physiology of the heart
1 . Structures
hollow organs
striated muscular
conical
Located between the two lungs behind the sternum
Size : length 12 cm , width 9 cm , 6 cm thick
Weight 250-300 g
2 . Portion - part of the heart
Atrium
An upper heart chambers , the atria smaller size , serves as a reception room and a point of
venous blood flow .
ventricular
Merupaka lower heart chamber , used as a pumping chamber ( discharging ) and place derah
pushed into the artery .
septum
Nestled amidst the heart , separating the left and right heart and muscle type .
Layer - the layer heart
1 . Endocardial : heart arrives innermost layer , consists of mucous membrane , lining the
surface of the heart cavity and heart valves and continuous with the endothelial lining of
blood vessels .
2 . Myocardium : The core layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle , plays an
important role in blood circulation .
3 . Pericardium : The outermost layer of the heart , there is a fluid produced serous membrane
that serves as a lubricant .
heart valve
Has 4 valves :
1 . The tricuspid valve : located between the right atrium and right ventricle .
2 . Mitral Valve : located between the left ventricle and left atrium .
3 . Aortic valve : located between the left ventricle and the aorta .
4 . Pulmonary Valve : Located anta right ventricle and the pulmonary artery .
3 . Physiology
Cardiac function as blood pumping . The right atrium serves to store and distribute
blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve , left atrium receives blood from four
pulmonary veins that contain oxygen -rich blood , receives blood from the left ventricle the

right atrium to the pulmonary artery and then pump the tail pulmonary valve , the right
ventricle memerim blood from the left atrium ( O2 rich ) then pumped through the aortic
valve into the aorta throughout the body .

B. Surface Heart
Approximately the size of a human heart as big as a fist adult male . The heart is a
muscle that is composed of a single layer of endothelium . The heart is located in the thoracic
cavity , behind the breast bone / sternum . The structure of the heart to turn down and slightly
to the left .
Heart is almost completely enveloped by the lungs , but enclosed by a double membrane
called the pericardium , which is attached padadiafragma . The first layer to stick very closely
to the heart , while the outer layer is more loose and watery , to avoid friction between the
organs in the body that occurs due to the constant movement of the heart pumping .
Heart kept in place by the blood vessels which covers an area of uneven heart / flat , as in the
bottom and on the side. Two line splitter ( formed from muscle ) on the outer layer of the
heart showing where the dividing wall between the left and kananserambi ( atria ) and
chamber (ventricle).
C. Internal Structure of Heart
Internally , the heart muscle layers separated by a split into two sections , from top to
bottom , into two pumps . Both of these pumps from birth never connected . It consists of two
parts separated by a wall cavity of the heart . It can be concluded that the heart consists of
four cavities , the left and right atrium and the right ventricle and the left .
Porch wall is much thinner than the walls of the booth for booth must fight the force of
gravity to pump from the ground up , particularly in the aorta , to pump around the body
which has blood vessels . Two pairs of cavities ( chambers and porches simultaneously ) in
their respective parts of the heart are connected by a valve . Antaraserambi valve in the right
and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve or valve leafy three . While the valve is
between the left atrium and left ventricle disebutkatup bicuspid valve leafy or two .
D. How to Work Heart
At the time of pulsing , each heart chamber slack and fill with blood ( called diastole )
. Furthermore, the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the heart ( called systole ) . Both
porches sag and contracting simultaneously , and both chambers also loosens and contracts
simultaneously.
Blood is running out of oxygen and contains a lot of carbon dioxide ( dirty blood ) of the
entire body flows through two veins encouraged ( vena cava ) heading into the right atrium .
After the right atrium filled with blood , he will push blood into the right ventricle .
Blood from the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary
artery, leading to the lungs . Blood will flow through very small vessels ( capillaries ) that
surrounds the air bag in the lungs , absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide which is
subsequently exhaled .
Blood rich in oxygen ( clean blood ) flow in the pulmonary veins to the left atrium into .
Blood circulation in the right part of the heart , the lungs and the left atrium called the
pulmonary circulation .

Blood in the left atrium to the left ventricle will be encouraged , which in turn will pump
clean blood is passed through the aortic valve into the aorta ( the largest artery in the body ) .
This oxygen -rich blood supplied to the entire body, except the lungs .

E. Information on Heart Health

Heart is one of the most important organs of the body , resulting in death . Divided
heart problems due to cardiac failure is often almost into two parts , namely heart disease and
heart attacks .
The Normal Heart rhythm .
Sinus rhythm ( sinus rhythm ) is the only rhythm that always normal rhythm , in young
people , reduced RR intervals ( mean heart rate increases ) to inspire a condition called sinus
arrhythmia ( sinus arrhythmia ) on arrhythmias Sirus each kopleks P , Q , R , S , T is normal ,
and only the intervals of which are changed . Sinus arrhythmia became less apparent with
increasing age bertambanya Ekstrasistole supraventnkular , both atrial and junsional
( juntional ) often encountered in the normal ECG .
In rhythm , sinus P wave normally upright up on all leads (lead ) except in VR.lead a typical
relationship of two electrodes , there are three types of leads :
a. Lead base ( bipolar lead / lead standard ) measures the potential difference yamg frontal
plane of the body consists of :
Lead I: menrgukur potential between the RA and LA
Lead II : menrgukur potential between the RA and LL
Lead III : menrgukur potential between LA and LL
b . Lead augmented ( unipolar lead ) limb measuring the potential difference bidag transverse
Lead is a uni -polar because of the potential that appears on the electrode together with a
reference electrode equivalent , which is the average of the signal in the show one or two
electrodes .
c . Precordial leads ( precordial unipolar lead ) to view the ECG in the field transvrsal are
marked with the letter " V (voltage ) and behind the letter " V " is assigned a value which
is the location of the electrodes on the chest ( precordial ) electrode mounting
recommended by the American Heart Association are : V1 . V2 . V3 . V4 . V5 . V6 . V7 .
V.8 and V9
V1 : fourth rib space at the right sternal line
V2 : Space fourth ribs on the left sternal line
V3 : Located midway between V2 and V4
V4 : Space ribs left clavicle tenga V line
V5 : Space rib V line front left axilla
V6 : Space rib V line middle left axilla
V7 : Space rib V line behind the left axilla
V8 : V rib space behind the scapula line
V9 : Limit the left of the vertebral colum

The position of the ECG in the transverse plane :

( a) Observation Frontal
( b ) Observations at the top
The PR interval is always the same ( constant ) , and the limit is normally 0:12 to 0:22
seconds ( 3-5 small squares on ECG paper ) while the QRS kompeleks , paras heart (cardiac
axis ) normal dominant up on leads I, II and III , but the highest in leads II size R and S
waves in leads V1 between steeper in leads V1 there must be a small R wave and S wave in ,
and the balance between them must change progressively from V1 to V6keseimbangan
between R and S waves steeper provide information that the ECG . Normal limits set at 25
mm u / R wave in V5 or V6 or S on V1.atau V2.dan amount of R in V5 or V6dengan S on
V1.atau V2 and the amount of R in V5 or V6 in V1.atau V2 is less than expected 35 mm .
The width of the QRS complex must be less than 3 mm ( mean duration of less than
0:12 seconds ) to all leads. Depolarization normal interventricular septum from left to right
causing small septal Q waves in leads II and V5 VL . V6 . III.segmen lead ST ( part of the
ECG wave between the S and T waves ) must be horizontal and isolektrik.Elevasi ST
segment is a sign of acute myocardial infrak , and ST segment depression can be showed
ischemia or digitalis effect and follows a wave of S.
In a normal ECG gelombangT inverted in VR , but usually towards the top ( upright )
in all other leads , including the leads III and V1 VR tapered T wave ( peakad ) , typical of the
anterior in healthy people Cardiac Electrical Recording Results Recording electric potential
outcomes of heart activity usually done 12 leads . ECG recording results on lead II as follows
:

2.1 Definition of heart disease ( kordiovaskular )

is a condition that causes the heart can not carry out their duties properly . These
things include a weak heart muscle ( congenital abnormality ) and or the existence of a gap
between the right atrium and left the porch , because of incomplete formation of a separate
layer between the second platform when the patient is still in the womb . This causes the
blood clean and dirty blood mixed .
2.2 The different causes of heart disease
1 . The high blood pressure
The main enemy of heart attacks is high blood pressure . Every two cases of death from
heart attack due to high blood pressure . For those of you who suffer from hypertension
should control heart health at least three times a year .
2 . Levels of high cholesterol
Cholesterol become the second leading cause of heart attacks . In most cases , closely
related to high cholesterol most likely a heart attack . High cholesterol triggers the
formation of plaque in the blood vessels which interfere with the normal blood supply
to the body and cause heart failure .

3 . Age and sex

Age over 65 years has a great chance of getting heart disease . Heart disease is most
common in men than women .
4 . Heredity and chronic disease
A person who has a parent with a history of heart disease , then it has a chance of a
similar disease . Besides chronic diseases such as diabetes and potentially obesity heart
disease .
5 . Lifestyle
Irregular lifestyle such as smoking , drinking alcohol , clubbing hooked , not a diet ,
irregular sleep will increase the chances of a heart attack .

2.3 Types of heart disease

1 . Failing Heart
Heart Failure or Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart can not supply blood flow
to meet the body's needs and potentially lethal . Sometimes heart failure is often
misinterpreted as a heart attack .
This type of heart disease has symptoms include: swelling of the feet and hands , the
addition or subtraction of weight before swelling due to excess fluid , shortness of breath ,
persistent fatigue , angina or discomfort in the chest and arm due to blockage of the
coronary arteries .
2 . Heart Valve Disease
do not work properly . In some cases , people are born with heart valve problems , while
some people get valve abnormalities in his lifetime .
Abnormalities of the heart valves can be caused by infection , age , and because of other
diseases . Almost no Heart Valve Disease or heart valve problems are circumstances in
which one or more heart valves symptoms are found by patients with abnormalities of the
heart valves .
There are three types of valvular heart disease : leakage , narrowing , and valves without
holes . There is no cure for heart valve abnormalities except surgery . But for those of you
who do not have this disease from birth , maintain a diet and lifestyle is the key to be free
from this disease .
3 . Arrhythmia
This is the type of heart disease that interfere with the heart rate or rhythm disturbances .
The heart rate can be faster , slower , and irregular . The main factor is the lack of calcium
arrhythmia disease in the body and the heart blood vessel blockage .
Blockage of the coronary arteries also have an effect on abnormal heartbeat will result in a
heart attack . In addition to 2 other arrhythmia that causes are diabetes , high blood
pressure , smoking , caffeine , alcohol , stress , heart muscle death , drug abuse , and
overly active thyroid gland .

4 . Pericarditis
This type of heart disease is inflammation of the heart sac or pericardiumsehingga cause
fluid retention and thickening . Inflammation is caused by several things . A common
cause is a viral infection and radiation therapy for breast cancer .
The symptoms of pericarditis are shortness of breath , cough , high blood pressure , and
fatigue due to the work of the heart becomes inefficient . Heart disease can be diagnosed
by MRI or cardiac catheterization .
Taking medication to reduce fluid can help reduce the symptoms of pericarditis but total
healing done by lifting the pericardium .
5 . Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is caused by a layer of fat or cholesterol in the walls of arteries that
clog arteries . As a result of blockage by a layer of fat and cholesterol is the disruption of
the blood supply to and from the heart .
When blood is blocked due to the fat layer is called a heart attack . Layers of fat and
cholesterol in the walls of arteries caused by cigarette addiction , hypertension , and high
cholesterol .
If a person experience symptoms such as pain in the center of the chest that radiates to the
left arm and even to the back of the neck , sweating , and nausea mean the person may
suffer from coronary heart disease .
For this type of coronary heart disease can be treated with herbs that have been clinically
tested and tested by scientists and doctors usefulness . Noni Juice coupled with a healthy
diet change would restore normal cardiac function .
There are many heart diseases are not described here . However, the most common heart
diseases above . Be aware of the symptoms and always consult your doctor if any of the
above diseases heart attack you .
2.4 How to prevent heart disease
1 . Avoid foods that contain cholesterol ( LDL), high
Or LDL cholesterol is known as a major cause of atherosclerosis , which is the process of
hardening of the walls of blood vessels , especially in the heart , brain , kidneys , and
eyes . As a result of this process , blood vessels , especially the coronary arteries , a narrow
and block blood flow in it . As a result , the heart can be hard to pump blood . These
circumstances may increase the risk of heart disease .
2 . Eating high-fiber foods ( vegetables and fruits )
Fiber is known to have an important role in maintaining health . Fibers consist of two
types , namely soluble and insoluble fiber . Insoluble fiber can not be digested by digestive
enzymes , but soluble in hot water . Soluble fiber is what makes the stomach full longer
and provide energy longer and beneficial in lowering cholesterol levels in the blood .
Generally , there are the fruits and vegetables and also in oats ( oatmeal ) . Soluble fiber
that can bind cholesterol in the body and removing it from the body . The role that is
capable of lowering cholesterol levels in the blood to lower the risk of heart disease .
3 . Avoid stress
Dutch researchers have published in the journal Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
showed that high levels of the hormone cortisol due to stress is closely related to death

from cardiovascular disease . Stress can lead to arterial plaque that narrows and is buried
decrease blood flow to 27 percent . Significant narrowing of the arteries visible even in
mild disease . Other research suggests that severe stress can lead to rupture of the artery
walls containing plaques and trigger a heart attack .
4 . Avoid alcohol
Alcohol can raise blood pressure , weakened heart muscle , thicken the blood and cause
arterial spasms that can lead to heart attacks .
5 . Quit Smoking
Smoking increases blood pressure and put toxic chemicals into the body , such as nicotine
and carbon monoxide , into the bloodstream . These chemical substances , will further
damage the arteries that are important to the life of the heart .
6 . Control of blood pressure
High blood pressure causes the heart muscle enlargement of the left so that the heart risk is
malfunctioning .
7 . Exercising regularly
Regular exercise ( at least three times a week ) also lowers levels of bad cholesterol
( LDL ) , keeping blood pressure does not rise , and preventing overweight

2.5 Symptoms of heart disease

Symptoms of Heart Disease Affected People
1 . Fatigue If you frequently move so tired , though not heavy , ask your personal physician
immediately . This may be an indication there is a problem in the heart . fatigue is also
often perceived waking time .
2 . Chest pain Early Symptoms of Heart Disease , It is a common sign of a heart problem .
women may perhaps feel more chest pain due to clogged arteries that lead to the flow of
blood throughout the body is not smooth . This situation can also lead to numbness and
weakness of the body .
3 . Sweating Usually a person sweats after exercise or when the weather is hot . but if you
sweat easily , while not doing anything else , chances are you have a heart problem . 4 .
Headache Heart Disease Characteristics Other characteristic Those who have heart
problems , headaches can feel light when exposed to speech . This has the effect on heart
rate , did not know it beat more slowly or more quickly . Especially in women who often
experience migraines or visual problems , at least 2x a month , need to be vigilant . This
may be a sign of a change of heart disease . so according to a study published American
Academy of Neurology . according to the researchers , this took place because the blood
circulation irregularities resulting from chronic headaches .
5 . Nausea Symptoms of Heart Disease begins with abdominal swelling . This resulted in a
patient about to lose appetite and feel nauseous excess .
6 . Anxiety Many believe , heart attacks led to the trauma . consequently , those who
experienced a heart attack is often used natural tension , fears , or worries can be death . is
associated with concerns about the psychological and stress often lead to attacks .
7 . Painful body pain so strong sign of heart disease . in men , the pain felt left arm section , a
moment of pain experienced woman in the 2nd arm . the pain comes and goes , this

section felt shoulder, back elbow , and neck . The most painful point is because the side of
the body takes place due to clogged arteries .
8 . Irregular heartbeat If you experience irregular heartbeat , is worth to watch out because it
can cause fatal . irregular heartbeats usually last because there is thickening of the muscle
of the heart valves . This resulted in a narrowing of the subject took place on the valve to
cause a leak .
9 . Shortness of breath characteristic feature of other Heart Disease Shortness of breath is due
to thickening of the blood vessels that block the blood supply to the entire body . This also
causes the irregular heartbeat , liver disorders or infections , thickening of the heart muscle
, and abnormalities of the heart valves .
10 .Swelling Swelling takes place when fluid builds up in the body . usually takes place at the
ankleand abdomen . This sign is a signal that the central heart of the natural defects and
abnormalities of the heart valves .

2.6 The treatment of heart disease

a. Drugs : to dissolve blood clots that block coronary arteries
b . Angioplasty and stent implantation : a procedure to open a clogged artery using a balloon
koroneryang at the point of constriction . After arterial tebuka special metal tube that can
be ballooned in place to keep it open .
c . Bypass surgery : surgery where blood flow is diverted from the constriction area
In the coronary arteries .
d . The use of long-term drug
e . Defibilator heart implant ( ICD ) : a small device that is sometimes grown for managing
abnormal iramajantung ( aritamia ) which can be complicated after a heart attack .

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Heart disease occurs due to weakening of the heart muscle and the auto-because of the gap
between the right atrium and left the porch, because of incomplete formation of a separate
layer between the second platform when the patient is still in the womb.
3.2 Advice

Once we know what it's heart, how it works and function of the heart then we should have to
keep and use as possible because the heart is a vital organ in the human body. The way such
as avoiding smoking and alcohol, less fast food because of the fat content is much higher,