ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to our main
project supervisor, Sir Tengku Amran Tengku Mohd for the encouragement, guidance and
critics. He inspired us greatly to work in this project. His willingness to motivate us
contributed tremendously to our project. Without her continued support and interest, this
research project would not have been the same as presented here
Besides, we would like to thank the department of faculty chemical engineering for giving us
this opportunity to participate and learn about the log interpretation. The success and final
outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people. We are
extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our project work.
Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and
supports on us in completing this project. Whatever that we have done is only due to such
guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank the people that are mentioned
above, without them we would face many difficulties while doing this project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
1. Introduction

Page
5

2. Logging Data
i) Permeable and Non-permeable zone from log
ii) Water Bearing and Hydrocarbon zone, GOC and OWC

6
7-8

3. Log Interpretation
i.

Determination of Lithology

ii.

Pressure Gradient Graph

10

iii.

Porosity Determination

11

iv.

Determination of Water Saturation

12 - 16

4. Conclusion

17

5. References

17

6. Appendices

18

INTRODUCTION
Well logging is the recording of geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. This log may
be obtained by visual inspection of samples brought up to surface or by physical
measurements lowered into the hole. the data given to us for this logging interpretation is a
set of log data and MDT/DST pressure data of Lebah Field, which is located in Sabah basin.
The main objectives for this log interpretation are to determine the lithology types which
includes shale volume, porosity, the water saturation, water and hydrocarbon bearing zone,
GOC and OWC and zone of interest.
The depth of the reservoir is basically from 1302.42 m to 1571.53 m. The GRmin is 225 and
the GRmax is 2220. The density matrix used is 2.65g/cm 3 which is sandstone and the
density for fluid is 1.1g/cm3 which is salt water. The water saturation is 1 and Rw is
calculated to be 0.203901 .

LOGGING DATA
1. Permeable and Non-Permeable Zone from Log

U
A
UB
UC
UD

U
E

U
F

U
G

UG1

U
G
2

2. Water Bearing and HC Bearing Zones, GOC and OWC

U
A

UB
UC
UD

U
E

GAS
ZON

U
F

U
G

UG1

U
G
2

O
I
L

GOC

Z
O
N
E

OWC

WATER
ZON

1302 M

E
R
M
E
A
B
L
E

Z
O
N

1571 M

LOG INTERPRETATION
DETERMINATION OF LITHOLOGY
VSHALE DETERMINATION
Gamma Ray Log is used to distinguish the reservoir rock (sandstone) from non-reservoir
rock (shales). The difference in radioactivity between shales and sandstones/carbonate
rocks allows the gamma tool to distinguish between shales and non-shales.The formula
used is:

Vsh =

(GRlogGRmin)
(GRmaxGRmin)

From the Gamma Ray Log, the value of GRmin is 225 while the GRmax is 2220. By using
Microsoft Excel, a formula is created and the values are done by Excel.
Example from the log Lebah Field:

DEPTH
1511.04
1511.192
1511.345
1511.497
1511.65
1511.802
1511.954
1512.10
7
1512.25
9
1512.411
1512.56
4
1512.71
6
1512.86
9
1513.02
1
1513.17
3

POROSIT
Y
0.191097
0.195742
0.188452
0.198645
0.21929
0.210645
0.176774
0.154323
0.153871
0.164065
0.204774
0.247548
0.278903
0.270194
0.235161

PRESSURE GRADIENT GRAPH

Defining the depths of the fluid contacts, gas/water contact (GWC), oil/water contact (OWC),
and gas/oil contact (GOC), or defining both of the latter in some reservoir situations, is
essential for volumetrics calculations and important for detailed petrophysical calculations.
For example, for more-accurate porosity calculations, the reservoirs vertical interval needs
to be subdivided by fluid type to account for differences in the average fluid saturation and,
hence, differences in fluid density or sonic travel time in the various fluid intervals: gas cap,
oil column, or aquifer. The Gas Oil Contact (GOC) is at depth of 1463.953 m and the Oil
Water Contact (OWC) is at depth of 1511.04. For the water saturation (Sw) calculations, the
depth of the OWC or GWC, or more particularly the related free water level (FWL), is a
required input for any Sw calculations using capillary pressure, Pc, data. These depths need
to be defined in every wellbore, to the extent that they occur.

POROSITY DETERMINATION
Rock properties can be measured by using combination of acoustic log, density
log, and neutron log. From the log given, density log is used in order to determine the
porosity of the formation.

D=

ma b
maf

Density matrix ,

ma, is

obtained from the table provided while density bulk is obtained from

the log. By using this formula, with salt water (1.1 g/cm 3) and assumed the matrix is
sandstone (2.65 g/cm3), density porosity can be obtained.

Example calculation:
D=

ma b
maf
D

DEPTH
TVDSS
1511.04
1511.192
1511.345
1511.497
1511.65
1511.802
1511.954
1512.107
1512.259
1512.411
1512.564
1512.716
1512.869
1513.021
1513.173

DENB_1
G/CM3
2.3538
2.3466
2.3579
2.3421
2.3101
2.3235
2.376
2.4108
2.4115
2.3957
2.3326
2.2663
2.2177
2.2312
2.2855

2.652.3538
2.651.1

= 0.191097

Porosity
0.191097
0.195742
0.188452
0.198645
0.21929
0.210645
0.176774
0.154323
0.153871
0.164065
0.204774
0.247548
0.278903
0.270194
0.235161

DETERMINATION OF WATER SATURATION

Water saturation is the fraction of water in a given pore space. It is very rare for a formation
to contain absolute zero water and generally there is some water saturation in the pore
space, Sw in all formations. To find Sw, we need to know the value of Rw first, so Rw based
on Archies water saturation equation is (Sw)^n = (F/Rw).
For log parameter;
a=1
m = 1.61
n = 1.62
Where n is saturation exponent, m is cementation factor and a is constant.
Method used:
Archie equation is valid at water zone only. The value of Sw calculated from Archie equation
is 0.963612. Rw is determine from the Pickett Plot and the value of Rw is 0.203901.
Below showed the derivation on Archies water saturation

Assume 1.0 of water saturation, given n = 1.62, m = 1.61, a = 1

S W n=

F RW
a
F= m
Rt

(1.0)1.61=

F RW
Rt

(1)

F=

1.62

(2)

Substituting equation 2 into 1:

(1.0)1.61=

(1) RW
1.62
Rt

Rearranging:

Rt =

RW
1.62
10

1.62

Rt =RW

Compare to standard form of power equation:

Y =B X

Rt =RW 1.62
This equation is used to plotted a Pickett graph and for water saturation of 0.25 and 0.5
repeated the same derivation and obtaining as follow

1.62

Rt =

R w
1.62
0.5

Rt =

R w
(assume 0.25)
1.62
0.25

(assume 0.5)

1.62

11

Simandoux and Indonesian equation is used to calculate water saturation, Sw.

Simandoux equation:

Sw=

[ (

Ro ( 1Vsh )
RoVsh ( 1Vsh )
RoVsh ( 1Vsh )
+

Rt
2 Rsh
2 Rsh

)(

2
n

where Ro=

aRw
m

Indonesian equation:

Sw=

0.5(2Vsh)

(
Vsh

Rsh
Rt

Rt
+
Ro

2
n

Example of simandoux calculation at water zone:

Sw=

[ (

2.9283 ( 10.452446 )
2.92830.452446 ( 10.452446 )
2.92830.452446 ( 10.452446 )
+

2.6467
22.1805
22.1805

)(

= 0.594141

a = 1, m = 1.61, n = 1.62, Rw = 0.203901

12

2
1.62

Below is the sample calculated simandoux equation at gas zone:

a = 1, m = 1.61, n = 1.62, Rw = 0.203901

Below is the calculated simandoux equation at oil zone:

a = 1, m = 1.61, n = 1.62, Rw = 0.203901

13

Example of Indonesian calculation at water zone:

Sw=

0.452446 0.5(20.452446)
2.6467
+
2.928329
2.1805
2.6467

2
1.62

= 0.613395

14

n = 1.62

Below is sample calculated Indonesian equation at gas zone:

n = 1.62

15

Below is calculated Indonesian equation at oil zone:

n = 1.62

CONCLUSION
Overall, the zone of interest for Lebah-1 field is between 1329.84m until depth 1598.98m. In
the reservoir, there are gas, oil and water. For gas zone, it start from depth 1329.84m to
1467.1533m. This can be proven by using neutron and density log which show butterfly
effect at this interval. For water zone, the interval depth is from 1509.2116m until 1598.98m.
From resistivity log, it can be seen that the resistivity reading is lowest at this interval. As we
know, neutron and density log is to determine the gas zone while resistivity log is to
determine water zone. When these two logs is compared, there are some gap which is oil
zone. For this reservoir, the volume of gas is more than oil, thus, it will produce more gas
than oil. The GOC is at depth 1467.1533m and OWC is at 1509.2116m.

REFERENCES
1. Log Interpretation Techniques in Clastic Reservoirs slide, CGE 674 Formation
Evaluation.
2. Lebah-1 log data by Redone Sdn. Bhd.

16

APPENDICE

17