Tourism

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to
countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional
purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists;
residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply
tourism expenditure.
As such, tourism has implications on the economy, on the natural and built environment, on the
local population at the destination and on the tourists themselves. Due to these multiple impacts,
the wide range and variety of production factors required to produce those goods and services
acquired by visitors, and the wide spectrum of stakeholders involved or affected by tourism,
there is a need for a holistic approach to tourism development, management and monitoring. This
approach is strongly recommended in order to formulate and implement national and local
tourism policies as well as the necessary international agreements or other processes in respect of
tourism.
Busines
visiter
A business visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the business
and professionalcategory.

Country
of
The country of reference refers to the country for which the measurement is done.

reference

As a general observation, it should be noted that in the International Recommendations 2008:

(a) The term country can be transposed to a different geographical level using the term place
instead (either a region, municipality or other subnational geographic location);
(b) The term long-term is used as the equivalent of a year or more and short-term as less
than a year.

Country
of
residence
The country of residence of a household is determined according to the centre of predominant
economic interest of its members. If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year
in a given country and has there his/hercentre of economic interest (for example, where the
predominant amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as aresident of this country.

Destination
(main
destination)
of
a
trip
The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is central to the decision
to take the trip. See also purpose of a tourism trip.

Domestic
tourism
Comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference, either as part of
a domestic tourism tripor part of an outbound tourism trip.

Economic
analysis
Tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the places visited
(and beyond), mainly due to demand for goods and services that need to be produced and
provided.
In the economic analysis of tourism, one may distinguish between tourisms economic
contribution which refers to the direct effect of tourism and is measurable by means of the TSA,
and tourisms economic impact which is a much broader concept encapsulating the direct,
indirect and induced effects of tourism and which must be estimated by applying models.
Economic impact studies aim to quantify economic benefits, that is, the net increase in the
wealth of residents resulting from tourism, measured in monetary terms, over and above the
levels that would prevail in its absence.

Employment
in
tourism
industries
Employment in tourism industries may be measured as a count of the persons employed
in tourism industries in any of their jobs, as a count of the persons employed in tourism
industries in their main job, as a count of the jobs intourism industries, or as full-time equivalent
figures.

Excursionist
(or
same-day
visitor)
A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) if
his/her trip does not include an overnight stay.

Forms
of
tourism
There are three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism, and outbound
tourism. These can be combined in various ways to derive the following additional forms of
tourism: internal tourism, national tourism andinternational tourism.

Inbound
tourism
Comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference on an inbound
tourism trip.

Internal
tourism
Internal tourism comprises domestic tourism plus inbound tourism, that is to say,
the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part
of domestic or international tourism trips.

International
tourism
International tourism comprises inbound tourism plus outbound tourism, that is to say,
the activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part
of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities ofnon-resident visitors within
the country of reference on inbound tourism trips.

Meetings
industry
To highlight purposes relevant to the meetings industry, if a trips main purpose is
business/professional, it can be further subdivided into attending meetings, conferences or
congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions and other business and professional purposes.
The term meetings industry is preferred by the International Congress and Convention
Association (ICCA), Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and Reed Travel over the
acronym MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) which does not recognize
the industrial nature of such activities.

MICE
See meetings industry.

National
tourism
National tourism comprises domestic tourism plus outbound tourism, that is to say,
the activities of resident visitorswithin and outside the country of reference, either as part
of domestic or outbound tourism trips.

Outbound
tourism
Comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference, either as part of
an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip.

Place
of
usual
residence
The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually
resides, and is defined by the location of his/her principal dwelling (Principles and
recommendations for population and housing censuses of the United Nations, 2.20 to 2.24).

Purpose
of
a
tourism
trip
(main)
The main purpose of a tourism trip is defined as the purpose in the absence of which the trip
would not have taken place. Classification of tourism trips according to the main purpose refers
to nine categories: this typology allows the identification of different subsets of visitors (business
visitors, transit visitors, etc).
See also destination of a tourism trip

Tourism
expenditure
Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and
services, as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips.
Tourist
a person who travels to a place for pleasure
: a member of a sports team that is playing a series of official games in a foreign country
Sectors Of Tourism Industry

Accommodation
Whether you are interested in starting a quaint family-run hotel or a remote wilderness lodge,
the accommodation sector is full of possibility. Since 2012, the accommodation sector has
seen an increase in its contribution to the Canadian Gross Domestic Product and a rise in
employment (Statistics Canada).
Here in Yukon, there are over 100 accommodation providers that are actively marketing their
product via the Travel Yukon website, yet there is still a lot of room to develop a unique and
welcoming home away from home.
Adventure Tourism and Recreation
Considering the size and beauty of our backyard, it is no wonder that the Yukon adventure
tourism and recreation sector is growing fast.

The adventure tourism and recreation sector includes everything from watching wildlife by your
lakeside lodge to cross-country skiing in the rugged backcountry.
Although Yukon boasts a high number of adventure tourism and recreation businesses (upward
of 80 licensed operators) there remains a high demand for niche outdoor products.
Attractions
Yukon has a wide-array of diverse and dynamic attractions, including museums, historical sites,
art galleries, and First Nations cultural centres. While many of these attractions are seasonal, due
to our Northern climate and visitor seasons, they are a vital and vibrant part of the tourism
industry.
A large percentage of Yukons overnight tourists visit an attraction while on vacation. This
indicates that developing a tourism business that supports our territorys minor and/or major
attractions could be both a lucrative and rewarding venture.
Events and Conferences
Yukon is increasingly being thought of as an ideal place to hold an event or conference.
Annually, we host over 25 events including art, theater, film and music festivals, as well as
sporting, wildlife viewing, community and First Nations cultural events. In terms of conferences,
the Yukon continues to attract groups that are interested in conducting their meetings in an
exciting and unique location. Yukon secures at least five large-scale conventions each year.
There are many facets to ensuring an event or conference goes as planned. Making sure you have
the capacity to meet the size of the event is the first step. Unlike traditional tours, incentive
groups and conferences require thinking outside of the box to ensure that the event is unique to
the destination and delivers on the experience sought by organizers and participants.
Food and Beverage
The Food and Beverage sector is the largest in Canada, accounting for the creation of over
700,000 jobs (Statistics Canada). Considering that everybody eats, this sector can be quite
lucrative if you have a creative and responsive business idea.
Compared to other major cities in Canada, which have already developed a substantial amount of
niche and speciality products and services, Yukon has plenty of room to grow and expand. The

unique dietary needs from the international traveller, coupled with our own territorys growing
diversity, suggest that new and innovative products and services are in demand.
Tourism Services
Consists of organizations, associations, government agencies and companies that specialize in
serving the needs of the tourism industry as a whole rather than the needs of travellers
specifically.
Those working in tourism services include people who research tourism trends, advertise and
market tourism products, educate or inform others about tourism, and those who distribute
general tourism information, like statistics. Retail businesses that benefit from tourism and travel
also fall into this sector.
Transportation
The Transportation sector refers to any area that supports the comfort, safety and enjoyable
movement of individuals. This sector is divided into four categories including Air, Rail,
Ground, and Water. In Yukon, the tourists travel via Yukon highways by motor coach or van
tours, private vehicles(car), motorcycle, bicycle, or recreational vehicle (camper, motorhome).
Although there has been a steady increase in air traffic arrivals over the past several years,
tourists still travel through Yukon and Alaska by road. Water travel within Yukon is usually via
canoe or powered boats. Water arrivals are associated with the cruise ship industry in Alaska,
which converts to motor coach travellers when here.
All these different methods of travel produce a plethora of business and employment
opportunities. Furthermore, because individuals are interested in exploring every corner of our
vast territory, there appears to be no shortage of possibilities in developing additional
transportation services.
Travel Trade
The travel trade facilitates the sales and at times the development of the holiday itinerary
consumers purchase. They act as the middle man between the tourism supplier and the client.
They package other sectors products into an itinerary or sell components separately to their travel
market.

The travel trade consists of:

International Tour Operators- ITO (located in markets around the globe selling to their
clients

Receptive Tour Operators - RTO (located in Canada or Yukon and facilitates sales to
ITOs or consumers)
Travel agents (located in national and international markets selling direct to clients)
Although not considered travel trade these other providers are integral to the mix:

Tour Operators (located in the destination, develop and guide tours. Sell to ITOs, RTOs,

travel agents and consumers)

Suppliers (own and operate the product ie. accommodations, day tours, attractions and
sell to travel trade)
Impacts of Tourism
The impacts of tourism can be sorted into seven general categories:
1. Economic
2. Environmental
3. Social and cultural
4. Crowding and congestion
5. Services
6. Taxes
7. Community attitude
Each category includes positive and negative impacts. Not all impacts are applicable to every
community because conditions or resources differ. Community and tourism leaders must balance
an array of impacts that may either improve or negatively affect communities and their residents.
Leaders must be sensitive and visionary, and must avoid the temptation of glossing over certain
difficulties tourism development creates. Tourism leaders must also balance the opportunities and
concerns of all community sectors by working against conditions where positive impacts benefit
one part of the community (geographic or social) and negative impacts hurt another.
Economic

Tourism increases employment opportunities. Additional jobs, ranging from low-wage entrylevel to high-paying professional positions in management and technical fields, generate income
and raise standards of living. Particularly in rural areas, the diversification created by tourism
helps communities that are possibly dependent on only one industry. As tourism grows,

additional opportunities are created for investment, development, and infrastructure spending.
Tourism often induces improvementsin public utilities such as water, sewer, sidewalks, lighting,
parking, public restrooms, litter control, and landscaping. Such improvements benefit tourists
and residents alike. Likewise, tourism encourages improvements in transport infrastructure
resulting in upgraded roads, airports, public transportation, and non-traditional transportation
(e.g., trails). Tourism encourages new elements to join the retail mix, increasing opportunities for
shopping and adding healthy competitiveness. It often increases a community's tax revenues.
Lodging and sales taxes most notably increase but additional tax revenues include air travel and
other transportation taxes, business taxes, and fuel taxes. New jobs generate more income tax
revenues. When considering the economic impacts of tourism, it is essential to understand that
tourism businesses often include a significant number of low-paying jobs, often at minimum
wage or less. T h e s e jobs are often seasonal, causing under-employment or unemployment
during off-seasons. Labor may be imported, rather than hired locally, especially if particular
skills or expertise is required, or if local labor is unavailable. Some tourism-related businesses
are volatile and high-risk ventures that are unsustainable. Greater demand for goods, services,
land, and housing may increase prices that in turn will increase the cost of living. Tourism
businesses may claim land that could have higher- v a l u e or other uses. Additionally, non-local
owners and corporations may export profits out of the community. The community may have to
generate funds (possibly through increased taxes) to maintain roads and transportation systems
that have become more heavily used. Similarly, if additional infrastructure (water, s e w e r,
power, fuel, medical, etc.) is required, additional taxes may
also be needed to pay for them.
Environmental
Areas with high-value natural resources, like oceans, lakes, waterfalls, mountains, unique flora
and fauna, and great scenic beauty attract tourists and new residents (in-migrants) who seek
emotional and spiritual connections with nature. Because these people value nature, selected
natural environments are preserved, protected, and kept from further ecological decline.
Lands that could be developed can generate income by accommodating the recreational
activities of visitors. Tourist income often makes it possible to preserve and restore
historic buildings and monuments. Improvements in the areas appearance throughcleanup or
repairs and the addition of public art such as murals, water fountains, and monuments (part of

making a community ready for tourism) benefit visitors and residents alike. Tourism is generally
considered a "clean" industry, one that is based on hotels, restaurants, shops and
attractions, instead of factories. Tourism can also degrade an environment. Visitors generate
waste and pollution (air, water, solid waste, noise, and visual). Natural resource attractions can be
jeopardized through improper uses or overuse. Providing tourist services can alter the landscape's
appearance. For instance, visual pollution may occur from billboard proliferation. As
tourism develops, demand for land increases, especially for prime locations like beachfronts,
special views, and mountains. Without forethought, natural landscape and open space can be lost.
The destruction or loss of flora and fauna can happen when desirable plants and animals are
collected for sale or the land is trampled. Tourists or the businesses that cater to them often
remove plants, animals, rocks, fossils, coral, and cultural or historical artifacts from an area.
Uncontrolled visitation or overuse by visitors can degrade landscapes, historic sites, and
monuments. Where water is scarce, tourists can overwhelm the available supply.
Travelers can also inadvertently introduce nonindigenous species, as can increases in the trade of
animals and plants. A constant stream of visitors and domestic pets may disrupt wildlife by
disturbing their breeding cycles and altering natural behaviors.
Social and Cultural
The social and cultural ramifications of tourism warrant careful consideration, as impacts can
either become assets or detriments to communities. Influxes of tourists bring diverse values to
the community and influence behaviors and family life. Individuals and the collective
community might try to please tourists or adopt tourist behaviors. Interactions between residents
and tourists can impact creative expression by providing new opportunities (positive) or by
stifling individualitywith new restrictions (negative). Increased tourism can push a community to
adopt a different moral conduct such as improved understanding between sexes (positive) or
increased illicit drug use (negative). Safety and health facilities and staffing tend to increase at
the same time safety problems such as crime and accidents increase.traditional ceremonies may
be renewed and revived by tourist interest or lost in alternative activities.
Community organizations can be invigorated by facing the opportunities of tourism or
overwhelmed by its associated problems. Calamities such as natural disasters, energy shortages,
terrorism, political upheaval, disease outbreak, a chemical spill, or even widespread negative
publicity could shut down tourism abruptly but sometimes can attract curious visitors.

Tourism can improve the quality of life in an area by increasing the number of attractions,
recreational opportunities, and services. Tourism offers residents opportunities to meet
interesting people, make friendships, learn about the world, and expose themselves to new
perspectives. Experiencing different cultural practices enriches experiences, broadens horizons,
and increases insight and appreciation for different approaches to living. Often, dwindling
interest in host cultures is revived by reawakening cultural heritage as part of tourism
development, which increases demand for historical and cultural exhibits.
Crowding and Congestion
People congregate in attractive places. Tourism often develops around specific locations and
concentrates there, providing growth yet avoiding sprawl. Historic buildings and grounds, which
might otherwise slowly deteriorate, have great appeal for tourism development and can often be
renovated to suit the industry. As people congregate, congestion and crowding produces stress,
annoyance, anger, and other negative attitudes. Hordes of visitors may impede local businesses,
prevent residents from accomplishing normal activities, and compete for space. Tourism
construction, especially hotels, may be inappropriate in scale and style with respect to other
structures and the landscape. In some areas, recreational second homes and condominium
developments create major crowding and congestion problems.
Services
Tourism creates opportunities to develop new amenities and recreation facilities that would not
otherwise be viable in a community. Tourist expectations can upgrade service by local shops,
restaurants, and other commerce operators. Tourist traffic in a community creates an opportunity
for upgraded fire, police, and medical protection that also benefits residents.
Traditional services may be forced out or relocated due to competition with tourist interests.
Supply shortages may occur, temporarily, seasonally, or chronically. Water, fuel, and other
shortages may be experienced with increased pressure on the infrastructure.
Taxes
Increased retail activity from restaurants and tourist shopping will add state and local sales tax
revenue. Lodging tax revenue to the city (or state) should increase since travelers account for
virtually all lodging t a xreceipts. Increased tax burdens to expand infrastructure and public
services will be passed on to property owners through increased property taxes.
Community Attitude

Visitor interest and satisfaction in the community is a source of local pride. Seeing visitor interest
makes local residents more appreciative of local resources that are often taken for granted. As
tourism develops, local residents will enjoy more facilities and a greater range
of choices. Tourism activities and events tend to make living in a place more interesting and
exciting.
However, heightened tension and community divisiveness can occur over tourism development,
pitting tourism supporters against non-supporters. Also, tension between residents and tourists
can occur. People will often feel stressed over the new, increasingly hectic community and
personal pace of life. They may claim the result is no better than before or perhaps even worse.
Where culture is part of the tourist attractions, over-amplification of cultural traits and creation of
"new" cultural traits to satisfy tourist tastes may create a phony culture. Residents may
experience a sense of exclusion and alienation over planning and development concerns. They
may feel a loss of control over the community's future as "outsiders" take over establishments
and new development. Over-dependence on non-local developers and an influx of outside
businesses creates a sense that the community is being manipulated and exploited by
outsiders for the sole benefit of those developers or business people. Hotels built in monolithic
cubes or restaurants with standardized franchise designs might clash with local standards and
disrupt the aesthetic appearance of the community, damage unique community character, and
spread "sameness."