Subsidence Control Measures in Coalmines - A Review

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Subsidencecontrolmeasuresincoalmines:Areview
JournalofScientificandIndustrialResearch
Vol.64,May2005,pp.323332
RDLokhande,APrakash,KBSingh*andKKKSingh
CentralMiningResearchInstitute,Dhanbad826001
Received19October2004accepted24March2005
Thispaperreviewssubsidencecontrolapproachesadoptedinundergroundcoalmines.Subsidence,asuddendepressionof
theground,occursintwoforms,troughandpotholesubsidence.Thiscanbehazardoustolifeandpropertyasitoccurswithout
any prior indication. Subsidence can be controlled by using partial extraction methods, stowing etc. in working mines.
Backfillingandgroutingcanbeusedtostabilizeunapproachableabandonedundergroundmines.
Keywords:Coalmines,Subsidence,Partialextraction,Stowing,Grouting
IPCCode:E21C45/00
Introduction
Surface manifestation of underground coal extraction occurs in two forms, pothole and trough subsidence.
Potholesubsidenceisasuddendepressionofgroundsurfaceofsmallareaduetosuddencollapseofoverburden
intotheundergroundvoid.Troughsubsidenceisalargeareadepressionofthesurfaceterrain,whichiscommon
at greater depth. Pothole subsidence is hazardous to life, as it does not impart any prior indication before its
occurrence. Ground movements produce various forms of damage to different surface features and structures.
Damagetobuildingsresultfromtilting,curvatureandlineardeformationofthegroundbuiltonit.Compression
and extension of the surface alter the gradient of structural alignment, which ultimately causes their
deformation. Subsidence phenomena, which occurs in abandoned mines to a large extent, continues through
yearsaftermining1.Abandonedroomandpillarminingeventwocenturiesagomaystillbecausingsubsidence,
which results in heavy loss of life and property. This paper reviews various subsidence control approaches,
whicharebeingadoptedincollieriesforbothworkingandabandonedcoalmines.
SubsidenceControlinWorkingCoalmines
PlaneFittingMethod
_____________
*Authorforcorrespondence
Tel:913262203010/2203070Fax:913262202429
Email:kbsingh_cmri@yahoo.com
Conventional method of leveling house superstructure

subject to curvature and twisting makes it practically
almost impossible when the differential subsidence is
large 2, where any attempt to level the superstructure,
liftingitbylargeamount,caninvariablyleadtodamagethestructure.Toovercomethis,aPlaneFittingMethod
(PFM) was developed3. As curvature and twisting are caused by differential subsidence, PFM completely
eliminatesstrainonthesuperstructurecausedbycurvatureandtwisting.
Height adjustment devices (cribjack assembly) are installed under the superstructure for keeping the
superstructure in a time dependent incline plane. Number of cribjack assembly needed for superstructure is
obtainedas:
N=1.5W/J(1)
where,N=NumberofcribjackassemblyW=Weightofsuperstructure,tonsJ=Capacityofjack,tons.
Locations of cribjack assembly are selected carefully to cover all corners and area under the beam.
Maximum spacing of the cribjack assembly is limited to less than 3 m. Under heavy portion of the
superstructure,cribjackassemblyisdenselyplaced.
TrenchAroundHouse
Trenchingaroundhouseiseffectiveinreducingcompressivestressesonthefloorandwall.Thetrenchshould
be at least 0.3 m wide, 0.9 to 2.0 m from the exterior wall and should extend 0.15 m to 0.2 m below the
foundation4. Plain strain formulation was used to study stress reduction on the basement floor due to different
dimensionsoftrench(Fig.1).
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Fig.1Finiteelementmodelforstudyingtheeffectoftrench
At the boundary nodal points on the ground surface,

known vertical and horizontal displacements were
assumed. Vertical displacement was selected such that it
imposedaconstantcurvatureof1.5105 1/mthroughout
the top of the ground surface. Horizontal displacement
waschosensuchthatitimposedacompressivestrainof3
104and7104mm/mthroughoutthegroundsurfaceof
the model. These imposed values of curvature and
horizontal compressive strain are some typical measured
values.
Fig. 2Relation between maximum subsidence and width/depth The interaction of basement floor and ground was
ratio
modeled by using Winklers sub grade reaction theory5.
Forimplementingthesubgradereactiontheory,thegroundmodelinplanestrainwasfirstrunalone(withoutthe
wallandfloor).Knowndisplacementsattheinterfacenodalpointsofthegroundandfloor,andgroundandwall
were imposed in the groundalone model all other boundary points of the ground alone model were fully
constrained.Byrunningthegroundalonefiniteelementmodel,reactionforcesattheinterfacenodalpointswere
determined.Afterthis,thecombinedground,floor,andwallmodelwasrunwithknownreactionforcesatthe
interfacenodalpointsandknowndisplacementsatallothersurfaceboundarynodalpoints.
Percentagereductioninmaximumcompressivestressonthefloorduetodiggingadeeperandwidertrench
wascalculatedwithrespecttonotrenchsituation.Alsothepercentagegaininreductionofcompressivestress
onthefloorduetodiggingalargedimensiontrenchwithrespecttotheprecedingsmallerdimensiontrenchwas
calculated.
TensionCable
Atensioncableisusedtoreducetwistingdamagetothestructure,whichhashighcompressivestrengthbut
low tensile strength, for example, concrete block masonry. For proper design, tension in the cable must be
determinedproperly2.
HydraulicSandStowing(HSS)
InIndiancoalmining,stowingplaysavitalroleforsubsidencecontrol.Amongdifferentmethodsofstowing,
HSSisveryeffectiveinIndianmining(Fig.2).ThemaximumsubsidenceinIndiancoalfieldswithHSSfilling
isonly5percentwhereasitis60percentincaseofcavingwithrespecttoextractionthicknessofasingleseam
extraction6.Thus,themaximumsubsidencecanbereduced12timesbyhydraulicfillingofvoidswithsandwith
respecttocaving.Insomestowedpanels,thevalueofsubsidenceishighduetodelayinstowingoroldstowed
room and pillar working in the overlying or underlying seam. The magnitude of maximum subsidence varies
between05and35percentoftheextractionthickness7.ThemaximumsubsidencewithHSSishighinforeign
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coalminesincomparisontoIndiancoalmines(Table1)duetostrongoverlyingrockinIndiancoalmines.Thus,
HSSisveryeffectiveinIndiatoreducesubsidenceincomparisontoothercountries.
Table1Maximumsubsidencewithhydraulicsandstowing
Country
Maximumsubsidence
%
8
20
Ruhrcoalfield,Germany
12
UpperSilesia,Poland9
2535
North&Pasdecalaiscoalfield,France10
1520
Britishcoalfield11
19
Kuho(II)colliery,Japan12
05
Kampteecoalfield,India6
PartialExtractionMethods
Partialextractionmethodsusedtominimizesubsidence
as well as strain to protect different surface features and
structuresareasfollows:
NonEffectiveWidthofExtraction
Non Effective Width (NEW) of extraction (Fig. 3) is

theundergroundwidthofextraction,whichdoesnotcause
practically any movement on the surface. Whenever an
underground opening is made, the equilibrium of the
surrounding rock mass is disturbed. This causes stress
redistribution around the opening. A pressure arch is
formedfollowingtheredistributionofstress13.Theheight
of caved dome is controlled by: i) Strength of immediate
roof ii) Bulking properties of caved rock mass and iii)

Fig.3Noneffectivewidthofextraction
Dimensionoftheexcavation.
The presence of strong bed in the overlying rock mass

discourages upward collapse of the roof. With further increase in the width of excavation, the caved dome
moves upward and a stage comes when the surface movement starts. It appears that a certain width can be
extractedwithoutcausinganymovementonthesurface.ThiswidthistermedasNEWandexpressedinterms
ofdepth.InIndia,NEWvariesbetween0.3to1.17timesthedepthsofextraction.Iftheextractionwidthiskept
lessthanNEW,nosubsidenceoccursonthesurface.Thepercentageofextractioninsingleseamworkingwith
noneffective width of extraction is about 5014. Further, the percentage of extraction is reduced in multiseam
miningcondition.ThevalueofNEWincreaseswithincreasingsandstoneandRockQualityDesignation(RQD)
inthesuperincumbentstrata.
Inthismethod,row(s)ofpillarsareextractedinsuchawaythatthewidthofextractionisalwayskeptless
than the NEW and the row(s) of pillars left as barrier between adjacent extracted row(s) of coal pillars have
longtermstabilitywithsafetyfactorequaltoormorethan2.0.
SafetyFactor=Strengthofpillar(S)/Loadonpillar(P)
(2)
ThepillarstrengthestimatedusingCMRIpillarstrengthequation15:
S=(0.27ch0.36)+([H/250+1][We /h1])Mpa
(3)
where,c=Uniaxialcompressivestrengthof1inchcoalcube,Mpah=Workingheight,mH=Depthbelow
surface,mWe=Pillarwidth,m(forsquarepillar)=2w1w2/(w1+w2)(forrectangularpillar).
LoadonpillarisestimatedusingWilsonsformula 16asgivenbelow:
P=[0.025H/We2]*[(We+fH)(We+B)]Mpa
(4)
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where,We=pillarwidth,mH=depthbelowsurface,mB=roadwaywidth,mf=0.3forcaving=0.2for
stowing.
ChessBoardMethod
WhenNEWextractionisnotpossible,ChessBoardmethodmaybeadopted.Inthismethod,everyalternate
pillarineveryrowisextractedsoastoleaveachessboardpattern(Fig.4).ThePercentageofextractioninthis
patterncomesto606517.
Thesafetyfactorofthepillarsleftoutmustbeatleast2.0forlongtermstabilitypointofview.Theformula 16
usedtocalculatetheloadonpillaris:
P=0.025[(We+B)/We]2[2H(We+B)/1.8]Mpa
(5)
ThestrengthofpillarisestimatedusingEq.3.
GoafPillarMethod
When NEW or chessboard method does not give good

recoveries, the Goaf Pillar method may be tried. This
method consists of leaving pillars systematically in the
goafsuchthatthewidthoftheextractedspanaroundany
suchpillarislessthanNEWandtheleftoutpillarshavea
longterm stability. The pattern will depend on seam
strength, extraction height, depth and pillar size 17. This
methodgivesthebestrecovery
(6070%)18amongallthepartialextractionmethods.
Wide&StallMining
Under surface/subsurface structures, extraction of coal

seam at moderate depth cover faces problem of low
recovery.Conventionalmethodofminingforoptimalcoal
extractionundersuchgeominingconditionsissplittingof
originaldevelopedpillarsinwhichsmallsizedcoalpillars
(Stooks) are left out to protect the surface structure and
overlying coal seam(s). Formation of stook during the

Fig.4Chessboardmethodofmining
optimization of recovery causes considerable drop in
strength of the natural support, which is not desirable for

long term stability of the underground mining and surface structures19. In Indian geomining conditions,
conventionalsplittingandstookingmethoddoesnotprovidemorethan30percentcoal20,21 during optimization
from a developed thick seam under built up areas. In multisection seam, during the optimization of recovery,
pillar strength decreases due to increased height of extraction22, stability of parting and superimposition of
pillarsmakesthesituationmorecomplexfromproduction,productivityandsafetypointofview.
Matchingofgallerysizewiththestrengthofimmediateroofandstrengthimprovementofthenaturalsupport
by increasing width/height ratio of pillars are the two basic constituents of the Wide & Stall philosophy23.
Strength of ultimate pillars and stability of overlying exposed roof span play an important role for long term
stability of wide stall under shallow depth cover. The effective bearing capacity of a pillar is comparatively
more than a number of stook of the equivalent area. Widths of existing galleries are increased in a particular
configurationtoimprovecoalrecoveryleavingwidepillarincomparisontostookofintactcore.Wide&Stall
formationaccommodatesexistinggalleriesofadevelopedcoalseamaswellasimprovesrecovery(4065%)26
andsafetyoftheultimateminingstructureincomparisontotheconventionalmethod.Onthebasisofextensive
laboratory investigations on different simulated models, idea of Wide & Stall mining was conceived and first
time implemented in the field at East Bhuggatdih Colliery of the Jharia Coalfield24. Taking advantage of the
presence of massive sandstone roof and rapid increase of pillar strength with the increase of its widthheight
ratio25,splittingandstookingofthepillarwasreplacedbyWide&Stallformation(Fig.5).
SplittingofPillarwithStowing
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The Directorate General of Mine Safety (DGMS) generally does not permit splitting of pillars by caving
undersurfacefeatures.Butthepillarscanbesplitwithstowing.Thewidthandnumberofsplitsaredecidedby
pillarstrengthconsiderations.Aminimumsafetyfactorof1issufficienttoensurelongtermstabilityofstooks
withcompletestowing.
SplittingofPillarwithSideBolting
If all the partial extraction methods could not be

practiced and also stowing material is not available then
thepillarcanbesplitwithsystematicfullcolumngrouted
side bolting. The bolted pillar should have longterm
stabilitytoensurezerosubsidenceatsurface.
It was found that the strength of pillar increases with
systematic side bolting and the augmented strength16 is
givenby:
Sb=S[1+{20As(q1)}/(ca2)]Mpa(6)
Fig.5Wide&stallmethodofmining
where,Sb=strengthofboltedpillars,MpaS=strengthof
unboltedpillarsdefinedbyeqn(3),MpaAs = anchorage
strength of each bolt, t q = triaxial strength factor
(average 3.5) c = Coal strength, t/m2 a = Spacing
betweenthebolt,m.
The load on the reduced pillars is estimated using
tributaryareaconcept27andisgivenas:
P=0.025H[L1L2/w1w2]Mpa(7)
Where,H=depthbelowsurface,mw1,w2=Pillarwidths,mL1,L2=Centretocentrepillarsize,m.
HarmonicMining
Extractionofapanelcausestensionalandcompressive
strainatthesurface.Theworkingintwoseamsshouldbe
so advanced simultaneously to cancel out the balance of
strain,causedbyonefacebythestraininducedbyanother
at a different level. This approach is known as harmonic
mining, which, however, is not simple as the mine has to
be preplanned, and also problems due to interaction
between faces in different seams have to be countered.
Another application of the principle is in protection of
buildings. The working was laid out so that the building
was at the centre of a panel of maximum width. In this,
thebuildingwassubjectedtoeffectsoftravelingstrains28.
To counter it, the face was split into two units, which
were advanced in steps with a fixed interval between
them such that strain induced by two faces cancel each
other(Fig.6).
Fig.6Harmonicmining
SubsidenceControlinAbandonedCoalmines
Abandoned coalmines also cause surface deformation
with time following both pothole and trough subsidence.
Two distinctly different subsidence control technologies have been developed for abandoned coalmine 29,30: i)
Pointsupportmethodandii)Arealbackfilling.
PointSupportMethod
ThecostofPointSupportmethodinvolvesalargenumberofboreholesandtheuseofexpensivematerialin
relativelysmallquantities.ThisexistsseveraldozenPointSupportmethod,whichoperateeithertosupportthe
undergroundcavities,controllingsubsidence,ortoisolatethestructurefromtheeffectofsubsidenceifitshould
occur. The method usually involves deep foundation through the mine opening supporting the structure on the
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underlying strata. On the principle of Point Support methods, some other methods are: i) Gravel Column and
AssociatedMethodii)FlyashGroutInjectionandiii)FabricFormedConcrete.
GravelColumn
Gravel column usually placed in the mine opening.

Borehole is drilled through the mine strata, and gravel
poureddowntheboreholetoformapileontheminefloor.
When the tip of pile contacts the mine roof, it is rodded
downtospreadthepileandpermitsadditionalgraveltobe
placed (Fig. 7). The objective is to place as much gravel
as possible in the mine opening and to achieve firm
contact with the mine roof. The filling of a significant
fraction of the open mine volume reduced the amount of
potentialsubsidencesimplybykillingopenvolumewithin
mine. In effect, the extraction ratio has been reduced by
introducing the volume of gravel. The toe of the gravel
pile abuts against nearby pillar, providing lateral support
andprotectionagainstdeterioration,ineffecttheheightof
Fig.7Groutedcolumntosupporttheoverburden
thepillarhasbeenslightlyreducedbyburyingtheirlower
portions. Finally, some direct support is provided to the

roofstrata,reducingtheroofspanandenhancingthestability.
Themethodmaybeusedinavarietyofapplicationsandwithmaterialotherthangravele.g.,gravelcolumns
maybeplacedinacloselinearoundtheperimeterofthebuildingtoformacontinuousgravelwall.Theinterior
ofthesitemaybecompletelyfilledwithslurryorothermaterial.Alternatively,aleanconcretemaybeusedin
placeofgravel,sothatthepilesachievesignificantstructuralcapacity.
FlyashGroutInjection
In a partially subsided mine, it may be difficult to build gravel columns. A highly fluid injection material is
desiredthatwillfillsmallvoidsandcrevices,yetisexpensiveenoughtouseinsuchlargeopeningsasmaystill
existinthemine.Itiscarriedtoboreholebypipeandhose,andpoureddowntheboreholeinfreefall.Inlarge
opening,thevalueofgroutinjectedineachshiftissufficienttocreateadiskperhaps10mindiamand10cm
tall by next day, this disk will have set, and another disk will be placed on the top by each days injection.
Eventually,thecolumnofgroutwillcontactthemineroof,theboreholewillbefilledwithgrout,andanystrata
separationsinthemineroofwillbegrouted.
FabricFormedConcrete
Aboreholeisdrilledfromthesurfacethroughthemineopeningandashortdistanceintotheminefloor.The
fabric tube is then placed around a grout pipe, and the assembly lowered into the borehole. Concrete is then
pumpedfromthegroutpipetoinflatethefabrictubefromthebottomup.Creatingaconcretecolumnkeyedinto
theminefloorandroof28.Oftenthegroutpipeisleftinplacetoprovidesomereinforcement.Thefinisheddiam
of the column depends upon the tensile strength of the fabric and the depth of mine opening. Since the fabric
mustresistburstingunderthehydrostaticpressureofthefluidconcrete.
Inthedesignofasubsidencecontrolsystemsuchasfabricformedconcrete,theinteractionamongthemine
floor,columnandmineroofelementsmustbeconsidered.Itisdifficulttoobtaincompletecontact.Theconcrete
columnistypicallystiffandstrongincomparisontothemineroofandfloor,sothatmaximumloadislimitedby
bearingstrengthoffloorratherthanthestrengthoftheconcretecolumn.
ArealBackfilling
ArealBackfillinginvolvesthefillingofminevoidstoprovidegeneralprotectiontourbanareasthatmaybe
measuredinsqkm.Itinvolvedthelargequantitiesofmaterialssuchascoalminerefuseorflyash,whichare
available locally at low cost. Such materials are not desired on the surface, and backfilling provides an
environmentally sound method for their disposal in addition to controlling subsidence. In contrast to the point
supportsystem,whichistypicallygravityfeedmethod,ArealBackfillingusuallyinvolvespressureinjection.On
the principle of Areal Backfilling, some other methods are: i) Pumped Slurry Injection ii) Fly ash Slurry
Injectionandiii)PneumaticFlyashInjection
PumpedSlurryInjection
Pumped Slurry Injection4,31 method (Fig. 8) is used in

dryorwetmines,butismoresuccessfulwhenthemineis
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inundated. It offers more effective overburden support

than other flushing methods. The objective of using fill
materialforgroundcontrolistoeithereliminateorreduce
groundmovementsthatcanresultinsurfacesubsidence.
From the practical standpoint, fill rarely occupies the
entireminedoutareaandgenerallydoesnotcontactwith
the roof. Furthermore, a certain delay exists between
miningandtheplacementofthefillconsequently,support
pillarsarealreadyloadedandinitialroofconvergencehas
occurred prior to fill placement. The fill material acts
initially as a passive support, and being to take on load
only when additional deformation of the roof or pillars
takesplace.
The functions of fills as ground control measures are:
(i) To reduce the effective void, thus limiting the
propagation of roof caving (ii) To increase the residual
strength, post failure stiffness and to a lesser extent, the
effective peak strength of support pillar and (iii) To
providedirectroofsupport29. The geotechnical properties
ofthefillmaterialunderwetconditionsareverycriticalin
meetingthedesignobjectives.Consequently,fillmaterials
Fig.8Sectionalviewthroughafloodedmineroomatthepointof must be fully characterized to determine their adequacy

slurry injection showing measurement of particles and growth of foruseasbackfill32.
deposit
Coalminerefuseiscrushedandloadedintotruckatthe
mine refuse pile, and traveled several kilometers to a

mixingpumpingfacility.Mixingwaterisusuallyobtainedfromadeepwellpumpdrawingwaterdirectlyfrom
flooded mine. Coalmine refuse and water are mixed, and pumped through slurry pipeline as much as several
kilometerstotheinjectionboreholescurrentlyinuse.Fromasinglemixinglocation,slurrypipelinesmayberun
to a large numbers of boreholes, each of which is backfilled in turn. In locations where multiple seams were
mined,lowermostseamisbackfilledfirst,andtheremainingseamsinsequencefromthebottomup.
FlyashSlurryInjection
Flyashslurryisinjectedinabandonedmineusingapumpingsystem.Becauseofitsgreaterfluidity,flyash
slurry(5060%solid)ishighlypumpableandtravelsundergroundalongdistance.Atonelocation,flyashslurry
wasdepositedmorethanakilometerfromitsinjectionpoint,clearly,largeareasmaybebackfilledfromeach
injectionborehole,butdifficultymaybeencounteredindeterminingwheretheflyashistraveled.
PneumaticFlyashInjection
Some use has been made of pneumatic injection of dry fly ash in dry mines. The process simply involved
carryingtheflyashindryproducttankersdirectlytotheinjectionborehole,andusingthetankersonboardair
compressortoblowtheflyashintothemineopening.Suchsystemshavenotbeendevelopedtothesamedegree
ashaveeffectivepumpedslurrymethods,butcertainlycouldbeeffectiveindrymineswherelittlesubsidence
hastakenplaceandgoodconnectivitybetweenminesentriesexists.Inanisolatedmineentry,backpressurecan
rapidlybuildup,defeatingthepneumatictransportmechanism.
Intheinjectionhead(Fig.9),theinnerpipecarriescompressedair,whichimpingesonthecurvedeflection
plate at the bottom of the casing, spraying the wet coal mine refuse horizontally. In open air, the mine refuse
wouldtravelupto15minaflattrajectory.Inamineopening,theminerefusewouldtendtodepositinacircle
aroundtheinjectionhead.Asthedepositscomeneartosealingthemineroof,airvelocitythroughthenarrow
openingremainingisexpectedtoformapipethroughwhichslurrywouldbecarriedinapneumatictransportto
bedepositedatgreaterdistances.Asconceived,thesystemdoesnothavecertainobviousfaults,norhasitbeen
inoperationlongenoughforthisfaulttobecorrected.
FillingofCracks
Soil and sandcement mixture above alluvium and

rocks, must be filled in cracks formed due to ground
movements respectively. However, cracks, developed in
riverorrivuletbeds,shouldbeinfilledbyconcrete.This
restrictsthepenetrationofsurfacewaterthroughcracksor
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faults and thereby reduces the erosion of the overburden,

thusreducingthepossibilityofpotholeformation33.
Discussion
Importantsubsidencecontrolmeasuresincoalminesare
summarizedasfollows:
Methods
Minescondition
Remarks
PlaneFitting
Workingmine
TrenchAround
House
TensionCable
Workingmine
Stowing
Workingmine
NonEffective
Width
Workingmine
Protectsthesuperstructure
byeliminatingstrain.
Trenchingaroundahouse
absorbscompressivestrain.
Itiseffectiveinreducing
damagetoconcreteblock
masonrybasement.
Hydraulicstowingisvery
mucheffectiveinIndiaasit
reducesmaximum
subsidenceby1/12timesin
comparisontocaving.
Thismethodusedto
controlsubsidence
completely.Thepercentage
ofcoalrecoveryisabout
ChessBoard
Workingmine
Workingmine
Fig.9Pneumaticassistedslurryinjection
GoafPillar
Workingmine
WideandStall
Workingmine
SplittingofPillar
withstowing
Workingmine
Splittingofpillar
withsidebolting
Workingmine
5014insingleseam
conditionasisfurther
reducedinmultiseam
extraction.
Thismethodisusedfor
completesubsidence
controlwith6065%coal
recovery17.
Usedwheredifficultto
workbyNEWandChess
Boardmethods.Itgivebest
recoveryamongallpartial
extractionmethods.The
extractionpercentage
comesto607018.
Usedwherecoveris
shallowforcomplete
subsidencecontrol.The
extractionpercentageis40
6526.
Splitedpillars(stooks)with
stowingmusthaveatleast
1safetyfactortosupport
theoverburden.
Fullcolumngroutedside
boltingincreasethe
strengthofsplitedpillarsto
withstandoverburdenfor
completesubsidence
control.
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Fig.10Differentmethodsforsubsidencecontrol
HarmonicMining
Workingmine
GravelColumn
Abandonedmine
FlyashGrout
Injection
Abandonedmine
FabricFormed
Cement
Abandonedmine
PumpedSlurry
Injection
Abandonedmine
FlyashSlurry
Injection
Abandonedmine
PneumaticFlyash
Injection
Abandonedmine
Almoststrainfreeminingto
controldeformationon
surface.
Gravelgivesafirmcontact
totheroofandeliminatesthe
groundmovement.
Flyashgroutinjectionis
effectiveinpartially
subsidedareatofillsmall
voidsandcrevices.
Groutedconcretessupport
theoverburdentoavoid
subsidencemovement.
Usefulindryandwet
condition.Offersmore
effectiveoverburdensupport
thanotherflushingmethods.
Italsoincreasestheresidual
strengthandpostfailure
stiffness31.
Aflyashstowingwith50
60percentsolidstravelsa
greatdistancetosupporta
largeareaofoverburden.
Effectiveindrymineswhere
lesssubsidencehastaken
placeandgoodconnectivity
betweenminesentries
exists.
Conclusions
Winningofcoalisveryimportantbyusingsuitablemethod,whichgivesmaximumrecoveryandsafetytolife
andtheproperty.GoafPillarmethodofpartialextractionisbestsuitableforrecoveryandsafetypointofview
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as this method consists of leaving pillars systematically in the goaf such that the width of the extracted span
aroundanysuchpillarislessthanNEWandtheleftoutpillarhavealongtermstability.Harmonicminingcan
be practiced surface structure as it neutralizes the strains without compromising coal recovery. Among all the
methods of abandoned mine, Pumped Slurry Injection method is best suitable as this method gives maximum
area coverage to support different overlying surface feature and structure and reaches maximum area of mine
wheretheothermethodsfailtodoit.
Acknowledgements
AuthorsthankDirector,CMRI,Dhanbad,forpermissiontopublishthispaper.ThanksarealsoduetoShriS
NRajakfordraftingthefigures.
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Conventional method of leveling house superstructure

At the boundary nodal points on the ground surface,

Non Effective Width (NEW) of extraction (Fig. 3) is

roof ii) Bulking properties of caved rock mass and iii)

The presence of strong bed in the overlying rock mass

When NEW or chessboard method does not give good

Under surface/subsurface structures, extraction of coal

overlying coal seam(s). Formation of stook during the

strength of the natural support, which is not desirable for

If all the partial extraction methods could not be

Gravel column usually placed in the mine opening.

portions. Finally, some direct support is provided to the

Pumped Slurry Injection4,31 method (Fig. 8) is used in

inundated. It offers more effective overburden support

Fig.8Sectionalviewthroughafloodedmineroomatthepointof must be fully characterized to determine their adequacy

mine refuse pile, and traveled several kilometers to a

Soil and sandcement mixture above alluvium and

faults and thereby reduces the erosion of the overburden,

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