IGSCE Chemistry

Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter

1. Matter
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.
a. There are three states of matters, i.e. ______________________________
2. Describe three states of matter.
Solid

Liquid

Gas

Definite volume which may be affected by changes

Neither a definite shape

in temperature.

nor a definite volume.

Fixed shape.

It takes up the volume

It takes up the shape of

of the any container

any container which it

which it is poured.

is placed and will

spread out evenly
within it.

Incompressible

Relatively compressible. Their volume can be

reduced by the application of pressure.

3. Kinetic Theory of Matter

a. Definition:
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b. This theory explains the physical properties of matter in terms of the
movement of its constituent particles.
c. 3 main points of Kinetic Theory of Matter
i. All matter is made up of tiny, moving particles. There are
different types of particles atoms, molecules or ions, which
have different sizes.
ii. The particles move all the time. The higher the temperature
the faster they move on average.
iii. Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at
a given temperature.
4. Attractive forces between particles.
a. Solid Stronger.
b. Liquid Less Strong.
c. Gas weak or none.
5. Freedom movement of particles.
a. Solid little, it can only vibrate at a fixed position.
b. Liquid they move anywhere within the container. Collide often.

IGSCE Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter
c. Gas free to move anywhere in the container randomly with high
velocities. Collide less often than in liquid.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. Changes of state
a. Melting (solid liquid)
i. Heat energy is absorbed by solid particles and causes the forces
of attraction between particles to weaken.
ii. Then, the particles now can move around each other. THE
SOLID HAS MELTED.
iii. The temperature at which this takes place is called Melting
Point.
iv. A solid which has high melting point has stronger force of
attraction between their particles than those which have low
melting points.
v. Definition of Melting Point:
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b. Evaporation (liquid gas)
i. When the liquid is heated, the particles will move around even
faster.
ii. Some particles at the surface of the liquid have enough energy
to overcome the forces of attraction between themselves and
other particles in the liquid and then they ESCAPE to form
gas.
iii. The liquid begins to EVAPORATE as a gas is formed.
iv. Eventually, a temperature is reached at which the particles are
trying to escape from liquid so quickly that bubbles of gas
start to form inside bulk of liquid. The temperature is called
Boiling Point.
v. Liquid with high boiling point have stronger forces between
particles than liquid with low boiling points.
vi. Definition of Boiling Point:
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IGSCE Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter
vii. Definition of Condensation:
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viii. Definition of Evaporation:
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ix.

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c. An unusual change of state Sublimation

i. Definition:_________________________________________________
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Example: _________________________________________________
d. Heating and cooling curve (Very Important)
i. Phase 1 (solid)
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ii. Phase 2 (solid liquid)
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iii. Phase 3 (liquid)
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iv. Phase 4 (liquid gas)
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v. Phase 5 (gas)
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7. Diffusion

IGSCE Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter
a. Definition:
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8. Brownian Motion:
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IGSCE Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter

IGSCE Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter

IGSCE Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Particulate Nature of Matter