International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 2 (October 2015)

www.ijirae.com

Geospatial Technology Based Cropping System Analysis &

Management of Sampla Block, Rohtak, Haryana
Savitpal1, Vinod Kumar*2, M.P.Sharma 3, Vikas Sihag4, Mohit5, Dr. Ashok Beniwal6
1, 2, 4, 5- Department f Environment Science & Egg from GJUS&T, Hisar
3- Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar.
6- Department f Geography, FGM Govt College, Adampur
Abstract-- Cropping pattern and crop rotation study including detailed temporal and spatial information, are needed
for agriculture sustainable management, crop monitoring and food security issues. The lack of information on
agriculture is the major obstacles hampering efficient policy making and research to achieve food security. Cropping
pattern analysis was carried out by Geospatial technology aided integration crop inventory information. The land
evaluation approach using this technology based integration has been exercised to emphasize the possibility of raising
the suitability of different cropping areas for a particular use with good management practices. The study was carried
out for analysis cropping pattern and crop rotation by using space based remote sensing data with secondary spatial
non-spatial data. The basic primary data used in this study was IRS Resource-Sat (IRS-P6) LISS III data of 2007-08.
The cropping pattern and crop rotation of study area were analysed through digital image processing using windows
platform of Geomatica Analysis software, ERDAS Imagine and Arc GIS software. This study reveals that rice wheat
cropped area is 49 percent and 61 percent of total agriculture area respectively. The each crop like sugarcane, cotton
and mustard are less than ten percent area to total agricultural area. This analysis clearly indicating that cropping
pattern is in favour of rice wheat with fallow and other crops rotation and increase in crop intensity due to rice &
wheat cultivation dominance. However, decrease of area under pulses and oilseed crops have led to decline in crop
diversification. This cropping scenario leads to adverse agro ecological effects.
Keywords Remote Sensing, GIS, Cropping Pattern, Crop Rotation, Land Use/Land Cover
I.

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture resources are among the most important renewable, dynamic natural resources. Comprehensive, reliable and
timely information on agricultural resources is very much necessary for a country like India whose mainstay of the
economy is agriculture. (Balaselva Kumar S., 1997)[1]. Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy, providing the
livelihood to about 67.0% of the population and contributing approximately about 15.0 per cent to the gross Domestic
product (Roy P. S. 2004)[2]. The remote sensing is playing a main role in agriculture field. The application of remote
sensing in general are indeed many and varied the scope of the physically, biological, and technological problems facing
modern agriculture is an extremely broad one that is intimately related with worldwide problem of population, energy,
environmental quality, climate and weather these factor are in turn influenced by human values and tradition, and
economic, political, and social systems.
The crop type classification through satellite data the interpretation is the based on the premise that specific crop types
can be identified by their spectral response pattern and texture. Successful identification of crops requires knowledge of
the developmental stages of each crop in the area to be inventoried. Because of changes in crop characteristics during the
growing season photography from several dates during the growing cycle can by very useful in the interpretation process
(Lillesand T.M., 2003) [3]. A cropping system is defined as the cropping pattern and its management to derive benefits
from a given resource based under a specific environmental condition. The cropping systems research include those
research activates that focus on understanding existing cropping system, design, testing and development of improvement
of cropping pattern and component technologies. Remote sensing is provides valuable information on the distribution and
condition of crops at different spatial hierarchies and has the highest compatibility for analysis in GIS environment.
Information on other natural resources that are of significant importance towards agricultural production can be
integrated to generate information for sustainable agriculture. Integration of soil suitability for the cultivation of cotton
crop along with the spatial distribution of cotton crop as derived from remote sensing data through a conformity analysis
enabled to delineate cotton crop grown under different suitability regimes. This information is useful towards planning
for efficient production of cotton crop by apportioning those land parcels that are highly suitable for cultivation of cotton.
(Chatterji, B.N.1979)[4].
OBJECTIVES:
Cropping System Analysis of Kharif, Rabi and summer season crops by digital analysis of satellite data.
To generate detailed crop pattern and crop rotation maps of study area.
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 2 (October 2015)
www.ijirae.com
II. STUDY AREA
The present study envisaged the cropping pattern analysis and crop rotation mapping of the Sampala block, Rohtak
district of Haryana states. This block is located between 2849N to 2854N latitudes and 7641E TO 7653E
longitudes as shown the location map (Fig-1). It covers a total area of 266 sq. Kms. The climate of the study area is subtropical, semi-arid, continental and monsoonic type. It has hot summers, cool winters and small rainy season.
The maximum temperature reaches up to 45 C in summer and it falls up to 3C in the month of January and the average
rainfall is 439.3 mm. Over 78% of the annual rainfall is received during monsoon months. The area is part of IndoGangetic alluvial plains called older alluvial plain with the depth of water table in the area of ranges for minimum 1.37
meters to maximum 20.72 meters below ground level.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
a. Primary Data:
The basic primary data used in this study was Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Resource-Sat (IRS-P6) LISS III data of
2007-08 with optimum spatial and temporal resolution. The sensor provides 23.5 m spatial resolution data in Green, Red,
NIR and SWIR bands with 24 days revisit capability. Its repeat cycle can be used for deriving kharif, Rabi & Summer
cropping pattern and change analysis between these seasons.
b. Secondary Data:
Ground Truth Points, Administrative Boundaries (District & Block) and BES (Crop Statistics data) are collected from the
Haryana Space Application Center, (HARSAC). Hisar, Haryana . Other collateral data of crop statistics are taken from
Statistical Abstract of Haryana.
c. Methodology :
In this study digital image analysis was carried out using windows platform of Geomatica Anlysis software. In order to
analysis cropping pattern and crop rotation of study area for the year 2007-2008 complete enumeration approach was
used. The methodology flow chart has been give below for easy and better understanding of the procedure adopted (Fig1). To delineate the cropping pattern and crop rotation, the digital image processes of image to image geo referencing ,
image stacking, data extraction and mask generation (Inside, Outside, Non Agricultural, Combined) were completed at
first stage. After that unsupervised classifier algorithm was used to classify crop pattern mapping of three seasons and
combined mask of all crops and fallow of different seasons. Vegetation indices are quantitative measurements indicating
the vigor of the crop. The geo-referenced images of Rabi season were used as input to generate NDVI images of Sampla
Block. These NDVI images were displayed on screen using single band 8 bit unsigned channel. To avoid the negative
values, the NDVI (spectral indices) was computed as follows:

NDVI = (NIR R / NIR + R) * 100 + 100+ 0.5

Final Maps were prepared after analysis of cropping pattern and crop rotation

statistics analysis.

d. Relative Deviation (% RD):

Remote Sensing based estimates of Kharif and Rabi season are compared with Dept. of Agriculture (DOA) estimates by
comparing percent relative deviation. RS based estimates are found to be quiet closed with DOA estimates of 2007-08. In
order to get the relative deviation of current estimated values to the last years BES estimates following formula was
applied.

Percentage RD (2007-08) =

RS (2007-08)-DOA (2007-08)*100
DOA (2007-08)

Where,
RS -Area Computed by Remote Sensing Technique and
DOA - Statistical Data Received by Department of Agriculture.

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 2 (October 2015)
www.ijirae.com

Multi-Date Digital Data of IRS

P6 LISS III

Kharif Season
(2008)

Rabi Season (2008)

Location of Ground Truth

Sites

Summer Season
(2007)

Geo-Referencing
Extraction of District
Image

Boundary Overlay

Masks and NDVI Image

Generation

Unsupervised Classification
Using ISO-Data Clustering

Identification of Classes

Combined Mask (Major crop, Other Crop & Fallow)

Generation of Cropping Pattern Maps for Kharif, Rabi & Summer

Crop Rotation Mapping

Accuracy
Assessment

Cropping System
Analysis

Report
Generation

Fig: 1 showing methodology chart of present study

III.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Cropping Patterns:
Cropping pattern is defined as the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow, in a given area. For
convenience, it is categorized on the basis of crop season as Kharif, Rabi and Zaid cropping pattern. Growing two,
three or four crops in a year is defined as double, triple and multiple cropping patterns. The study results shows that
during Kharif season main crops grown are Paddy, Sugarcane, Bajara, Jowar , Cotton and other crops. But paddy is
shown on 49 percent of total agricultural land and rest of each crops are spread over less than 10 percent. Overall 83.13
percent of total agricultural area is under crops (table-1& 2).The table (1&2) reveals that the dominant crop of Rabi
Season is wheat covering about 61 percent followed by mustard and other crops covering 5.77 & 19 Percent respectively.
During this season, the 86.13 percent of total agricultural area falls under cultivated land category. In the summer season
mainly sugarcane and other crops like fodder & vegetable crops are grown in the area and occupies about 20 percent of
total Agricultural area.(as shown Fig-2,3 &4)
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 2 (October 2015)
www.ijirae.com
Crop Rotation:
Crop rotations are fundamental to sustainable cropping systems. A well-designed crop rotation creates farm diversity and
improves soil conditions and fertility. Crop rotation is one of the oldest and most effective cultural control strategies. It is
stated as growing one crop after another on the same piece of land in different timings (seasons) without impairing the
soil fertility. The crop rotation analysis of study are reveals that most dominating crop rotation is paddy-other crops
fallow and other main rotations which cover large area are bajra-wheat-fallow, cotton fallow fallow, paddy wheat
fallow and rice- wheat-fallow. (Table-3 & Fig-5) The crop rotation is in favour of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane etc crops
and intensity of these crops attributed to exhaustive use soil and water resources culminating into adverse agro ecological
consequences. A diversified crop rotation system yields into good soil health, balanced supply of nutrient, control the
weeds & plant disease, reduces the soil degradation, increased soil moisture and over all a sustainable crop production.

S.no

Season

1
2
3

Total Agricultural
area (000 ha.)

Kharif
Rabi
Summer

Fallow
Land

24.9
23.59
23.5

Cultivated Land
Area (000 ha)

4.2
3.24
18.8

Cultivated Area %

20.7
20.35
4.7

83.13
86.27
20.00

Table-1 Showing Total Agricultural area in (000, ha) with percentage of Cultivated area

Classes
Paddy
Sugarcane
Bajra/Jawar

Kharif Season Crops

Area in (000'h)
12.2
1.3
1.5

Percentage to Total Area

49.00
5.22
6.02

Cotton
Other

1.9
3.8

7.63
15.26

Fallow
Total

4.2
24.9

16.87
100

Rabi Season Crops

14.5

Wheat
Mustard
Other Crops
Fallow
Total

1.36
4.49
3.24
23.59
Summer Season Crops
1.4

Sugarcane
Other
Fallow
Total

3.2
18.9
23.5

61.47
5.77
19.03
13.73
100
5.96
13.62
80.43
100

Table-2 Area covers by verious classes of crop of three season

Rotation

Area in ('000 h)

Paddy-Other crops-Fallow

58.94

Other crops Other crops Other crops

0.90

Cotton-Mustard-Fallow

0.39

Paddy-Fallow-Fallow

0.058

Jawar/Bajra-Wheat-Fallow

3.11

Fallow-Wheat-Fallow

0.13

Cotton-Fallow-Fallow

40.65

Paddy-Wheat-Fallow

39.04

Paddy-Other crops -Fallow

1.22

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 2 (October 2015)
www.ijirae.com
Cotton-Wheat-Fallow

1.88

Other crops -Wheat-Fallow

4.49

Bajra-Wheat-Fallow

48.4

Fallow-Fallow-Fallow

5.70

Sugarcane based

10.19

Non-Agriculture based

9.5

Table-3 Crop Rotation of study area

Fig-2 Kharif Cropping Pattren

Fig-3 Ravi Cropping Pattren

Fig-4 Summer season Cropping Pattern

Fig-5 Crop Rotation map of Study area

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 2 (October 2015)
www.ijirae.com
IV. CONCLUSIONS:
The present study has proved that geospatial technology is a vital tool for analysis of cropping pattern s and crop rotation.
The cropping pattern and crop rotation of wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton crops dominating and intensity of these crops
have increased. The area under the high input food crops like wheat and rice have increased at the cost of oilseed and
pulses crops. These crops need high dose of bio-chemicals. This has caused to soil degradation and heavy pressure on
water resources and further led to unsustainable agricultural production.
REFERENCES:

[1] Balaselva kumar S., (1997) Saravanan S., Remote Sensing techniques for agriculture survey Department of
Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli. Publi. No. 169:104-123 pp.
[2] Roy P.S. (2004). The application of Remote Sensing.
[3] Lillesand T .M, Ralph W., Chipman J. W., (2003). Remote sensing and Image interpretation. John Wiley and
Sons,786 pp
[4] B.N Chatterji., S.Mati. B.K Mandal., (1979). Cropping System Theory & Practice.

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