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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2015.2429644, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
Miomir Kostic
I.
INTRODUCTION
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TABLE I
RANGES OF RELEVANT STRUCTURE PARAMETERS OF A TYPICAL 110 KV
TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER USED IN THE SERBIAN TRANSMISSION POWER
SYSTEM 22
Parameter
Range
8.85 L2T
ln
ph
2LT
(1)
)
R0GS
R0UL R04 LL
(2)
1
1
1
1
1
4 , (3)
4 LL (
) 4 LL
R04 LL
R0 LL R0 LL R0 LL R0 LL
R0 LL
where:
12 30 m
L1
5 10 m
0.20 0.44
h1
h2
2 m (fixed value)
0.044 0.088 m
( L1 , r ) C1 L1 r C2 L1 C3 r C4 ,
(4)
where C1, C2, C3 and C4 are the constants. For the ranges of
the input parameters given in Table I, the following values of
the constants C1, C2, C3 and C4 were determined 22 (see
Appendix I):
(C1, C2, C3, C4) = (0.005185, -0.005094, -0.1656, 0.7299) for
UL4LL, and
(C1, C2, C3, C4) = (-0.005264, 0.004609, -0.7925, 0.8793) for
4LL.
The values of R0UL and R0LL can be calculated using (1), the
UL4LL and 4LL coefficients by incorporating the
corresponding constants (C1, C2, C3, C4) into (4), R04LL by (3),
and R0GS by (2). If the upper loop is not an element of the
grounding system, R0GS is reduced to R04LL.
III. A NEW ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING THE TOTAL
GROUNDING RESISTANCE
A. Formulas for Estimating the Total Grounding Resistance
of a Square Loop
Analyzing the experimentally obtained values of the square
loop grounding resistance presented in 7, it was noticed in
8 that the soil properties (concerning the soil contact with
the electrodes) can be described by size, number and position
of air gaps placed between the grounding loop electrodes and
the surrounding soil. The analyzed square loop (5 m 5 m),
made of zinc-protected steel strips with a rectangular cross-
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b
100 .
T
(5)
(6)
where:
- R0SL is the theoretical grounding loop resistance (obtained
assuming a perfect contact), and
- RCSL(F) is the contact resistance.
It was shown in 8 that RCSL(F) can be approximated by
the following expression:
RCSL ( F )
100
( K 0 K1 F K 2 F 2 )
1 ,
100 F
p LT
(7)
(8)
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY FEM AND BY (1) AND (7)
RTSL
RTSL
LT
F0
RTSL
()
()
(m)
(%)
(%)
FEM
(1) and (7)
4
0
32.84
32.32
-1.57
4
50
40.31
42.51
5.45
4
80
59.63
60.08
0.76
4
92
98.56
97.20
-1.38
4
96
155.78
157.33
1.00
4
98
262.93
276.94
5.33
40
0
5.26
5.06
-3.74
40
50
6.04
6.08
0.70
40
80
8.04
7.84
-2.42
40
92
12.02
11.55
-3.88
40
96
18.21
17.57
-3.53
40
98
29.43
29.53
0.34
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TABLE III
INPUT PARAMETERS OF THE ANALYZED GROUNDING SYSTEMS AND THE MODELED SOILS, AS WELL AS THE CORRESPONDING VICINITY EFFECT COEFFICIENTS
CALCULATED BY (4)
p
h2
UL4LL
4LL
dx
h1
Tx
L1
r
GS
(m)
(10-3 m)
(m)
(m)
(4)
(4)
(m)
(10-3 m)
(10-2 m)
GS1
5
0.2
68
0.7
2
0.677
0.739
100
20
5
GS2
10
0.44
68
0.7
2
0.629
0.554
100
25
40
GS
Fx
(%)
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS2
GS2
GS2
GS2
GS2
GS2
0
50
80
92
96
98
0
50
80
92
96
98
TABLE IV
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE PROPOSED PROCEDURE, BASED ON (1)(11), AND BY THE FEM CALCULATIONS
RTLL
RTUL
RT4LL
RTGS
RTUL
RT4LL
RTGS
RTtest
RTLL
F0
RTtest
RTLL
RTUL
RT4LL
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
FEM
(6)
FEM
(6)
FEM
(10)
FEM
(11)
FEM
32.84
-0.97
3.28
27.32
28.32
-3.53
8.86
9.12
-2.88
9.27
9.57
-3.21
6.71
6.83
38.46
15.99
34.00
32.95
33.99
-3.06
9.99
10.28
-2.82
10.68 10.95
-2.45
7.35
7.41
54.08
63.07
74.19
48.56
49.51
-1.92
13.11 13.42
-2.31
14.59 14.95
-2.42
9.09
9.23
90.28
172.24
90.97
84.76
85.71
-1.10
20.35 20.59
-1.18
23.64 24.06
-1.76
13.12 13.37
149.23
350.00
95.71
143.71
144.72
-0.70
32.14 32.59
-1.37
38.37 39.12
-1.91
19.68 20.05
270.87
716.83
97.95
265.36
266.59
-0.46
56.47 58.60
-3.64
68.79 69.91
-1.61
33.21 33.68
32.84
-0.97
3.28
8.89
8.99
-1.07
4.98
5.12
-2.63
4.03
4.06
-0.71
3.55
3.59
42.76
28.94
50.83
11.14
11.06
0.72
5.97
6.09
-1.92
4.59
4.63
-0.86
3.92
3.81
68.22
105.73
84.84
16.93
16.49
2.68
8.52
8.54
-0.22
6.04
6.00
0.70
4.86
4.71
120.08
262.09
94.20
28.72
28.13
2.08
13.71 13.72
-0.09
8.99
9.00
-0.19
6.76
6.64
197.21
494.69
97.00
46.25
45.04
2.68
21.42 20.77
3.11
13.37 13.20
1.28
9.57
9.26
339.53
923.87
98.42
78.59
75.91
3.53
35.65 35.60
0.15
21.46 21.48
-0.11
14.74 14.22
d0
100
2
1 ,
( K 0 K1 F0 K 2 F0 )
100 F0
p LT
(9)
RTGS
(%)
-1.80
-0.92
-1.50
-1.81
-1.82
-1.41
-1.20
2.90
3.23
1.83
3.39
3.69
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2015.2429644, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
RTGS
1
RCUL
R0UL
UL4 LL
(10)
RCLL
(11)
R0 LL
4 LL UL4 LL
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
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V.
CONCLUSIONS
Equation (1)
A large number of square grounding loops, the parameters
of which belong to the ranges given in Table I, were modeled
applying 3D FEM. Analyzing the obtained results, it was
concluded that logarithmic dependence should be included in
function R(,LT,h,p), adopting only one constant in the
fraction within the logarithm. This constant was determined
varying its value by Microsoft Excel Solver [30] (the adopted
constant corresponds to the minimum value of the sum of
squares of differences between the results obtained by 3D
FEM and the R(,LT,h,p) function values). Equation (1) was
obtained as a final result of the described procedure.
Equations (2)(4) and the Coefficients C1C4
A simple method for determining the theoretical grounding
resistance of a complex grounding system is presented in [11]
and [12]. The method, based on the principles of
superposition and reciprocity, results in a simple formula for
the calculation of the grounding system resistance. Applying
B.
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Equations (6)(8)
A grounding loop (the parameters of which are given in
the subsection III.A.), with air gaps (characterized by
d0 = 1610-3 m and T0 = 2510-2 m) sequentially placed along
its steel strips, was modeled applying 3D FEM for several
different values of the parameter F. By examining the values
of the grounding loop resistance, it was noticed that the
resistance, as a function of F, can be approximated by (6) and
(7). Again, using Microsoft Excel Solver, the coefficients K0
K2 given in (8) were obtained, providing the minimum value
of the sum of squares of differences between the results
obtained by 3D FEM and (6)(8).
APPENDIX II
THE METHOD FROM [29] FOR CALCULATING THE GROUNDING
RESISTANCE OF THE GROUNDING SYSTEM PRESENTED IN FIG. 1
A. Calculation of the Theoretical Grounding Resistance of
Complex Grounding Systems
According to the method presented in [29], any complex
grounding system can be approximated by an electrode that
extends vertically to the soil surface and envelops all parts of
the grounding system (the first terms in (12)(14)),
additionally taking into account the fact that the grounding
resistance of any wire structure is higher than that of the solid
electrode occupying the same volume (the second terms in
(12)(14)). Applying equations 11.811.13 and Table 11.1
R0 SL
R04 LL
R0GS
17 L2 2h 2
2
2
L 2h 2 ln 2 LL 4h
1 L 4h
ln
4 L 8 p
(12)
(13)
(14)
2
2
2 2 2 ln 17 L1 2h2 1 ln L1 4h2
2 L L 4h 16rL
L 2h
32 pr
2
2
1
1 1
1
2
2
L1 4h2
1
2 2 2 ln 17 L1 2h2
2 L L 4h 4 L 1 4r ln 8 p1 4r
L 2h
2
2
1
1 1
1
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RTSL
RT 4 LL
RTGS
GS
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS1
GS2
GS2
GS2
GS2
GS2
GS2
17 L2 2h 2
2
2
ln
L 2h 2 2 L L 4h
L 4h 100
1
100
ln
4 L 100 F 8 p 100 F
2
2
32 pr 100 F
2
2
1
1 1
1
2
2
L1 4h2
1
100
100
2 2 2 ln 17 L1 2h2
2 L L 4h 4 L 1 4r 100 F ln 8 p1 4r 100 F
L 2h
1 1
2
2
1
1
(16)
(17)
TABLE V
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM, BASED ON (15)(17), AND BY THE FEM CALCULATIONS
RTLL
RTUL
RT4LL
RTGS
RTLL
RTUL
RT4LL
RTGS
RTtest
F
Fx
RTtest
RTLL
RTUL
RT4LL
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
FEM
(15)
FEM
(15)
FEM
(16)
FEM
(17)
FEM
0
32.84
-1.63
-5.37
26.45
28.32
-6.60
9.63
9.12
5.52
8.89
9.57
-7.17
6.79
6.83
50
38.46
15.21
30.55
34.22
33.99
0.70
11.13 10.28
8.27
11.12 10.95
1.51
7.61
7.41
80
54.08
61.99
61.48
54.89
49.51
10.86 15.13 13.42
12.73
16.96 14.95
13.48
9.79
9.23
92
90.28
170.42 79.45 101.01
85.71
17.86 24.09 20.59
17.00
29.83 24.06
23.97
14.70 13.37
96
149.23 346.99 87.67 174.14 144.72
20.33 38.35 32.59
17.68
50.02 39.12
27.85
22.50 20.05
98
270.87 711.37 92.91 321.98 266.59
20.78 67.24 58.60
14.74
90.50 69.91
29.45
38.35 33.68
0
32.84
-1.63
-5.37
8.88
8.99
-1.21
5.44
5.12
6.21
4.15
4.06
2.18
3.86
3.59
50
42.76
28.08
43.80
12.20
11.06
10.24
6.91
6.09
13.37
4.94
4.63
6.64
4.31
3.81
80
68.22
104.36 71.64
20.23
16.49
22.66 10.46
8.54
22.50
6.87
6.00
14.57
5.43
4.71
92
120.08 259.67 84.73
35.89
28.13
27.59 17.39 13.72
26.78
10.66
9.00
18.36
7.65
6.64
96
197.21 490.72 90.52
58.56
45.04
30.02 27.42 20.77
31.97
16.15 13.20
22.34
10.89
9.26
98
339.53 917.03 94.21
99.51
75.91
31.10 45.52 35.60
27.88
26.10 21.48
21.49
16.80 14.22
REFERENCES
[1]
(15)
RTGS
(%)
-0.62
2.60
6.10
9.94
12.26
13.86
7.48
13.27
15.38
15.22
17.66
18.18
0093-9994 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2015.2429644, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
0093-9994 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.