DusanMicovic

ProfessorTijanaMamula
COM210IntroductionToCinema
28/11/2013
Joker(Batman,1989)vs.Joker(TheDarkKnight,2008)
WasHeathLedgersJokerareactionoraninterpretation?

Incomicbookuniverse,ofalltheevildoers,thereisonethatstandsalone.Itisquiteimpossibletofinda
characterthatwouldreceivemoreattentionthanthehomicidalnemesis,simplyknownastheJoker.A
superheroisonlyasinterestingasthebadguyhesfightingagainst,andtheClownPrinceofCrimestands
outasonethemostcomplex,disturbed,morallyambiguousvillainstoeverappearinacomicbookpageor
moviescreen.Asamatteroffact,in2006,WizardmagazineproclaimedtheJokerasthenumberone
comicvillainofallthetime.AlthoughthecreationoftheJokerscharacterremainsanongoingdebate,
mostcomichistoriansbelievethatitwasJerryRobinson,whomodeledhimafterConradVeidtinthesilent
Germanmoviefrom1928,TheManWhoLaughs.Cometothinkofit,ifthismanwascapableof
designingasuchcharacter,hemusthavehadatwistedpersonalityindeed.However,noone,noteven
BobKane,couldhaveimaginedhowfarwouldHollywoodtaketheBatmanletalonetheJoker.With
seeminglyendlesspossibilitiesattheirhands,comiccreatorssuchasDaveMcKean,FrankMillerandof
courseAlanMooreshowedthegreatversatilityoftheclown.Overtime,asaresult,Jokerscharacter
keptmaturingandthecharactersbackstorykeptchanging.Andthen,inthesummerof1989,TimBurton
revealedthenewBatman,castingashadowonallthepreviousversions,andsettingabarhighforallthe
futureones.Forgeneralaudience,allofthiswasalarmingandelectrifyingbecausenothinginmovies
couldhavepreparedthemforBurtonsradicalreassessmentofthecharacter,cartoonishdarknessand
thedense,oppressiveproductiondesign.TimBurtonsdistinctcandycoated,expressionistictechniques
heightensthesets,propsandcharacterstoapointofdisbelief.Forinstance,GothamCitydoesntremind
muchofNewYorkorChicagometropolis,butratherresemblestheMetropolisfromFritzLangssilent
scifimasterpieceMetropolisandthearchitectureisdark,tiltedandcrookedinnature.Thecharacters
arepresentedjustascartoonishasthetoneofthemovie.Byperfectlybalancingbetweenthegoofy/action
styleofthecomicsandhistraditionaldrama/darknessstyle,Burtoncreatescharacterswhoaregothicin
nature(butlessthanSweeneyTodd)andcomicalinstyle(yetlessthaninBeetlejuice)andthesetwo
elementscompensateforoneanother,withoutoutweighingoneanotherfortoolong.

ButthemostmemorablepartofthemoviewasundoubtedlyJackNicholsonsgothic/psycho/popart
interpretation,thatshowedtheworld,onceforall,thetruenatureoftheJokerandmadehimseem
untouchable.Ifsomeonewastodaretousethischaracterinamovieeveragain,hewouldhavenochoice
buttocompletelyreinventhim.Andso,almosttwodecadeslater,ChristopherNolanreleasedBatman
Begins(2005)andTheDarkKnight(2008),takingusonayetanotherjourneyintotheworldwethought
weknew.ButNolansresolutepsychoanalyticrevisionisttakeisdarkerandmorereal,makingitclear
fromthebeginningthatthistrilogywontbearemake.ThetrilogytakesplaceinGothamCity,butthis
time,Gothamistherealworld,whererealdangerlurksunderitssurface.Themobsterswhohideinthe
sleazyunderbellykindofresembletheguysfromtheGoodfellas,asopposedtotheromanticized
mobstersfromtheBatmanuniverse,whoseemmorecomparabletoTheGodfather.GothamCity
acquiresagainthelookofNewYorkandChicago,introducingdarkneorealismthekindofrealism
recognizable(amongnumerouselements)eveninthewaythepoliceandthegovernmentaresetup.Soon,
youforgetyoureinGothamCity.ChristopherNolangiveshisprotagonistsareasontolive.Hisleadsin
Following,Memento,andInsomniadealwithseriousinnerconflicts,thatmakehismoviesdarkerand
captivatetheaudienceevenfurther.TheoriginstorythatNolanestablishedforBruceWayneandthe
Batmanisdeeperandstrongerthanmostofthepreviousoriginstoriesthathaveappearedonthescreen.
Nolansapproachispsychoanalyticandmorbid,givingthecharacterrealistic,tangiblefearsandincentives
forBruceWaynetobecometheDarkKnightofGothamCity.Thistime,muchmorethanbefore,the
dialoguehasthesamestrengthastheaction,andtheactioncarriesthesameemotionalweightasthe
dialogue.Thecharactersandthetonepossesanequalimportance.Butdespitethedifferenceintimeand
style,themoviesbothhavetheirmerits.TimBurtonstwomoviesBatman(1989)andBatmanReturns
(1992)weremajorsuccess,justaswereChristopherNolanstwomoviesBatmanBegins(2005)andThe
DarkKnight(2008).Theirstyle,thematicapproachandthecontentdrasticallydiffer,eachonesuitinga
particularmindset.

Aboveall,TheDarkKnightpridesitselfonHeathLedgersJoker,whowasportrayedathisdarkestand
mostmalevolentyet.Overtheyears,theHarlequinofHatehasbeenmaturingandgraduallygrowing
moredisturbedandnihilistic,whichiswhytheonly,rationalmoveincharactershistoricalevolution,was
forHeathLedgertotakethecharactertoitsabsoluteextreme.Andsohedidcreatingoneofthebiggest
clashesbetweennewschoolandoldschool.Thisraisesthemajorquestion:wasHeathLedgersJokera
reactionoraninterpretation?Therefore,IwillattempttoprovethatJackNicholsonsJokerwasbetter,
groundingmyargumentsonacomparisonofvariouselements,suchasthebackgroundstory,appearance
andpersonality.

ThestoryoftheTimBurtonsJokestartsoffwithJackNapier,Atroubledandemotionallyunstablekid,
butshowingtalentforart,scienceandchemistry.Asayoungman,heshotBruceWaynesparents,Dr.
ThomasWayneandhiswifeMartha.Aftercoldbloodedlykillingthem,hepointedagunatyoungBruce
andaskedalegendaryphrase:Tellme,kid,youeverdancedwiththeDevilbythepalemoonlight?.
Thephrasemeanshaveyoueverfoundyourselfinadeadlocklookingyourdeathstraightintheeyes,
withnoonearoundtohelp.Butbeforehecouldpullthetrigger,hispartnerincrimeurgedhimtoleaveso
hedecidedtosparetheboy.HesaidSeeyouaround,kid,smiledmaliciously,anddisappearedinto
darkness.Workinghiswayupinthemafiaranks,JackNapiereventuallybecametherighthandofBoss
CarlGrissom.WhenconfrontedBatmanatAxisChemicals,JackNapierfallsintothevatofchemicals,
drasticallydamagingandpermanentlyalteringhisface.Napiersurvives,buthisfaceishorriblydisfigured.
HeacceptshisbizarrenewappearanceandassumesthenewidentityoftheJoker,losingwhatevermental
stabilityhehadleftperhapsaclich,butitstillmakesthecharacterappearmorecompleteand
interesting.So,afterrealizingthatGrissomsethimup,heclaimshisrevengebykillinghimandlaterother
bosses.UponbecomingacrimelordofGothamCity,Jokerengagesinachaotic,yetartistic,crimespree,
withamotivetooutdoBatman,feelingthathehasbeengettingtoomuchpress.

Jokerrepresentstherandomnessofcrime.KillingyoungBrucesparents,hecreatesBatman.Andthe
factthatyoungBrucelosthisparentsduetoanactofrandomcrime,Jokerthenrepresentseverythingthat
Batmandespisesandvigorouslyfightsagainst.Thestorytakesanironicturnbecauseitwouldbethe
BatmanwhoalsocreatestheJoker.Thesecretpasttheyshare,madethemthegreatestenemies.InThe
DarkKnight,nooneownsconfirmedinformationregardingJokersearlylifebeforeventuringinthe
worldofcrime.Despitehiscapture,GCPDhasntfoundanytracesofhisDNA,fingerprintsordental
records,initsdatabases.Duringthecourseofthemovie,Jokerrecallsincompatible,conflictingstories,
involvingchildabuseandselfmutilation,abouthowhegotthescars(a.k.a.Glasgowsmile)raisingthe
possibilitythattheJokerhimselfisunsureabouttimeandplacewhereitallbegan.WhileJacksJokerhas
abackstory,advancement,climaxandtheend,HeathsJokerlacksanysenseofjourneyorprogression.
Instead,heappearsasanalreadyformedcharacter,withnotransformationoroscillationsstuckinthe
limbo.

Visually,JackNicholsonsJokerwasa100%perfectcomicbookvillainreflection.JackNapier'schemical
exposureparalyzedhisfacialnerves,makinghimappearasconstantlygrinning(a.k.arictusgrin).His
hairchangedfromgraytoemeraldgreen,hisskinwasbleachedchalkwhite,andhislipsturnedrubyred
"Jack?Jackisdead,myfriend.Youcancallme...Joker!Andasyoucansee,I'malothappier!"
TheJokertoCarlGrissom,lastsecondsbeforekillinghim.ThisJokercomespreparedwithaheavy
arsenalofmischievousanddeadlytoys:electrichandbuzzer,windupteeth,acidsquirtingflower,
breakawayhands,propguns,poisongasandmore.NicholsonsJokercaredverymuchindeedabouthis
publicimage.Perfectappearance,quickwittedretorts,theatrical,flamboyantpostureanddandy
mannerism.Heworeaperfectlyfitting,customtailoredsuit(finestmaterialsandbrightcolors).Helooks
likea1950smobsterwithsomeoftheBeetlejuicefeaturesgrotesquelookanddarktwistedhumour.
JackNicholsonhadasecretweaponhisownbadboypersona.Jackwasalwayswellknownforbeinga

hedonistic,troublemakingCasanova,withanexceptionallyrichlifeexperience,andgreatsuccessinhis
actingcareer(themostAcademyAwardnominationsinthehistoryofOscars),sohisJokerisbasicallya
productofgeniustransferofthosedevilish,humorousqualities,fromJackthemanintoJacktheJoker.
NicholsonstronglybelievedthatplayingtheJokerbigwasntenough.Hethoughtitwasabsolutely
necessarytocreatethecraziest,weirdest,psychoticbadguyeverseenaforceofnaturelargergreater
thanthefilmandtheactorplayinghim.AcomicbookvillainasJackoncesaidinEsquiremagazine:
apieceofPopArt.Buthonestly,haveyouactuallyexpectedanythinglessthanperfection,fromthe
originalHollywoodbadboywhoonceproudlydeclared::Ivedatedallthewomen,Ivedoneallthedrugs
andIvedrunkeverydrink.

Onthecontrary,HeathLedgerwasknownasareservedandshyprettyboyanactorofnotmuch
depth.Foryearshesbeendesperatelylookingforamovierolethatwillallowhimtochangehispublic
image,onceforall.Intheendthisturnedouttobeadoubleedgedsword.Famousforimmersingwithhis
roles,inordertoprepareforthisone,Ledgerlockedhimselfinahotelroomforamonth,forgingthe
characterspersonality,postureandthevoice(atfirstdifficult,buteventually,hemanagedtoproduce
uniquevoice,nothinglikeJackNicholsonscharacter).Healsokeptadiary,recordingJokersthoughtsand
feelings.Duringthemonthofpreparationfortherole,HeathLedgerlivedontheboundarybetweenreality
andimagination,barelyeatingandsleepinganaverageoftwohoursanight."Icouldn'tstopthinking.
Mybodywasexhausted,andmymindwasstillgoing.UponcompletingthefilmingofTheDark
Knight,onJanuary22,2008,HeathLedgerdiedof,apparently,anaccidentalprescriptiondrugoverdose.
LindyHemming,acostumedesigner,explainedthatJokersappearancereflectshispersonality:he
doesntcareabouthimselfatall.Heisdressedinacustomtailoredpurplesuit,matchingpinstripepants
suspenders,lightbluejacket,greenvestandlightpurplepatternedshirt.Heiswearingwhitemakeup,
blackenedeyesandredlipsticksmearedoverhisgruesomeGlasgowsmile.

Hishairisgreen,unkemptandgreasy.Hislookshowsthathehasnointeresttoimpress,butrather
intimidate.Throughoutthemovie,hisoutfitandmakeupgetprogressivelywornoutanddisheveled,
additionallyimplyinghisunstablepsyche,carelessnesstowardsprettymucheverything.Hemming
designedhimtoappearshabbyandmessy,sothatwhenyouseehimmove,hesslightlytwitchieror
edgy.Nolannoted,WegaveaFrancisBaconspintohisface.Thiscorruption,thisdecayinthetexture
ofthelookitself.It'sgrubby.Youcanalmostimaginewhathesmellslike.Increatingthe"anarchical"look
oftheJoker,HemmingdrewinspirationfromsuchcounterculturalpopcultureartistsasPeteDoherty,
IggyPopandJohnnyRotten.

Aninterestingdifferencebetweenthetwocharactersisthat,unlikeJacks,HeathsJokershowsno
interestforwomenwhatsoeverwhichdirectlydegradeshismasculinity.Ontheotherhand,Jack
Nicholsonsimplypouredhisrichexperienceasagreatlothario(ladykiller),intotheroleofJoker,
displayingmaledominancethroughoutthewholemovie.ThereisascenefromBatmaninwhichJoker
forcesreporterVickiValetohavedinnerwithhim.WhenValeasked:Whatdoyouwantfromme?,
Jokerreplied:Oh,littlesong,littledance,Batmansheadonalance..TheJokerisperfectlyaware
thatValewillnotagreetohelphim,buthestillinterrogateshereforthesakeoffeelingcontrolandproving
hisdominance.
Inadditiontothecharactercomparison,onthegroundsofappearanceJackNicholsonslinessuchas:
Neverrubanothermansrhubarb!,Wheredoeshegetthosewonderfultoys?and,ofcourse,
Youeverdancewiththedevilinthepalemoonlight?,beatthebestofLedgersquotes(i.e.Why
soserious?andIbelievewhateverdoesntkillyousimplymakesyoustranger).

TimBurtonsideaofJokerwastostayasfaithfulaspossibletothecomicbookcharacterthereforeJack
NicholsonsDaffyDuckpranksterwasabullseye.JacksJokeriscampy,andthefactthatJoker
himselfisawareofhowcampyheis,makeshimthatmuchmoreinsane.Hispersonalityisaweird
mixtureofCesarRomeros(JokerinBatmanTVseries,19661968)campinessandDr.Cagliaris
(TheCabinetofDr.Caligari,Germansilenthorrormovie,1920)darknessandinsanity.InBatman
(1989),thecontrastbetweentheJokerandhisenvironmentisbeautifullydepicted.Everythingisdark,
blackandgreybuthessocolorful,howeverstillmorerevoltingthananythingthatsurroundshim.
AlthoughbeinganexceptionallytrustworthyrepresentationofcomicbookJoker,therewerehowevertwo
profoundadditionstohispersonality.Narcissismandpassionforartspecifically,artofdeath.Jokerhada
thingfordecayingbodies,andsawitasart.JackNicholsonwowedtheaudiencearoundtheworldwithhis
terrificallydeliveredperformance,becomingthemainobjectofworshipbymedia,fansandcasual
viewers.Atthattime,superheromovies,butalsoSciFigenreasawhole,wereneverbeentaken
seriouslyenoughtocandidateforanyawards.Despitethat,Jackstillmanagedtobenominatedfora
GoldenGlobe,whichwasconsideredabigsuccessforthatgenre,forthosetimes.

Inadvancedsociety,easyaccesstoinformationthroughmedia,theJokerhadtobetakeninthedirection
hehadneverbeentakenbefore.ThistimeBatmansuniverseisthereflectionofouruniverseentirely
soakedinrealism.ThischangedirectlytriggeredthechangeofgenrefromFantasy/SciFito
Crime/Action/Drama.Fromtheearlycreationofthemovie,itwasclearthatJackNicholsonsJokerwas
portrayedwithperfectaccuracysotherewasnopointinattemptingtooutjoketheJoker.Afterall,Heath
Ledgerhimselfadmitsitatonepoint:Youknow,IwasabigfanofJackNicholsonstillamhis
portrayaloftheJokerwasperfectforTimBurton'sworldandifTimBurtonhadcometomeandhe
wasdoingthesequelandheaskedmetoplaytheJokerinhismovie,Iwouldn'tdoit.Icouldn't.
Becauseyoucouldn'ttouchwhatJackNicholsondid.Itwouldbeacrime.WhenChriscametome,

I'dalreadyseenBatmanBeginsandIreallylikedit.BecauseI'dalreadyseenit,Ialreadyknewthe
world,whichhehadcreated.Iinstantlyknewofanangle.Iinstantlyknewawayintothis
character.Awaytocreateacharactertofitintothisworldandsoitwasfairlyimmediate.
ThedecisionwastogiveJokeratotalmakeoverandreimagination,asortofahorrortreatment,
eventuallyconstructingaversionreferredasTheGrungeversion.ChristopherNolangrantedHeath
Ledgerwithfreereigntocreatetherole,whichhefoundfun,becausetherearenorealboundariesto
whattheJokerwouldsayordo.Nothingintimidateshim,andeverythingisabigjoke.Theresultof
unlimitedartisticfreedomandobsessivededicationtoperfectionwas,asHeathLedgersaidforTheNew
YorkTimes,apsychopathic,massmurdering,schizophrenicclownwithzeroempathy.Christopher
NolanandHeathLedgerdrewmostoftheirinspirationfromBatman:TheKillingJokeand
InTheDarkKnighttheJokerrepresents

BothHeathLedgerandChristopherNolanadmittedthatBatman:TheKillingJokewasthemajor
inspirationforthepersonification[alsoArkhamAsylum:ASeriousHouseonSeriousEarth,aswellas
AClockworkOrangeandSidVicious(EnglishbassguitaristandvocalistfromtheSexPistols)].
ThefirstdifferencefromTheBatman(1989),thatjumpsatyouisthattheJokerhimselfisconfused
abouthispast.HollywoodPsychologyprofilesofTheJoker,suggestthat...heisinsanetosuchan
extentthatheliterallyreinventsbothhisownpsycheandhistoryonadailybasis.Onedayhe
couldbeinnocuousprankster,buttheverynextahomicidalmaniac.Histendencyforrepeated
selfreinventionstributesthehighlydiverseversionsofthecharacter,appearedoverthecourseofyears.
AshesaysinTheKillingJoke:"SometimesIrememberitoneway,sometimesanother...ifI'mgoing
tohaveapast,Ipreferittobemultiplechoice!"

SomedoctorssuggestatheoryforJokerscomplexmindset,callingitSuperSanity.Thetheoryimplies
thatheactuallysuffersfromtheunprecedented,absolutereality.Therefore,beingtoosane,hemocks
theworld,societyandpeoplewhocreateditseeingitasonebigjoke.TheJokerfunctionsasaterrorist
promotinganarchy(onemaninsurgency)depictingthesocietyasthepoliticalproductofBushsAmerica
after9/11.Heshowsnointerestinanythingexceptforchaos,andcausesitjustforthesakeofcausingit.
Imlikeadogchasingcars,IwouldntknowwhattodoifIcaughtone,youknow,Idjust
dothings.Somemenjustwanttowatchtheworldburn.

JokerlikestoseehimselfasthecomedytoBatmanstragedy.Hewantstoabolishcurrentsystem,
andprovetoprovetoBatmanthatsituationdoesmakeamanandthatitonlytakesonebaddaytosend
anyoneintotheinsanity(SuperSanity)thatheliveseveryday.Batmangivesaphilosophical
observation,explainingthatinordertoacknowledgeanimperfectworld,youmuststepoutsideofsocial
normshowever,thatdoesntmakethesocialnormsmeaningless.Jokerhasadifferntthepresenceof
randomjustice,meansthatthereisnojustice.Thefactthatinnocencecanbedestroyed,means
thereisnoinnocence.JokerstheoryofchaosandinsanityforcesBatmantochallengehisown
existenceandbeliefs.
Donttalklikeoneofthem,yourenot!Evenifyoudliketobe.Tothemyourejustafreak,like
me.Theyneedyourightnow.Butwhentheydont,theyllcastyouout,likealeper.See,their
morals,theircode:itsabadjoke.Theyredroppedatthefirstsignoftrouble.Theyreonlyas
goodastheworldallowsthemtobe.Youllsee,whenthechipsaredownthesecivilizedpeoplewill
eateachother.YaseeImnotamonster,Iwasjustaheadofthecurve.
Intheend,despiteBatmansundisputedarchnemesis,theJokerdemonstratesacertainrespectfor
Batmanacknowledgingthattheydependoneachother,andwillneverdestroyeachothertherefore
destinedtofightforever.

Batman:Thenwhydoyouwanttokillme?
Joker:Idontwanttokillyou!WhatwouldIdowithoutyou?Gobacktorippingoffmob
dealers?No,no,NO!No.Youyoucompleteme.

Joker:Oh,you.Youjustcouldntletmego,couldyou?Thisiswhathappenswhenan
unstoppableforcemeetsanimmovableobject.Youaretrulyincorruptible,arentyou?Huh?You
wontkillmeoutofsomemisplacedsenseofselfrighteousness.AndIwontkillyoubecause
yourejusttoomuchfun.IthinkyouandIaredestinedtodothisforever.

Theaudienceisnowleftwith(maybe)thetwomostmemorableperformances,andthesamepredicament
likein1989.IfanyoneeverattemptstousetheJokerinamovieagain,hewouldhavenochoicebutto,
totallyreinventthecharacter.HeathLedgersJokerisamasterpiecethatmadehimimmortal.Hewill
alwaysberememberedforthedeepestexplorationsofthecharacterspsyche,stunningtransformation
andrevolutionaryreinventionofpsychopathic,massmurdering,schizophrenicclownwithzero
empathy.LedgersJokermightbedarkerandmorerealistic,butitlackstheremarkableencounterof
realityandfantasy,thatmakesJacksJokerapieceofpopart.Beingafarmorereservedandmodest
individual,LedgercouldonlyimaginethecharacteristicsthatcametoNicholsonnaturally.Jack
NicholsonsJokeristhecriterionbywhichallcomicbookvillainymustbejudged.Hecannotbereplaced
orimitated,justasHannibalLectercannotberepresentedinamorewickedwaythanAnthonyHopkins
didit.Toconclude,HeathLedgersJokerwasneitherareactionnoraninterpretation,butrathera
magnificentrevisionistreincarnation.ButtherecanbeonlyoneJoker,andhedanceswiththedevilinthe
palemoonlight.

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