Introducing and Greeting People

Word List
Greeting People
Hello. / Hi.
Good morning. (before 12 o'clock)
Good afternoon.(after 12 o'clock)
Good evening
.
Introducing People
What's your name?
Who are you?
My name is ...
I am ...
My friends call me ...
You can call me ...
Haven't we met (before)?
Yes, I think we have.
No, I don't think we have.
I think we've already met.
I don't think we've met (before).
This is ...
Meet ...
Have you met ...?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Yes, I think I have.
No, I don't think I have.
Hello, ... (name)
Nice to meet you. (informal)
Pleased to meet you.
How do you do? (formal)
Nice to see you.
Nice to see you again.
Say Goodbye
Good bye.
Bye. / See you.
See you later.
See you soon.
See you tomorrow.
See you next week.
Good night.
Health
How are you?
How are you today?
Fine, thank you/thanks.
Not too bad.
Very well.
I'm okay / all right.
Not too well, actually.
What's wrong with you?
What's the matter with you?
Are you all right?

I'm tired
.
I'm exhausted
I've got a cold.

Word List
Asking and Giving Directions
How do I get to ...?
What's the best way to ...?
Where is ...?
Go straight on (until you come to ...).
Turn back./Go back.
Turn left/right (into ...-street).
Go along ....
Cross ...
Take the first/second road on the left/right
It's on the left/right.
straight
on
opposite
near
next to
between
at the end (of)
on/at the corner
behind
in front of
(just) around the corner
traffic lights
crossroads, junction
signpost
inking Arguments
First of all, I think ...
Not only that, but I also think that ...
Not only are they ..., they are also ...
They are not ..., nor are they ...
There are various/several/many reasons for this.
First, ... / Firstly, ...
Second, ... / Secondly, ...
Moreover, ... / Furthermore, ... / In addition, ...
Another significant point is that ...
Finally, ...
On the one hand, ... On the other hand, ...
In contrast to this is ...
Because of ...
That is why ...
After all, ...
The reason is that ...
In that respect ...
The result of this is that ...
Another aspect/point is that ...
It is because ...
Although it is true that ... it would be wrong to claim that ...

That may sometimes be true, but ...

One could argue that ..., but ...
Providing Examples
Take for example (the case of) ...
Look at ...
For instance ... / For example ...
Let me give you an example.
Additions and Conclusion
Most probably ...
It appears to be ...
It is important to mention that...
As I already indicated ...
In other words, ...
I am most concerned about ...
I should like to repeat once again that ...
I should like to emphasise that ...
I would (just) like to add ...
So all in all I believe that...
(In) summing up it can be said that ...
Weighing the pros and cons, I come to the conclusion that ...
Conjunctions
but / still / however
especially / mainly / particularly
before
as / because / since
so that
then / after that
that's why / so
either ... or
after all
after
of course
though / although / even though
or
as soon as
as long as
finally / eventually
in spite of / even so / all the same
perhaps ...
above all
neither ... nor
because
first of all
for example / for instance
Some / any
Exercises on some and any

The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could
say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in
questions.
Positive Clauses
In positive clauses, we usually use some.
Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought some apples.
Negative Clauses
In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be
not ... any
Example:
I have not bought any bread.
I have not bought any apples.
Questions
In questions, we usually use any.
Example:
Have you bought any bread?
Have you bought any apples?
Compound Words with some / any
Some / any can also be part of compound words such as:

something / anything
someone / anyone
somewhere / anywhere

Note that some / any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some / any can
stand on their own.
Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought something.
However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears
somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some
or something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.
Example:
I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].
Exceptions

Positive Clauses with Any

We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.
Example:
We never go anywhere.
She did her homework without any help.
Theres hardly anyone here.
Also in if clauses, we usually use any.
Example:
If there is anything to do, just call me.
Questions with Some
We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer yes, we use
some.
Example:
Have you got any brothers and sisters?
some people have brothers or sisters, others don't - we cannot expect the answer to
be yes
Would you like some biscuits?
we offer something and want to encourage the other to say ja
A Little / A Few
Exercises on A Little and A Few
The expressions a little and a few mean some.

If a noun is in singular, we use a little

Example:
a little money
If a noun is in plural, we use a few
Example:
a few friends

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.

Example:
4 friends a few friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.
Example:
3 money a little money
Note: Of course you can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you
have got 3 euro (but not 3 money).
A Little / A few or Little / Few
It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a limiting
or negative meaning.

a little = some
little = hardly any
Example:
I need a little money. - I need some money.
I need little money. - I need hardly any money.
a few = some
few = hardly any
Example:
A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.
Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.

Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in
everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.
Example:
I need little money. = I do not need much money.
Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.
Much / many
Exercises on much and many
The words much and many mean a lot of.

If a noun is in singular, we use much

Example:
much money
If a noun is in plural, we use many
Example:
many friends

Use of much / many

In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses.
Example:
How much money have you got?
Carla does not have many friends.
In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.
Example:
Carla has so many friends.
She has as many friends as Sue.
Kevin has too much money.
In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.
Example:
Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.
Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.
In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice
for example when you read English news.
Countable / Uncountable Nouns
In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.
Example:
100 friends many friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.
Example:
100 money much money
Note: Of course you can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you
have got 5 euro (but not 5 money).
Little / A Few
Exercises on A Little and A Few
The expressions a little and a few mean some.

If a noun is in singular, we use a little

Example:
a little money
If a noun is in plural, we use a few
Example:
a few friends

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.
Example:
4 friends a few friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.
Example:
3 money a little money
Note: Of course you can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you
have got 3 euro (but not 3 money).
A Little / A few or Little / Few
It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a limiting
or negative meaning.

a little = some
little = hardly any
Example:
I need a little money. - I need some money.
I need little money. - I need hardly any money.
a few = some
few = hardly any
Example:
A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.
Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.

Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in
everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.
Example:
I need little money. = I do not need much money.
Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.
Must not and need not

must not - prohibition (it is not allowed)

- need not - option (it is not necessary)
Soccer Rules
Decide whether to use 'must not' or 'need not'.
1. The teams must notIt is not allowed. have more than 11 players on the field during a
match.
2. But there need notIt is not necessary. (Some players might have been sent off by the
referee.) even be 11 players playing for each team.
3. Players must notIt is not allowed. wear anything which might injure another player.
4. Players need notIt is not necessary. (They may also play the ball with their heads, knees
etc.) play the ball with their feet only.
5. Substituted players must notIt is not allowed. return to the game.
6. Players must notSIt is not allowed. leave the game without the referee's permission.
7. Players must notIt is not allowed. hold an opponent.
8. The referee need notIt is not necessary. (It depends on how strict the referee is.) send
a player off if he has committed foul play.
9. However, if a player is sent off during the game, he must notIt is not allowed. be
replaced.
10. A period need notIt is not necessary. (The referee can decide to let the play go on for
another couple of minutes.) be over after exactly 45 minutes.
Great, all answers are correct!