Nonlinear Engineering, Vol. 2 (2013), pp.

8395

Copyright 2013 De Gruyter. DOI 10.1515/nleng-2013-0009

Non-linear Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Cylindrical

Shells Subjected to Axial Compressive Loads:
A Study on Imperfection Sensitivity

Y. Venkata Narayana,1 Jagadish Babu Gunda,2;

P. Ravinder Reddy3 and R. Markandeya4
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SreeNidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesahar, Andrapradesh, India
Advanced Systems Laboratory, Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering,Chaitanya
Bharathi Institute of Science and Technology, Gandipet,
Andrapradesh, India
Department of Metallurgical Engineering JNTU Kukatpally, Andraprdesh, India

Imperfection sensitivity of cylindrical shells

subjected to axial compressive load is investigated by
means of non-linear buckling analysis and post-buckling
analysis. Non-linear buckling analysis involves the determination of the equilibrium path (or load-deflection curve)
upto the limit point load by using the Newton-Raphson approach, whereas post-buckling analysis involves the determination of the equilibrium path beyond the limit point
load and up to the collapse load by using the arc-length
approach. Limit point loads evaluated from these two approaches for various imperfection magnitudes show an excellent agreement which clearly confirms the numerical results obtained.

Abstract.

Keywords. Non-linear buckling, post-buckling, cylindrical

shells, imperfection sensitivity, axial compressive loads.

Introduction

The problem of cylindrical shell buckling subjected to axial

compressive loads has been solved by many researchers [110] who have used approximate analytical methods as well
as finite element methods. Theoretically evaluated classical
buckling load is generally much higher than the actual buckling load of the cylindrical shell and a knock-down factor is
Corresponding author: Jagadish Babu
Gunda, E-mail: jagadishasl@gmail.com.
Received: 25 June 2013. Accepted: 7 August 2013.

introduced to furnish a better approximation of actual buckling load based on experimental tests. Fischer [11], Yamaki
and Kodama [12], investigated the effect of bending stresses
and pre-buckling deformations and emphasized that the effect of pre-buckling deformations was not a primary reason
for the difference between the classical prediction and the
experimental results. The pioneering contributions of von
Karman and Tsien [13], Donnell and Wan [14], Koiter et al.
[15], Budiansky and Hutchinson [16] on cylindrical shell
buckling shows that initial geometric imperfections is the
single dominant factor for the discrepancy between theory
and experiments.
Arboczand Hol [17] demonstrated that the form and
amplitude of imperfections are dependent on the fabrication process and quality. Buckling of imperfect cylindrical shells thus remains a subject of active area of research
with special emphasis on modeling of the real imperfections
as well as of boundary conditions and load eccentricity, if
any. Shen and Li [18], and Schneider [19] investigated the
buckling of shell structures by taking dimples as a geometric imperfection pattern. Frano and Forasassi [20], Prabu
et al. [21] investigated the buckling behavior of imperfect
thin cylindrical shells under lateral pressure by taking ovality as imperfection sensitivity parameter and observed that
the buckling load decreases with an increase in imperfection magnitude. Recently, Kobayashi et al. [22] employed a
stabilization technique by using artificial damping to investigate the post-buckling behavior of perfect Yamaki cylinder subjected to axial compression. These researchers emphasized the difficulty of using the conventional arc-length
method when applied for the post-buckling analysis of imperfect cylindrical shells. Spagnoli et al. [23] investigated
the buckling behavior of laminated composite cylinders and
a correlation study on theoretical versus experimental end
shortening behavior is discussed and a summary of knockdown factors as well as FE (finite element) reduction factors are reported. To the best of the authors knowledge a
detailed and generalized approach of a qualitative study on
non-linear buckling and post-buckling behavior of cylindrical shells including the influence of geometric imperfection
has not been well reported in the literature.
This study makes an attempt to accurately evaluate the
limit point load of an isotropic and composite, imperfect
cylindrical shells by means of non-linear buckling analysis
as well as post-buckling analysis by using a general purpose

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Y. Venkata Narayana, Jagadish Babu Gunda, P. Ravinder Reddy and R. Markandeya

finite element software (ANSYS) [24] (shell281 element).

ui C1 D ui ui
(6)
A generalized procedure is employed here which can be exT
tended to investigate the behavior of any other modes of where Ki is the tangent stiffness matrix, i representnr
practical interest (for example ovality mode for long cylin- ing the current equilibrium iteration and fi vector of
restoring loads corresponding to the element internal loads.
ders) for any given choice of imperfection shapes.
Equation (5) represents a generalized system of simultaneous non-linear equations which needs to be solved for determining the equilibrium path of the thin cylindrical shell
subjected to an axial compressive load. Figure 1 shows a
2 Finite element formulation
typical equilibrium paths of a geometrically perfect and imThe finite element discretization process for geometrically perfect shells, where points A and B denotes the limit point
non-linear analysis yields a set of simultaneous equations: loads obtained from the equilibrium path approach which
indicates the maximum load carrying capability of an either
K T u D f a
(1) a perfect or an imperfect cylindrical shell and is generally
referred as non-linear buckling load. In present work loaded
where K T is the tangent stiffness matrix, u is the in- edges of the cylindrical shell are assumed to be simply supcremental nodal displacement vector and f a is the in- ported while the edge displacement in the direction of the
cremental nodal force vector. For determining the buckling applied load is freely allowed. Generally non-linear buckload, the equation can be greatly simplified by taking small ling load can be evaluated by performing either the nondeformation and we can omit the nonlinear terms which linear buckling or the post-buckling analysis approaches.
are functions of nodal displacements in the tangent stiff- The following summary explains a detailed procedure inness matrix. The following expression [24] gives the tan- volved in these analysis.
gent stiffness matrix after linearization
K T D K L C K 

(2)

where K L is a linear stiffness matrix and K  , a stress

stiffness matrix. If a stress stiffness matrix K  nr is generated according to a reference load F nr , for another load
level F a with , a scalar multiplier, we have
F a D f nr

K  D K  nr :

(3)

When buckling occurs, the external loads do not change,

i.e., f a D 0. The resulting bifurcation solution for the
linearized buckling problem may be determined from the
following eigenvalue equation


K L C cr K  nr u D 0

(4) Figure 1. General buckling phenomenon of cylindrical

shell.
where cr is an eigenvalue and u becomes the eigenvector defining the buckling mode. The critical load Fcr can be
obtained from f cr D f nr . In ANSYS, a subspace iteration technique is employed to extract the eigenvalues and
the corresponding eigenvectors. Geometric non-linearity is
3 Non-linear Buckling & Post-buckling Analysis
considered by using the von-Karman straindisplacement
relations, where the moderately large rotations and dis- Non-linear buckling analysis for a geometrically perfect or
placements of the order of characteristic dimension of the imperfect cylindrical shell generally involves the determiproblem are allowed. For the non-linear problem, the stiff- nation of the equilibrium path up to the limit point load
ness matrix [K] itself is function of the unknown degrees and beyond which the slope of the load-deflection curve (or
of freedom which leads to system of non-linear equations. equilibrium path) ceases to be positive. Post-buckling analAn iterative process of solving the non-linear equations is ysis generally involves the determination of the full equilibrequired and these can be written as (ANSYS version 13.0) rium path which also includes tracing of the unstable solution of the equilibrium path. Salient steps involved in these
KiT ui D f a fi nr
(5) approaches are briefly summarized.

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Non-linear Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compressive Loads

3.1

Steps for non-linear buckling and post-buckling analysis

using loaddeflection curve

Step 1. For the given structural configuration, a linear

buckling analysis has been performed and for the sake
of simplicity the linear buckled modeshape itself has
been chosen as the shape of initial imperfection. The
magnitude of imperfection is referred with reference
to the thickness parameter of the cylindrical shell. It
must be noted that the shape of imperfection can be
given in the form of a linear combination of buckled modeshapes or random imperfection or experimentally measured imperfection shape can also be imparted.
Step 2. After applying an initial geometric imperfection,
a non-linear analysis (non-linear buckling or postbuckling) has been performed to trace the equilibrium
path of interest.
Step 3. Non-linear buckling analysis involves the application of Newton-Raphson method to solve Eq. (1)
whereas the post-buckling analysis involves the application of arc-length method.
Step 4. Loaddeflection curve obtained using the NewtonRaphson method represents the primary path whereas
the load-deflection curve traced in arc-length method
includes the primary (stable) as well as secondary (unstable) and tertiary equilibrium paths.
Step 5. Accuracy of these two approaches for any given
imperfection magnitude is established in evaluating
the limit point load of isotropic and composite cylindrical shells.
For the sake of conciseness, details of the NewtonRaphson and the arc-length methods are not discussed
here in detail but the information may be obtained from
Refs. [22 25].

85

post-buckling) the numerical results discussed herein. Figures 3 and 4 show the first ten linear buckled modeshapes
of an isotropic cylinder subjected to axial compressive load.
Steps outlined in the earlier section are followed for performing the non-linear buckling and post-buckling analysis of imperfect isotropic cylindrical shell. Linear buckling
modeshape has been considered as the basis of initial imperfection. Figure 5 shows the post-buckling behavior of cylindrical shell for various imperfection magnitudes, whereas
Fig. 6 shows the results obtained from the non-linear buckling as well as post-buckling analysis for various imperfection magnitudes ( D w  =t , where w  is the maximum
imperfection amplitude and t is the thickness of the cylindrical shell). Note that the primary equilibrium paths obtained from these two approaches show an excellent agreement and it indicates the confidence gained on the numerical results discussed. Table 1 shows the comparison of limit
point loads obtained for various eigen-imperfection amplitudes which demonstrate the accuracy and exactness of the
two approaches discussed. In general, it is observed that the
limit point load (or non-linear buckling load) reduces with
increasing magnitude of imperfection. However, for postbuckling analysis the secondary equilibrium path (equilibrium path beyond limit point load) clearly provides the complete load-deflection behavior (primary, secondary as well
as tertiary) of an isotropic cylinder subjected to axial compressive load. Figure 7 shows the comparison of the buckled modeshapes obtained from the linear buckling (or eigenvalue) and the non-linear buckling analysis approaches (for
 D1.0, corresponds to limit point load). Figure 8 shows the
buckled modeshapes obtained from the post-buckling analysis which corresponds to the limit point load and the other
reference points along the equilibrium path for the given
maximum imperfection amplitude ( D1.0). From Figs. 7
and 8, the number of lobes (or circumferential waves) obtained from all the analysis are observed to be equal for the
isotropic cylindrical shell throughout the equilibrium path.

Results and Discussion

Consider an isotropic cylindrical shell subjected to an axial

compressive load (N /. The adopted geometrical and material properties of the shell for this study [22] are: radius
(R) of the cylindrical shell is 100 mm, thickness (t) of the
cylindrical shell is 0.247 mm, length (L) of the cylindrical
shell is 113.9 mm, modulus of elasticity (E) is 5560 MPa
and Poissons ratio  is 0.3
The critical buckling load .Ncr / evaluated for the above
mentioned problem on the basis of classical formula [22,
24] indicates that it is 1290 N against a predicted value of
1282 N which is obtained from the linear buckling (eigenvalue) analysis. Figure 2 shows the mesh convergence study Figure 2. Mesh convergence study on cylindrical shell subobtained from the linear buckling analysis and an element jected to axial compressive load.
size of 10 mm is chosen for all (for non-linear buckling and

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Y. Venkata Narayana, Jagadish Babu Gunda, P. Ravinder Reddy and R. Markandeya

Mode 1 (n = 20) Ncr = 1281.25 N

Mode 2 (n = 20) Ncr = 1281.25 N

Mode 3 (n = 1) Ncr = 1315.10 N

Mode 4 (n = 2) Ncr = 1315.60 N

Mode 5 (n = 2) Ncr = 1315.60 N

Figure 3. First five linear buckled modeshapes of an isotropic cylinder subjected to axial compressive load.

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Non-linear Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compressive Loads

Mode 6 (n = 4) Ncr = 1316.90 N

Mode 7 (n = 4) Ncr = 1316.90 N

Mode 8 (n = 6) Ncr = 1318.10 N

Mode 9 (n = 6) Ncr = 1318.10 N

Mode 10 (n = 8) Ncr = 1319.4 N

Figure 4. Linear buckled modeshapes (modes 6 to 10) of an isotropic cylinder subjected to axial compressive load.

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Y. Venkata Narayana, Jagadish Babu Gunda, P. Ravinder Reddy and R. Markandeya

Table 1. Imperfection sensitivity study on isotropic cylindrical shell.

Linear
Buckling load (1282 N)
Imperfection
Sensitivity
Limit point load (N)
(Nonlinear buckling)
Limit point load (N)
(Post buckling)

Non linear buckling load

 D0.0

 D 0:1

 D 0:3

 D 0:5

 D 1:0

1277

1061

911

807

574

1271

1045

905

784

557

Table 2. Mechanical properties [23] of E-glass wo-

ven roving-isophthalic polyester matrix composite

(DF1400) [23].
Material Property
Elastic modulus (GPa)
Shear modulus (GPa)
Poissons ratio

Figure 5. Post buckling analysis of cylindrical shell shows

influence of various geometric imperfection amplitudes.

Figure 6. Non-linear buckling and post-buckling behavior

of cylindrical shell show influence of various geometric

imperfection amplitudes.

Direction

Value

1-Weft (E1 )
2-Warp (E2 )
G12
12

16.4
12.7
3.1
0.20

The confidence gained on the analysis of thin, isotropic

cylindrical shells subjected to axial compressive load is further utilized here briefly for investigating the non-linear
buckling and post-buckling behavior of laminated composite cylindrical shell (geometric dimensions considered are
same as isotropic cylinder). Mechanical properties of the
laminated ([02 ] or 0/0) (ply thickness 0.1235 mm) Glass
Fiber Reinforced plastic (GFRP) [23] material are shown in
Table 2. Figures 9 and 10 show the first ten linear buckled modeshapes of composite cylindrical shell. Figure 13
shows the non-linear buckling and the post-buckling behaviour of the laminated composite cylindrical shell. It
is clearly observed that these two approaches again show
good agreement in predicting the primary equilibrium path
as well as in predicting the limit point load of the laminated
composite cylindrical shell. Table 3 shows a brief comparison of the limit point loads of GFRP cylindrical shell which
are obtained from the non-linear buckling and the postbuckling analysis approaches. Figure 11 shows the buckled modeshapes obtained from the linear and the non-linear
buckling analysis which corresponds to the limit point load
for the given maximum imperfection amplitude ( D 0.3).
Figure 12 shows the buckled modeshapes obtained from the
post-buckling analysis which corresponds to the limit point
load and the collapse load (that corresponds to the lowest
load after limit point) ( D 0.3). From Figs. 11 and 12, the
number of lobes (or circumferential waves) obtained from
all the analysis is not equal (and it can be due to anisotropic
nature of composites) for the composite cylindrical shell

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Non-linear Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compressive Loads

Table 3. Imperfection sensitivity study on composite (GFRP) cylindrical shell.

Imperfection Sensitivity

 D 0:0

(Linear buckling load D 2737.70)

Limit point load (N)
(Nonlinear buckling)
Limit point load (N)
(Post buckling)

Imperfection magnitude ()

 D 0:01  D 0:1  D 0:3

2735

2282

1802

1374

2740

2280

1800

1372

Mode 1 (n = 20) Linear

(a)

Mode 1 (n = 20) Non-linear

(b)

Figure 7. Buckled modeshapes obtained from (a) linear eigenvalue analysis and (b) non-linear buckling
analysis( D 1.0) (scaled) for isotropic cylindrical shell.

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Y. Venkata Narayana, Jagadish Babu Gunda, P. Ravinder Reddy and R. Markandeya

Mode 1 (n = 20) Post-buckling

(a)

analysis

Mode 1 (n = 20) Post-buckling

(b)

analysis

Mode 1 (n = 20) Post-buckling

(c)

analysis
Figure 8. Modeshapes obtained from post-buckling analysis ( D 1.0) of isotropic cylinder subjected to axial compres-

sive load a) Primary limit point load b) Secondary reference point (Lowest point of secondary equilibrium path after
limit point load) c) Third reference point (traced end point of the tertiary equilibrium path).

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Non-linear Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compressive Loads

Mode 1 (n = 1) Ncr = 2558.2 N

Mode 2 (n = 2) Ncr = 2563.1 N

Mode 3 (n = 2) Ncr = 2563.1 N

Mode 4 (n = 4) Ncr = 2578.5 N

Mode 5 (n = 4) Ncr = 2578.5 N

Figure 9. First five linear buckled modeshapes of composite cylinder subjected to axial compressive load.

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Y. Venkata Narayana, Jagadish Babu Gunda, P. Ravinder Reddy and R. Markandeya

Mode 6 (n = 6) Ncr = 2605.6 N

Mode 7 (n = 6) Ncr = 2605.6 N

Mode 8 (n = 8) Ncr = 2643.3 N

Mode 9 (n = 8) Ncr = 2643.3 N

Mode 10 (n = 10) Ncr = 2687.8 N

Figure 10. Linear buckled modeshapes (mode 6 to 10) of composite cylinder subjected to axial compressive load.

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Non-linear Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compressive Loads

93

Linear (n = 12)
(a)

Non-linear (n = 24)
(b)

Figure 11. Buckled modeshapes obtained from (a) linear eigenvalue analysis (mode 13) and ( b) non-linear buckling
analysis ( D 0.3)(scaled) (for composite cylindrical shell)

Post-buckling analysis (Limitpoint load) (n = 24)

(a)

Post-buckling analysis (Collapse load) (n = 6)

(b)

Figure 12. Modeshapes obtained from the post-buckling analysis ( D 0.3) (a) Primary limit point load (b) Collapse load

(end point of the secondary equilibrium path) for composite cylindrical shell (scaled).

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Y. Venkata Narayana, Jagadish Babu Gunda, P. Ravinder Reddy and R. Markandeya

which is in contrast to the behavior of the isotropic cylindrical shell (Figs. 7 and 8).
Confidence gained on the analysis presented on isotropic
and composite cylindrical shells can be directly utilized
for the analysis of advanced grid-stiffened structures with
the various forms of imperfection with generalized loading
conditions such axial, bending and torsion loads.

Figure 13. Non-linear buckling and Post-buckling analysis

of composite cylindrical shells for various eigen imperfection amplitudes ().

Conclusions

Non-linear buckling and post-buckling analysis of thin

cylindrical shells subjected to axial compressive load is
briefly investigated for various eigen imperfection amplitudes. For the sake of simplicity the shape of initial imperfection is chosen as the shape of the linear buckled
modeshape. Non-linear buckling analysis uses the NewtonRaphson approach to predict the primary equilibrium path
whereas the post-buckling analysis uses an arc-length approach to predict the primary as well as secondary equilibrium paths. Limit point loads obtained from these two
approaches are in excellent agreement which provides independent check on the numerical results presented. These
two approaches are applied for solving both isotropic and
composite cylindrical shells. In general, it is observed that
the magnitude and shape of initial imperfection plays a predominant role in evaluating the variation of the limit point
loads of imperfect cylindrical shells.

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