Bending of open and closed section beams

Prof. Ravi kumar

AM.AeSI, M.Tech (Aero)
SoME, SASTRA University

Introduction
An aircraft is basically an assembly of stiffened shell
structures ranging from single cell closed section
fuselage to multi-cellular wings and tail surfaces, each
subjected to bending, torsional, shear and axial loads.
Other , smaller portions of the structure consist of thin
walled channel, T-, Z-, top hat or I-sections, which are
used to stiffen the thin skins of the cellular components
and provide supports for internal loads from floors, engine
mountings, etc. structural members such as known as
open section beams.
Cellular components are termed as closed section
beams.

MONOCOQUE

9/12/2015

9/12/2015

TYPICAL WING COMPONENTS:

Stressed-skin Wing Construction

BENDING

Symmetrical bending
Symmetrical bending arises in beams which have either
singly or doubly symmetrical cross sections.

The neutral axis of the cross-section is found to be

coincident with the axis of couple.

Un-symmetrical bending
Situations where couples do not act in a plane of symmetry of the
member or the member does not possess any plane of symmetry.

Neutral axis of cross section does not usually coincide with the axis
of couple.

Anticlastic bending

as shown above direct stress distribution due to negative B.M.applied

in a vertical plane varies from compression in the upper half of the
beam to tension in the lower half. However due to the Poisson effect,
compressive stress produces a lateral elongation of the upper fibers
of the beam section, while the tensile stress produces a lateral
contraction of the lower. The section does not therefore remain
rectangular but distorts as shown in Fig.c ; the effect is known as
anticlastic bending.

Neutral Surface Definition

In the process of bending there is an
axial line that do not extend or
contract. The surface described by the
set of lines that do not extend or
contract is called the neutral surface.
Lines on one side of the neutral
surface extend and on the other
contract since the arc length is smaller
on one side and larger on the other
side of the neutral surface. The figure
shows the neutral surface in both the
initial and the bent configuration.

Direct stress calculation due to symmetrical bending

Consider a length of beam, subjected to pure sagging moment , M ,
applied in vertical plane. Bending moment will cause the length of
beam to bend in a similar way as shown in Fig.

Direct stress calculation due to symmetrical bending

Since fiber ST has changed in length ( original length was z), it has
suffered a strain which is given by
We know that

Then,
i.e.,
So that
From hookes law

(1)
(2)

Direct stress calculation due to symmetrical bending

The direct or normal force on the c/s of the fiber ST is
However,
since the direct stress in the beam section is due to pure bending
moment( as there is no axial load), the resultant normal force on the
complete c/s of the beam must be zero.

Or
In which both E and R are constants for a beam of a given material
subjected to given bending moment. Therefore,

Which states that the first moment of area of the c/s of the beam with
respect to N.A. is zero. Thus we see that the N.A. passes through the
centroid of area of the c/s.

Direct stress calculation due to symmetrical bending

Consider now the elemental strip A as shown in Fig. as strip is above
the N.A. so there will be a compressive force acting on its c/s, which is
numerically equal to (Ey/R)A. This force will exert a clockwise
moment about the N.A.
So

Or
The term
So

(3)
is known as second moment of area of c/s about N.A.
(4)

Combining Equations (2) and (4), we have

, Resultant bending Equation.

Example Problem
Q.1. the c/s of a beam has the dimensions as shown in Fig., If the
beam is subjected to a negative bending moment of 100 kNm
applied in vertical plane, determine the distribution of the direct
stress through the depth of the section.

Solution
As beam is doubly symmetric.

So direct stress, therefore, varies linearly through the depth of the

section from y= +150 mm to y= -150 mm.
So at the top of the beam,

And bottom of the beam,

Example problem
Q.2. The beam of Q.1, is subjected to a bending moment of 100 kNm
applied in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam but
inclined at 30 to the left of vertical . The sense of bending moment is
clockwise when viewed from the left hand edge of the beam section.
Determine the distribution of direct stresses.

Solution
Bending moment can be resolved in two planes as :
,
So,

Separate distribution then can be determine and superimposed. A more

direct method is to combine the two equations. As,
(1)
Now,

is the positive B.M. producing tension in the upper half of the beam
where y is positive. Also
produces tension in the left hand half of
the beam where x is negative; we shall therefore call
as negative.

Solution( Contd)
So,
Or,
Thus on upper edge of
So that direct stress varies linearly with x. At the top left-hand corner of the
top flange ,

AT the top right-hand corner

Neutral axis does not in this case coincide either with x or y axis, although it
still passes through the centroid of the section. Its inclination to the x
axis can be found by

Solution( Contd)
So,

Which gives,

, so distribution of stress is as:-

Direct stress calculation due to Unsymmetrical bending

Direct stress at a point in the

c/s depends on:
Its location in the c/s
The loading
The geometry of the c/s

Assumption plane sections

remain plane after deformation
(No Warping), or cross-section
does not deform in plane (i.e.
xx, yy = 0)

Sign Conventions!

M bending moment
S shear force
P axial load
T torque
W distributed load

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Beam subject to bending moments Mx and My and bends about its

neutral axis (N.A.)

N.A. stresses are zero at N.A.

C centroid of c/s (origin of axes assumed to be at C).

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

The axial strain in a line element a distance above the neutral surface
is given by:

l l 0
z

l0

Consider element A at a distance from the N.A.

z E z z

Direct Stress:

Because (bending radius of curvature) relates the strain to the

distance to the neutral surface:

First Moment of Inertia Definition

Given an area of any shape, and division of that area into very small,
equal-sized, elemental areas (dA)

and given an Cx-Cy axis, from where each elemental area is located (yi
and xi)

The first moment of area in the "X" and "Y" directions are respectively:

I x Ay ydA
I y Ax xdA

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

IF the beam is in pure bending, axial load resultant on the c/s is zero:

dA 0 dA 0
A

1st moment of inertia of the c/s about the N.A. is zero N.A.

passes through the centroid, C

Assume the inclination of the N.A. to Cx is

Then

x sin y cos

The direct stress becomes:

E
E
z x sin y cos

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Moment Resultants:

M x z ydA
M y z xdA

Substituting for z in the above expressions for Mx and My, and

using definitions for Ixx, Iyy, Ixy

I xx y 2 dA
I yy x 2 dA
I xy xydA

E
E
M x I xy sin I xx cos

E
E
M y I yy sin I xy cos

M x E I xy

M y I yy

I xx sin

I xy cos

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

From Matrix
Form

E sin I xy

cos I yy

I xx M x

I xy M y

I xy
E sin
1

2
cos I xx I yy I xy I yy

Using the above equation in:

Gives:

I xx M x

I xy M y

E
z x sin y cos

M y I xx M x I xy
z
I I I2
xx yy
xy

M x I yy M y I xy
x
I I I2
xx yy
xy

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Or, rearranging terms:

M x I yy y I xy x M y I xx x I xy y
z

2
I xx I yy I xy
I xx I yy I xy2

If My= 0, Mx produces a stress that varies with both x and y. Similarly

for My, if Mx=0.

If the beam c/s has either Cx or Cy (or both) as an axis of symmetry,

then Ixy = 0.

Then:

Mx y M yx
z

I xx
I yy

Direct stress calculation due to bending (contd)

Further, if either My or Mx is zero, then:

Mxy
z
I xx

or

M yx
I yy

We saw that the N.A. passes through the centroid of the c/s. But
what about its orientation ?
At any point on the N.A. z = 0

M y I xx M x I xy
z
I I I2
xx yy
xy

M y I xx M x I xy
y

x
M x I yy M y I xy

M x I yy M y I xy
x
I I I2
xx yy
xy

tan

y 0

Example Problem
40 mm

80 mm

The beam shown is subjected to a 1500

Nm bending moment in the vertical
plane.

8 mm

80 mm

Calculate the magnitude and location of

max z.

y
x
0
8 mm
1st: Calculate location of Centroid

xc
yc

x A 60 x(120 x8) 40 x(80 x8)

52 mm
120 x8 80 x8
A
y A 84 x(120 x8) 40 x(80 x8)

66.4 mm
120 x8 80 x8
A

Example Problem (contd)

Calculate Ixx, Iyy, Ixy, with respect to Cxy:

bt 3
120 83
2
I xx
A dc
120 8 (84 66.4) 2
12
12
8 80 3
8 80 (66.4 40) 2 1.09 10 6 mm 4
12
3
b 3t
120
8
2
I yy
A dc
120 8 ( 60 52 ) 2
12
12
8 3 80
8 80 (52 40 ) 2 1 .31 10 6 mm 4
12

Example Problem (contd)

I xy xydA 120 8 (60 52) (84 66.4)
A

8 80 ( 40 52) ( 40 66.4) 0.34 106 mm 4

Mx = 1500 Nm, My = 0

M x I yy y I xy x M y I xx x I xy y
z

2
I xx I yy I xy
I xx I yy I xy2

z 1.5 y 0.39 x
[ z in N/mm 2 x, y in mm]

y
0

By inspection, MAX at
y = -66.4 mm and x = -8 mm
(Max stress always further away
From centroid)

Simplifications for thin-walled sections

Example:
horizontal members

vertical members

Thin-walled t << c/s dimensions.

Stresses constant through thickness
Terms in t2, t3, etc neglected

In that case Ixx reduces to:

What about Ixy for this c/s
What about Iyy for this c/s

You should do this on your own

Simplifications for thin-walled sections

Thin-walled sections frequently have inclined or curved walls which

complicate the calculation of section properties.

Its second moment of area abt

horizontal axis,

From which

similarly
Product second moment of area,

Simplifications for thin-walled sections

So,

For Thin walled- curved section:-

Example Problem
Que: Determine the direct stress distribution in the thin-walled Zsection as shown in figure, produced by a positive B.M.

Solution
The section is anti-symmetrical with its centroid at the mid-point of the
vertical web. ( My = 0)
Therefore,
Section properties are calculated as,

Substituting these values in (1), we have

(1)

Solution ( contd)
.

Solution ( contd)
And

The complete distribution is then,

Additional Problems :
Q.1. Figure below shows the section of an angle purlin. A bending moment
of 3000Nm is applied to the purlin in a plane at an angle of 30 to the
vertical y axis. If the sense of the bending moment is such that its
components Mx and My both produce tension in the positive xy
quadrant, calculate the maximum direct stress in the purlin stating
clearly the point at which it acts.

Solution
Sol:

The position of the Centroid of area ,C may be found as,

Taking moment about BC,

Now taking Moment about AB,

Solution (Contd)
Second Moment of Inertias can be found as,

Substituting second moment of inertias and moments in stress eqn, we have

Since the coefficients x and y have the same sign, the maximum value of the
direct stress will occur in either first and 3rd quadrants.

Solution (Contd)
Then,

Ans.

Additional Problems (Contd)

Q.2. A thin-walled, cantilever beam of unsymmetrical cross section
supports shear loads at its free end as shown in Fig. Calculate the
value of direct stress at the extremity of the lower flange (point A) at
the section halfway along the beam if the position of the shear loads
in such that no twisting of the beam occurs.

Solution
Bending moments half-way along the beam are ;

By inspection the centroid of area is midway between the flanges. Its

distance from the vertical web is given as;

Solution (Contd)
Substituting values of moments and Second Moment pf inertias in stress
eqn. we have;

So,
At point A ( x= 66.67 mm, y= -50 mm )
Ans.

Additional Problems (Contd)

Q.3. A Thin walled beam has the cross section as shown in Fig. if the
beam is subjected to a bending moment Mx in the plane of the web
23. Calculate and draw the direct stress distribution in the beam
cross section.

Solution
By inspection centroid of the section will be at the mid point of the web.

Since My is zero so,

Or,

Solution (Contd)
Between 1 and 2 , y = -h and stress is linear,

Between 2 and 3 , x = 0 and stress is linear. Then

Ans.

Additional Problems (Contd)

Q.4. Thin walled beam section as shown in Fig., is subjected to a
bending moment Mx applied in negative sense. Find the position of
neutral axis and the maximum direct stress in the section.

Solution
The centroid of the section is at the centre of the inclined web. Then,

Since My is zero, so

Solution (Contd)
Substituting the values of Moments and Is in the stress eqn., we have

On the neutral axis, direct stress is zero, then,

So,

The greatest direct stress will occur at the points furthest from the
neutral axis, i.e., at points 1 and 2. then at the point 1.,

i.e., Maximum direct stress is

Ans.

Additional Problems (Contd)

Q.5. A uniform thin-walled beam has the open cross section as shown in
Fig. The wall thickness t is constant. Calculate the position of neutral
axis and the maximum direct stress for a bending moment Mx = 3.5
Nm applied about the horizontal axis Cx. Take r = 5 mm, t = 0.64 mm.

Solution
Section properties are :

Since My =0, so direct stress equation is,

Solution (Contd)
The maximum direct stress will occur at a point a perpendicular distance
from the N.A., i.e. by inspection at Point B or D. Thus
At B ( x =0, y = 2r )

Or,

Alternately direct stress equation may be re-written as,

Or

The expression as its greatest value at , i.e. at B or D. Ans.

Solution (Contd)
Position of the neutral axis :At N.A. direct stress will be zero, i.e.,

Which gives,

..

ANY QUERY ??