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PPM or ORP:
Which Should Be Used?
Water treatment experts are
becoming increasingly aware that
water disinfection is dependent upon ORP
and not the free residual chlorine ratio.
BY JACQUES M. STEININGER
Over the past few years, there
has been an increasing recognition among
water treatment specialists and health
officials that the oxidation-reduction
potential (ORP or Redox) can provide an
effective measure of sanitizer activity in
pool or spa water.
ORP technology has been
recognized and incorporated into European
and world water standards for several years.
In 1972, the World Health Organization
recognized in its Standards for Drinking
Water (WHO 1972) that at an ORP level
of 650 millivolts (mV), water is
disinfected and viral inactivation is almost
instantaneous.
In 1968, a laboratory study by
Carlson, Hasselbarth and Mecke of
the Water Hygiene Institute of the
German Federal Health Office
showed that the rate of killing of E.
San Diego
.
Survey
These results unfortunately confirm
those of a recent survey of commercial
spas in San Diego, Calif., where more than
50 percent of the spas were found out of
compliance with health department
regulations.
In view of the wide variations in
the levels of free chlorine, pH and
cyanuric acid in the Oregon study, it
is remarkable that the key indicator
of bacteriological water quality was not
ppm of free chlorine, as generally
expected, but the ORP level,
clearly confirming the earlier study of
swimming pool waters in .Germany.
In addition, both studies found the
same minimum ORP level of 650 mV
for safe water quality, whether cyanuric
acid is used or not.
These results are expected to have
a profound impact on water treatment
procedures in this country, particularly in
commercial spas but also in all public
pools and spas. There is a need, therefore,
for a new and comprehensive analysis of
sanitizer chemistry in order to provide a
better understanding of the reasons why
ORP readings have been so successful in
monitoring sanitizer performance.
Free and Combined Chlorine
When chlorine in any form is
introduced into pool or spa water, it
forms free chlorine (HOCl), which is
an excellent bactericide:
Cl2 + H2O ---> HOCl +
HCl (1)
Chlorine Water
Free
Hydrochloric
Chlorine
Acid
(2)
(3)
5 H20
(4)
(6)
(7)
pH
650
750
850
ORP mV
Figure 3 Variation of ORP for Free Chlorine as a function of pH.
ORP
mV
Total
Cl
Free
Cl
pH
Cyanuric Plate
Acid
Count
867
805
795
787
769
754
741
736
732
696
695
686
681
668
653
634
633
623
618
605
595
590
564
554
551
537
509
480
412
296
25.00
5.10
34.00
10.00
9.00
17.00
3.95
2.90
6.62
7.50
23.00
30.00
4.40
6.62
3.50
3.80
8.94
3.84
3.08
3.84
3.75
1.93
1.87
3.54
2.62
4.00
2.98
1.98
1.43
1.59
21.00
3.92
30.00
8.54
6.35
13.60
2.41
2.50
4.38
5.62
18.40
25.00
3.75
4.92
2.30
2.35
7.34
2.28
1.20
2.34
2.23
0.78
0.83
1.88
1.31
2.41
1.14
0.67
0.72
1.20
6.77
5.78
7.13
6.83
6.21
7.28
7.19
7.49
7.42
7.61
7.47
7.47
7.30
7.90
7.81
6.97
7.49
7.83
7.06
7.23
7.56
7.84
7.87
7.39
7.48
6.95
7.89
8.25
8.25
7.79
275
15
200
0
185
240
0
250
150
390
550
200
95
0
175
130
720
150
225
0
200
200
0
185
130
1,300
235
95
57
150
643
7.93
6.05
7.38
217
0
0
0
0
4
0
6
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
13
0
12
170
0
30
310
150
15
69
140
4,600
15,000
2,200
640
Pseudomonas
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
12,400
0
23
2,400
94
0
13
1,600
920
2,400
540
1,600
(12)
A DIVISION OF
SANTA BARBARA CONTROL SYSTEMS
Santa Barbara, CA 93111