Fuzzy Logic Applications to Power Systems

Deepak b managuli

jagadish a ukkali

Pch-0241

pch-0242

ID:Deepakm3641@gmail.com

ID:016jagadish@gmail.com

5th sem EEE

5 th sem EEE

Hirasugar institute of technology nidasoshi

the power system. Here a braking resistor
control strategy designed through fuzzy

ABSTRACT
The concept of Fuzzy Logic (FL) was

logic control theory has been proposed to

conceived by Lotfi Zadeh, a professor at the

University of California at Berkley, in the
1960s in order to provide mathematical rules
and functions which permitted natural
language queries. This theory proposed
making the membership function (or the
values False and True) operate over the
range of real numbers [0.0, 1.0]. Fuzzy logic
has found wide application in control
systems, expert systems, embedded systems,
power systems etc. In power system, it's

damp the slowly growing sub synchronous

resonant (SSR) frequency oscillations of a
power system. The proposed control has
been tested on the IEEE second benchmark
model for SSR studies. The generator speed
variation and acceleration were employed as
the input to the controller. It was observed
that the fuzzy controller provides very good
damping control.

used for load flow analysis, security

maintenance etc. This article gives a brief

INTRODUCTION

overview on "damping of sub-synchronous

A generating station sometimes may be

oscillations through fuzzy logic dynamic

located very far from load centers, and series

brake

its

capacitors may have to be used to raise the

The

power limits of the long transmission lines.

banks

The introduction of series capacitor in these

connected to the generator transformer bus

lines, in turn, may give rise to low frequency

are known to improve transient stability of

resonant oscillations causing damage to the

control"

which

applications

in

power

dynamically

switched

is

one
system.

resistor

of

generator shafts. The resonant condition

arising because of the interaction of the low

simulation studies, etc. This article presents

frequency

modes

of

the

mechanical

fuzzy

logic

controller

design

for

generator-turbine mass-spring system, and

determining the switching strategy of the

the electrical network is termed as the sub-

braking

synchronous

The

benchmark model for SSR studies was

measures proposed in the literature for

simulated with the proposed fuzzy controller

countering SSR conditions are the excitation

and the response is observed for different

control, static VAR compensators, static

system conditions. The response obtained

phase-shifters, bypass filter etc. Use of

has been observed to provide excellent SSR

dynamic braking resistors at the generator

control.

resonance

(SSR).

resistors.

The

IEEE

second

terminal to absorb the excess energy of the

system

under

resonant

condition.

THE POWER SYSTEM MODEL

Determination of the instants of insertion

The IEEE second benchmark power system

and withdrawal of these devices for efficient

model for SSR studies is shown in Fig.1.

control of SSR modes is, however, difficult.

The system consists of a synchronous

The study of SSR phenomenon in power

generator feeding an infinite bus over two

systems requires a very high order dynamic

parallel transmission lines, one of which is

modeling.

capacitor

Determination

of

proper

compensated.

The

dynamic

switching strategies for braking resistors

resistor brake is connected to the high-

using such a model would be a formidable

tension side of the generator transformer.

job, if not impossible. Fuzzy logic control

theory offers good potential for such control
designs. In fuzzy logic control design of
continuous processes, the available expert
knowledge about the plant variables are
converted to fuzzy variables and compared
with the fuzzy states of the system to arrive

Fig.1 The IEEE second bench -mark model

at the fuzzy decision variable. This fuzzy

with dynamic brake.

information is then defuzzified and fed to

The mechanical part of the generating unit is

the plant. The intelligent decision can come

from operator field experience, system

masses shown in Fig.2. These are, high-

mass-spring

system containing

four

pressure (HP) and the low pressure (LP)

The matrix A in the above equation depends

turbines, the generator (GEN), and the

on

exciter (EXC) all coupled on the same shaft.

compensation. The eigen values of matrix A

the

degree

of

corresponding to the

series

capacitor

electromechanical

oscillations is termed mode 0, while the

other sub-synchronous modes in ascending
Fig.2 The generator-turbine system.

order are termed modes 1, 2, 3, etc.. Fig. 3

The dynamic model of the system given in

Figs.1

and

comprises

of

the

electromechanical swing equation of the

generator,

the

voltage-current-flux

relationships of its various circuits, the

excitation system, the transmission line
equations containing the series capacitor,
and the dynamics of the mass-spring system
on

the

generator

shaft.

The

overall

dynamical relationships can be written in the

form,

shows that at lower values of capacitor

compensation the electromechanical mode
(mode 0) is unstable. This is expected for a
weakly connected power system. With the
increase in compensation, the real part of the
electromechanical mode starts to decrease,
while that of mode 1 starts to increase. At
56% capacitor compensation, mode 1 has
the largest real part. The sub-synchronous
oscillations in the power system arise when
this mode is excited by a disturbance in the
system.

--------- (1)
The 21st order nonlinear set of differential
equations contains 8 equations relating the
voltage-current-flux

for

the

generator

circuits, 8 for turbinegenerator mass spring

system, two for the series compensated line
and 3 equations to represent the generator
exciter system. For small perturbation
studies, the system of equation (1) can be
linearized

around

the

steady

equilibrium point and expressed as,

---------- (2)

state

Fig. 3 The real part of the eigen values of

the sub synchronous modes for varying
compensation.

THE FUZZY BRAKE CONTROL

is then defuzzified and the decision is

Fig. 4 shows the configuration of a fuzzy

obtained on the level of brake power. The

logic control (FLC) system that is employed

following steps are involved in designing the

for designing the fuzzy resistor brake

fuzzy dynamic brake controller.

controller. The FLC contains four main

1. Choose the inputs to the fuzzy dynamic

components the knowledge base (KB), the

brake controller. The inputs considered in

fuzzification

the

this design are the change in generator

the

angular

speed

defuzzification interface (defuzzifier). The

). The decision variable (output) is

knowledge base contains information about

the brake power.

all the input and output fuzzy partitions.

2.

interface

decision-making

(fuzzifier),

logic,

and

Choose

()

and

membership

acceleration

functions

to

represent the inputs in fuzzy set notation.

Triangular functions are chosen in this work.
For

example,

fuzzy

representation

of

generator speed deviation () is shown in

Fig. below.

Fig.

The

fuzzy

logic

controller

configuration
It will include the term set and the
corresponding

membership

functions

Fig.5 The linguistic variables for speed

defining the input variables to the fuzzy

signal.

rule-base system and the output or decision

Linguistic

variables to the plant. The crisp stabilizing

positive (LP), medium positive (MP), small

input

fuzzy

positive (SP), very small (VS), small

linguistic variables in the fuzzifier. These

negative (SN), medium negative (MN), and

are then composed with the fuzzy decision

large negative (LN) at thresholds s1, s2, s3,

variables.

0,

signals

The

are converted to

decision-making

logic

s4,

variables

s5,

s6,

chosen

are

respectively.

large

Similar

generates the fuzzified control through

membership functions for the output are also

various composition rules. The fuzzy control

defined.

3. A set of decision rules relating the inputs

the decision LN

to the controller with the output are

obtain,

M and for state xi, we

compiled and stored in the memory in the

form of a decision table. The rules are
constructed so as to provide damping to the
power system with ( ) input. The

The final value of output LN can be

evaluated as the union of all the outputs in
equation (4) given by the relationship

typical entry in the table would read as,

IF is large negative (LP), AND is
large negative (LN); THEN control (u) is
large negative (LP).

The membership values for the other M-1

linguistic variables are generated in a similar
manner.

4. For N linguistic variables for each of

and , there are

possible combinations

resulting into any of M values for the

decision variable u.

All the possible

combinations of inputs, called states, and the

resulting control are then arranged in a
(

) fuzzy relationship matrix (FRM).

7. The fuzzy outputs

etc.

are then defuzzified to obtain crisp u. The

popular methods of defuzzification are the
centroid and the weighted average methods.
Using the weighted average method, the
output of the FLC is then written as,

5. The membership values for the condition

part of each rule are calculated from the
composition rule as follows:

SIMULATION RESULTS
Generator
Here, xi is the i-th value of the

possible

states in the FRM.

6. The membership values for the output
characterized by the M linguistic variables
are then obtained from the intersection of
the

values of membership function (x)

with the corresponding values of each of the

decision variables in the FRM. For example,
for

speed

deviation

()

and

acceleration () feedback signals are

generally known to provide damping to
power system and have been extensively
used in designing controllers for excitation
control, static VAR compensators, etc. The
expert knowledge used in the controller
design is that if the states are far from the
origin, exertion of large control is required.

The amount of brake control is decided

approximately by the location of the states
in the - space. For each of the inputs
, , and the controller output u, seven
linguistic variables LP, MP, SP, VS, SN,
MN, LN are chosen. The whole -
space is mapped with decision variables
obtained from expert information. The
decision table considers all possible control

Fig.7 Generator terminal voltage variation,

values. The fuzzy relationship matrix is

no control

constructed out of the 49 possible input

combinations, called states, against seven

For 56% capacitor compensation the worst

possible decisions in a 49x7 matrix

torsional torque was observed between the

low-pressure turbine and generator (LP-G)
section of the shaft.
Figs. 6-7 show this torsional torque variation
and the terminal voltage variation of the
generator, respectively in the absence of any
stabilizing control. The response is very
slowly growing indicating that a subsynchronous mode has been excited by the
disturbance.

Fig.6 LP-GEN torsional torque for a 20%

torque pulse for 4 cycles, no control.
The IEEE benchmark model for SSR studies
shown in Fig.1 was simulated in this study.
A 20% input torque pulse for 4 cycles was
simulated as the disturbance.

Figs.8 and 9 show the LP-G torsional

torque, and terminal voltage variations,
respectively with the fuzzy dynamic braking
algorithm employing - as the input to
the controller. Since the brake power can
only be positive, the negative values
generated by the control algorithm are set to
zero. Maximum brake output of 0.3pu is

considered

in

these

studies.

as to damp the SSR oscillations of a power

system. The control has been tested on the
IEEE second benchmark model for SSR
studies. It has been observed that the fuzzy
controller

provides

excellent

damping

control. While fuzzy design provides a good

alternative for large-scale system control
purposes, online application requires that the
amount of computation involved should not
be more than the process time. With rapid
Fig.8 Torsional torque between LP turbine

development

and generator with stabilizing control.

interfaces,

Comparison of the responses exhibited in

application of fuzzy logic control will be

the above figures shows that the fuzzy logic

soon a reality.

control

with

speed

deviation

of
it

is

fast

computational

hoped that

real-time

and

acceleration inputs provides good damping

REFERENCES

to the SSR oscillations.

[1] IEEE SSR Working Group, Second

Benchmark Model for Simulation of Subsynchronous

Resonance,

IEEE

Transactions on Power Apparatus and

Systems, Vol. 104, 1985, pp.1057-1066.
[2] IEEE SSR Working Group, Third
Supplement to a Biography for the Study of
Sub-synchronous

Resonance

between

Rotating Machines and Power Systems,

Fig.9

Terminal

voltage

variation

characteristics with fuzzy control.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.

6, 1991, pp.830 - 834.
[3] IEEE Torsional Issues Working Group,

CONCLUSIONS

Fourth Supplement to a Biography for the

A fuzzy logic controller design has been

Study of Sub synchronous Resonance

presented for dynamic braking resistors so

between Rotating Machines and Power

Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power

Controllers and Static Var Compensators,

Systems, Vol. 12, 1997, pp.1276 - 1281.

IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,

[4] Li Wang, Damping of Torsional

Vol. 3, 1988, pp.6-13.

Oscillations Using Excitation Control of

[8]

Synchronous Generator: The IEEE Second

Torsional Oscillations using a Dynamically

Benchmark Model, IEEE Transactions on

Controlled

Energy Conversion, Vol. 6, 1991, pp.47-54.

Transactions Power App. And Systems, Vol.

[5]

100, no. 7, 1981, pp.3340-3349.__

M.R.

Irvani,

and

R.M.

Mathur,

O.

Wasynczuk,
Resistor

Damping
Bank,

Shaft

IEEE

Damping Sub synchronous Oscillations in

[9] M.K.Donnelly, et al, Control of a

Power Systems Using a Static Phase

Dynamic

Shifter, IEEE Transactions on Power

Generator Shaft Transient Torques, IEEE

Systems, Vol. 1, no 2, 1986, pp.76-83.

Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 8,

[6] S. Lee, and C-C, Liu, Damping Sub-

1993, pp.67-73.

synchronous Resonance Using SIMO Shunt

Reactor, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol. 9, 1994, pp.1253-1260.
[7] L. Wang, and Y. Hsu, Damping of Sub
synchronous Resonance Using Excitation

Brake

to

Reduce

Turbine