SKILLS M01E Design BuiltUpColumns

SKILLS Project
October 2013
BUILT-UP COLUMNS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Special features for the design of built-up columns
Design procedure
Design of closely spaced built-up members
LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Constructional details
Calculation
General
Laced built-up columns
Battened built-up columns
Closely spaced built-up members
General
Simplified method
Worked example
Conclusion
4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
2 types of built-up columns:
Laced built-up columns
Battened built-up columns
INTRODUCTION
Type 1
Type 3
1000
1000
HEA 400
8x 1000
2000
1155
1000
Type 2
L 100x10
Built-up column
Shear stiffness [kN]
Type 1
615000
Type 2
288000
Type 3
73000
7
20x400
INTRODUCTION
Sv F
Shear stiffness of a panel:
F
8
INTRODUCTION
Advantages
Reduction of mass
Increasing of flexural stiffness
Architectural effect
Disadvantages
Costs of joints
Costs of protection against corrosion
INTRODUCTION
Modelling using design software
One bar-type element using effective section properties

Area A = Area of the chords
Inertia about strong axis = Ieff
Inertia about weak axis = 2 x Iy,chord
Shear stiffness Sv
Advantage: Rapidity of the modelling process
Sets of elements using common section properties

Advantage: Knowledge of internal forces and moments of the
elements of the built-up column
10
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
Field of application
Pinned at both ends
Parallel chords
Equal modules of lacings or battens
At least 3 modules per member
12
B Mutually opposed lacing
system
A Corresponding lacing
system
1
A
2
Treillis sur
face A
B
2
B
2
Treillis sur
face B
Treillis sur
face A
13
Treillis sur
face B
N-Shape
X-Shape
V-Shape
14
Types of section
Chords:
I-shape
Channels
Web members (laced systems)
Angles
Web members (battened systems)
Plates
15
CALCULATION
CALCULATION GENERAL
Design steps
Mechanical properties of the built-up section

Critical axial force of the built-up column
Maximum global bending moment
Maximum axial force
Maximum transverse force
Verification of the components
17
CALCULATION GENERAL
Mechanical properties of the built-up section
Built-up columns with lacings:

Effective second moment of area:
2
Ieff 0,5h0 Ach
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.2.1
h0
Ach Area of the chord
Ich Second moment of area of the chord
H0 Distance between the chords
Ich, Ach
18
CALCULATION GENERAL
Shear stiffness Sv:
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
Ad
Ad
Av
a
System
Ad
SV
h0
h0
h0
nEAdah02
nEAdah02
2d 3
d3
nEAdah02
Ah
d 3 1 d 03
AV d
n is the number of planes of lacings

Ad and Av refer to the cross sectional area of the bracings
19
CALCULATION GENERAL
Built-up columns with battens:

Effective second moment of area:
Ieff 0,5h0 Ach 2Ich
2
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.3.1
Criterion
Efficiency factor
l 150
75 < l < 150

l 75
Where:
L
l
i0
l
75
1,0
i0
I1
2Ach
20
I1 0,5h0 Ach 2Ich
CALCULATION GENERAL
Built-up columns with battens:

Shear stiffness:
Sv
24EIch
2
2I ch h0
a 1
nI
a
b
2 2EIch
a
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.3.1
h0
Ib: second moment of area of

the batten
Ib
Ich, Ach
21
CALCULATION GENERAL
Critical axial force:

Ncr
2EIeff
L2
Maximum global bending moment
M Ed
I
NEde0 MEd
N
N
1 Ed Ed
Ncr
SV
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
Maximum compression axial force in a chord
Nch,Ed
MEdh0 Ach
0,5NEd
2I eff
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
22
CALCULATION GENERAL
Maximum transverse force
I
Compression and imperfection MEd
0
VEd
MEd
L
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
Attention: In case of a bending moment caused by external

loads, this formula is not applicable.
Transverse force due to external loads has to
be accounted for.
23
CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Verification of the components
Flexural buckling of the chord:

Nch,Ed
Nb,Rd
Buckling length:
in plane buckling:
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.1
I or H sections:
other sections :
0,9 a
1,0 a
out of plane buckling: distance between lateral supports
24
Flexural buckling of the compressed web members (angle

sections):
NEd
1
Nb,Rd
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.1
Buckling length and slenderness ratio:

welded connection/at least 2 bolts per joint
Lcr L
lmin leff,v 0,35 0,7lv
1 bolt per joint

Lcr L
lmin lv
25
EN 1993-1-1 BB 1.2
26
Verification of the web members diagonals in tension:

NEd
1
N t,Rd
Welded joints:
EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3
N t,Rd Npl,Rd
Afy
M0
Bolted joints: According to connection type

Category A connections: Bearing type
Category B connections: Slip resistant at service limit state
Category C connections: Slip resistant at ultimate limit state
27

Category A, B and C connections:
Nt,Rd Min Npl,Rd,Nu,Rd

Npl,Rd
EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3
Afy
EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3
M0
1 Bolt
Nu,Rd
2,0e2 0,5d 0 tfu
M2
2 Bolts
Nu,Rd
2 Anet fu
M2
3 Bolts or more
Nu,Rd
3 Anet fu
M2
EN 1993-1-8 3.10.3
28

Constants 2 and 3:
EN 1993-1-8 3.10.3
Pitch
p1
2,5 d0
5,0 d0
2 bolts
0,4
0,7
3 bolts or more 3
0,5
0,7
e1
d0
e1
e2
p1
e1
e2
29
p1
p1

Additional verification for category C connections:
Nnet,Rd NEd
Nnet,Rd
Anet f y
EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3
M0
Anet Agross tnd0
Where: t: is the thickness of the leg

n: is the number of vertically aligned holes
d0: is the diameter of the hole
30
CALCULATION BATTENED BUILT-UP COLUMN
Verification of the chord
Flexural buckling perpendicular to the battens

Buckling length = distance between lateral supports
Chord subjected to axial force
Nch,Ed
Nb,Rd
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.1
31
Flexural buckling in the plane of the battens:

Buckling length = distance between battens
Chord subjected to axial force and local bending moment
Nch,Ed
M
k yy ch,Ed 1
y NRk
MRk
M1
M1
Nch,Ed
M
k zy ch,Ed 1
z NRk
MRk
M1
M1
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.3
+ Verification of the end sections
32
Verification of the web members battens

Transverse force:
Vbatten,Ed
Vc,Rd
Vc,Rd Vpl,Rd
Av fy
EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6
M0
Bending moment/Lateral Torsional buckling:

Mbatten,Ed
Mb,Rd
Mb,Rd LTWy
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.2.1
fy
M1
33

Axial force and moment in the
chord:
Nch,Ed
Mch,Ed
M h A
0,5NEd Ed 0 ch
2I eff
a
VEd
4
VEd a/2
a/2
VEd a/2
h0
VEd/2
a
h0
Mbatten,Ed VEd
VEd a/4
VEd a/4
Shear force and moment in

the battens:
Vbatten,Ed VEd
VEd/2
VEd a/h0
a
2
VEd a/h0
VEd/2
34
a/2
VEd/2
h0
a/2
a/2
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS GENERAL
Case 1: Connected through packing plates
Case 2: Connected by pairs of battens
36
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS GENERAL
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.4
Calculation
Shear stiffness is set to infinity if maximum spacing for
joints are respected
Case
Maximum spacing
15i min
70i min
Buckling verification as a single member
If maximum spacing is not respected
Shear deformation has to be accounted for

37
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS SIMPLIFIED METHOD
Simplified calculation for sections composed of 2 equal

leg angles (Reference [3])
when the spacing is > 15 imin.
h0
z
y
z
a
tp
38

Scope of application
Spacing of the packing plates a:
15imin 50 imin
Number of packing plates:
25
Width of the legs b:
50 mm 200 mm
Thickness of the legs t:
0,1b
Thickness of the packing plates:
0,8t 2t
Non dimensional slenderness about z-z: 1,80
39

Procedure
Second moment of area about z-z axis:

I z' 0,5h02 Ach 2Ich
Critical axial force about z-z axis:

Ncr,z'
2EIz'
L2
Non dimensional slenderness about z-z axis:

lz'
2 Achf y
N cr,z'
40
Effective non dimensional slenderness about z-z axis leff :

Number of packing
plates
S235
S355
0,18lz'2 0,77lz' 0,39
0,86lz'2 0,18lz' 0,66
0,32lz'2 0,52lz' 0,41
0,66lz'2 0,16lz' 0,66
0,56lz'2 0,17lz' 0,48
0,65lz'2 0,21lz' 0,67
0,69lz'2 0,05lz' 0,53
0,69lz'2 0,31lz' 0,70
41

Second moment of area about y-y axis:
I y' 2Ich
Critical axial force about y-y axis:

Ncr,y'
2EI y '
Lcr,y'
Non dimensional slenderness about y-y axis:

ly'
2 Achf y
N cr,y'
42

Choice of the
slenderness:
determining
non
dimensional
lmax Max(leff , ly' )
Determination of the reduction factor with:

0,34
Resistance criterion:
NEd
(2Ach )f y
M1
43
WORKED EXAMPLE
WORKED EXAMPLE GEOMETRY

NEd=900 kN
Height: 10m
Loading:
Axial force:
900 kN
Bending moment: 450 kN.m
45
MEd = 450 kN.m
WORKED EXAMPLE GEOMETRY
1250
800
800
1250
1. Chords:
2. Posts:
3. Diagonals:
HEA 240
Equal leg angles 80 x 80 x 8
Equal leg angles 90 x 90 x 9
46
WORKED EXAMPLE SECTION PROPERTIES
Chords
HEA 240 S355
Ach 76,8 cm2
a 125cm
i y 10,05 cm
i z 6,0 cm
Posts
Equal leg angles L 80 x 80 x 8 S355
AV 12,27 cm2
h0 80 cm
i y i z 2,43 cm
i u 3,06 cm
Diagonals
iv 1,56 cm
Equal leg angles L 90 x 90 x 9 S355
2
AD 15,52cm
d 148cm
i y i z 2,73 cm
i u 3,44 cm
47
iv 1,75 cm
WORKED EXAMPLE BUILT-UP COLUMN
Effective second moment of area of the built-up column

2
I eff 0,5h0 Ach
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.2.1
I eff 0,5 8002 7680 104 245760cm4
Critical axial force

Ncr
Ncr
2EIeff
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
2 210000 245760 104

100002
48
103 50937kN
WORKED EXAMPLE BUILT-UP COLUMN
Shear stiffness
2
nEAdah0
Sv
3
A
h
d 3 1 d 03
AV d
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.2.1
2 210000 1552 1250 8002

Sv
103 134075kN
1552 8003
3
1480 1
3
1227 1480
49
WORKED EXAMPLE INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS
Maximum global bending moment:

Imperfection:
e0
10000
20 mm
500
Global bending moment:
MEd
MEd
I
NEde0 MEd
N
N
1 Ed Ed
Ncr
SV
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
900 20 450 103
103 479,7 kNm

900
900
1
50937 134100
50
Maximum compressive axial force of the chord

Class of the section:
EN 1993-1-1 5.6 Table 5.2
Class 1
Maximum axial force in the chord
EN 1993-1-1 6.4.1
Nch,Ed
N
M h A
Ed Ed 0 ch
2
2I eff
Nch,Ed
900 479700 800 7680
1049,6 kN
4
2
2 245760 10
51
Maximum shear force

Shear force due to axial force and imperfection
VEd,1
1
1
NEd NEd
Ncr
SV
Shear force due to external loading

VEd,2
MEd
N e
Ed 0
L
L
MEd
L
I
MEd
1
1
NEd NEd
Ncr
SV
Maximum shear force

VEd VEd,1 VEd,2
52
Maximum shear force

Shear force due to axial force and imperfection
VEd,1
1
1
900
900
50937 134100
5,80kN
Shear force due to external loading

VEd,2
900 20
10000
450 103
10000
1
1
900
900
50937 134100
Maximum shear force

VEd 5,80 46,12 51,92kN
53
46,12kN
WORKED EXAMPLE BUCKLING OF THE CHORDS
Out-of-plane (strong axis) buckling of the chords

Non dimensional slenderness
ly
Lcr,y
iy
10000
99,5
100,5
l1 93,9 93,9 0,81 76,06

l y
ly
l1
99,5
1,31
76,06
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.3
Buckling curve
h/b 1,2
buckling curve b
t f 100mm
54
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.2

Reduction factor
1,1
1
0,9
a0
a
0,8
0,7
y 0,42
b
c
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
55
1,8
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8

Design buckling resistance
Nb,y,Rd
Nb,y,Rd
y Achf y
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.1
M1
0,42 7680 355
103 1145kN
1,0
Resistance criterion
Nch,Ed
Nb,y,Rd
1049,6
0,92 1
1145
56
In-plane (weak axis) buckling of the chords

Non dimensional slenderness
lz
Lcr,z
iz
0,9 1250
18,75
60
lz 18,75
lz
0,25
l1 76,06
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.3
Buckling curve
h/b 1,2
buckling curve c
t f 100mm
Reduction factor
z 0,97
57
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.2

Nb,z,Rd
Nb,z,Rd
z Achf y
M1
0,97 7680 355
103 2645kN
1,0
Nch,Ed
Nb,z,Rd
1049,6
0,40 1
2645
58
WORKED EXAMPLE BUCKLING OF THE WEB MEMBERS
Buckling of the diagonals

Class of the section
h
15
t
et
bh
11,5
2t
90
10 15 0,81 12,15
9
90 90
10 11,5 9,3
2 90
Section is of class 4
59
EN 1993-1-1 5.6 Table 5.2

Calculation of the effective area
Local buckling coefficient
k 4,0
EN 1993-1-5 4.4 Table 4.1
Non dimensional slenderness and reduction factor

lp
h/t
28,4 k
90 / 9
28,4 0,81 4
1,0
0,22 0,748
EN 1993-1-5 4.4 (4.3)
60

Maximum compression axial force per diagonal
Nd,Ed
VEd cos VEdd
n
nh0
Slenderness
Nd,Ed
lv
51,9 1480
48 kN
2 800
d 1480
84,57
iv
17,5
61

Effective non dimensional slenderness
leff,v 0,35 0,7lv
EN 1993-1-1 BB 1.2
leff,v 0,35 0,7 1,11 1,13

Reduction factor (buckling curve b)
v 0,52
Nb,v,Rd
0,52 1552 355

103 286,5 kN
1,0
62

Nd,Ed
Nb,v,Rd
48
0,17 1
286,5
Buckling of the posts (class 4, = 1,0)

Np,Ed VEd 51,9 kN
leff,v 0,822 v 0,712

Nb,v,Rd 310kN
Np,Ed
Nb,v,Rd
190
0,61 1
310
63
WORKED EXAMPLE WEB MEMBERS IN TENSION
Category A connection
2 M16 6.8
e1 40mm
p1 45mm
e2 40mm
64
Diagonals in tension
Axial force
N t,Ed
VEd cos
48 kN
n
Tension resistance (Category A connection)
Nt,Rd Min Npl,Rd,Nu,Rd
Resistance of the gross section

Npl,Rd
Npl,Rd
Afy
M0
1552 355
103 551kN
1,0
65
EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3

Resistance of the net section:
Nu,Rd
2 Anet fu
M2
EN 1993-1-8 3.10.3
Net section area:

Anet Agross td0 n
Anet 1552 102 9 18 1 102 13,9 cm2
Reduction factor:
2 0,4
EN 1993-1-8 3.10.3 Table 3.8
Resistance of the net section:

Nu,Rd
0,4 1390 490

218kN
1,25
66
Tension resistance (Category A connection)
Nt,Rd Min551kN, 218kN 218kN

N t,Ed
N t,Rd
48
0,22 1
218
67
WORKED EXAMPLE CATEGORY A CONNECTION
Resistance criteria
Fv,Ed Fv,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 3.4.2
Fv,Ed Fb,Rd
Shear resistance Fv,Rd per bolt:

Fv,Rd
v fub A
M2
Fv,Rd
0,5 600 157

103 37,7 kN
1,25
EN 1993-1-8 3.6.1
68
Shear resistance of the bolt group:

Consideration of the eccentricity (Reference [4]):
NS,Rd n1 Fv,Rd
6e
1
n1 1p1
1
6 24,6
1
2 1 45
0,69
Shear resistance:
NS,Rd 2 0,69 37,7 52,0kN
69
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd:

Fb,Rd
k1 b fudt
EN 1993-1-8 3.6.1
M2
Longitudinal direction
EN 1993-1-8 3.6.1 Table 3.4
k1 : edge bolts: k1 2,8 e2 1,7 2,5

d0
b Min d ,
fub
,1
fu
e
d
end bolts:
3d 0
inner bolts: d p1 1
3 d0
70

k1 : edge bolts:
k1e 2,8
40
1,7 4,5 2,5
18
b : end bolt:
de
40
0,74
3 18
inner bolt:
di
45
1
0,58
3 18 4
71

Ratio fub/fu:
fub 600
1,22
fu
490
b :
b Min0,74 ; 0,58 ; 1,22 ; 1 0,58
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd in the longitudinal direction:

Fb,lg,Rd
2,5 0,58 490 16 9

103 81,5 kN
1,25
72

Transverse direction:
e1
1,7 2,5
d0
40
2,8
1,7 4,5 2,5
18
k1 : edge bolts: k1 2,8

k1e
p1
1,7 2,5
d0
45
k1i 1,4
1,7 1,8 2,5
18
inner bolts: k1 1,4
fub
b Min d , ,1
fu
end bolts:
e2
d
3d 0
40
de
0,74
3 18
73

Ratio fub/fu:
fub 600
1,22
fu
490
b :
b Min0,74 ; 1,22 ; 1 0,74
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd in the transverse direction:

Fb,tr ,Rd
1,8 0,74 490 16 9

103 75,19kN
1,25
74
Bearing resistance of the bolt group (Reference [4]):

N b,Rd
n1
2
0
F
Fb,lg,Rd
b,tr,
Rd
6e
n1 1p1
6 24,6
1,09
2 1 45
N b,Rd
2
2
1
1,09
81
,
5
75
,
19
75
105,3 kN
Fv,Ed NS,Rd
48kN 52,0 kN
Fv,Ed N b,Rd
48kN 105,3 kN
76
WORKED EXAMPLE BLOCK TEARING
Block tearing resistance

Feff,2,Rd
0,5fu Ant
M2
f y Anv
EN 1993-1-8 3.10.2
3 M 0
(2)
NEd
(1)
(1) Shear plane

(2) Tension plane
77
WORKED EXAMPLE BLOCK TEARING

Tension Area
Ant 40 9 102
Shear Area
1
18 9 102 2,79 cm2
2
Anv 40 45 9 102 2,5 18 9 102 3,6 cm2

Block tearing resistance
Feff,2,Rd
0,5 490 279

355 360
3
10
103 128,5 kN
1,25
3 1,0
48kN 128,5 kN
78
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The
buckling verification of a built-up member is based on a

calculation that takes into account an equivalent geometric
imperfection (L/500) and 2nd order effects.
Then
the resistance of each component has to be checked

(cross-section resistance, buckling resistance, resistance of
connections)
simplified procedure is proposed for built-up members

with closely spaced chords.
80
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-1:

General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-1-8 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-8:

Design of joints.
A.Bureau/P.-L. Chouzenoux. Mthode simplifie pour la vrification

de barres comprimes composes de deux cornires assembles
dos--dos.
Simplified method for the verification of compressed built-up
members composed of two closely spaced angles.
Revue Construction Mtallique n4/2010. CTICM.
J.-P. Jaspart, J.-F. Demonceau, S. Renkin, M.L. Guillaume, European

Recommendation for the Design of Simple Joints in Steel Structures,
ECCS, Publication n126, 2009
82
SKILLS training modules have been developed by a consortium of organisations whose logos appear at the bottom
of this slide. The material is under a creative commons license
The project was funded with support from the European Commission. This module reflects only the views of the
authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information
contained therein.

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SKILLS Project

Design of closely spaced built-up members

Laced built-up columns

Battened built-up columns

Shear stiffness [kN]

Shear stiffness of a panel:

One bar-type element using effective section properties

Sets of elements using common section properties

Mechanical properties of the built-up section

Built-up columns with lacings:

Ieff 0,5h0 Ach

n is the number of planes of lacings

Built-up columns with battens:

75 < l < 150

I1 0,5h0 Ach 2Ich

Built-up columns with battens:

Ib: second moment of area of

Critical axial force:

Maximum global bending moment

Maximum compression axial force in a chord

Attention: In case of a bending moment caused by external

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Flexural buckling of the chord:

out of plane buckling: distance between lateral supports

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Flexural buckling of the compressed web members (angle

Buckling length and slenderness ratio:

1 bolt per joint

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Verification of the web members diagonals in tension:

Bolted joints: According to connection type

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Nt,Rd Min Npl,Rd,Nu,Rd

2,0e2 0,5d 0 tfu

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

CALCULATION LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Anet Agross tnd0

Where: t: is the thickness of the leg

CALCULATION BATTENED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Verification of the chord

Flexural buckling perpendicular to the battens

CALCULATION BATTENED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Flexural buckling in the plane of the battens:

+ Verification of the end sections

CALCULATION BATTENED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Verification of the web members battens

Bending moment/Lateral Torsional buckling:

CALCULATION BATTENED BUILT-UP COLUMN

Shear force and moment in

CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS

CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS GENERAL

Case 1: Connected through packing plates

Case 2: Connected by pairs of battens

CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS GENERAL

Buckling verification as a single member

If maximum spacing is not respected

Shear deformation has to be accounted for

CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS SIMPLIFIED METHOD

Simplified calculation for sections composed of 2 equal

CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS SIMPLIFIED METHOD

Spacing of the packing plates a:

Number of packing plates: