The first eyeglasses were made in Italy in about 1286, but it is not clear who the inventor was.

In a
sermon delivered on February 23, 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (ca. 12551311)
wrote "It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for
good vision... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw
the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him."[5] Giordano's colleague
Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle
of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made
by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with
everyone with a cheerful and willing heart."[6] By 1301, there were guild regulations in Venice
governing the sale of eyeglasses.[7]

Seated apostle holding lenses in position for reading. Detail from Death of the Virgin, by the Master of
Heiligenkreuz, ca. 140030 (Getty Center).

The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of
the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early example would be a depiction
of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in
1403.
These early glasses had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and
the presbyopiathat commonly develops as a symptom of aging. It was not until 1604 that Johannes
Kepler published the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct
presbyopia and myopia.[b]
Early frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying glasses riveted together by the handles so that
they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The earliest surviving examples
were found under the floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen, a convent near Celle in Germany; they
have been dated to circa 1400.[10]
Refuted claims[edit]

In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer, a German-American anthropologist, stated in his history of

glasses that "the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that
spectacles must have been known in India earlier than in Europe". [11][12] However, Joseph Needham
showed that the mention of glasses in the manuscript Laufer used to justify the prior invention of
them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in later
versions was added during the Ming dynasty.[13]
Although there have been claims that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses, these
claims have been exposed as hoaxes.[14][15] Furthermore, although there have been claims that Marco
Polo encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century, no such statement
appears in his accounts.[16][17] Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th
century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported. [18]