India

INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATIONS (8000 BCE -250 BCE)

• CALLED THE HARRAPAN
• LIVED IN 2 CITIES: MOHENJO-DARO AND HARRAPA
• FIRST CIVILIZATION TO HAVE DOMESTICATED CHICKENS
• THEY HAVE AGRICULTURE (GRAIN, COWS), WATER, IRRIGATION SYSTEM, STANDARD OF MEASUREMENT,

WEIGHTS, TRADE WITH PERSIA (IRAN), SYSTEM OF WRITING

• ABLE TO SUSTAIN A LARGE POPULATION 3,5000-40,000 PEOPLE

• VERY WEALTHY
• THEIR DECLINE WAS BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
o LAND WAS BEING DEPLETED OF RESOURCES. DROUGHT
• LACKED FIREWOOD BECAUSE THEY BURNED DOWN TREES WHICH CAUSED EROSION

ARYANS
• KNOWN THROUGH THE VEDAS

• 19 TH
CENTURY, GERMAN SCHOLAR HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE ARYANS WERE A CAUCASIAN RACE THAT

INVADED AND TOOK OVER INDIA

• EUROPEANS HYPOTHESIZED THE ARYANS MOVED TO EUROPE AND ARE ANCIENT ANCESTORS OF MODERN

EUROPEANS

• NAZI PROPAGANDA ADOPTED THE ARYAN SYMBOL AND PROCLAIMED GERMANS WERE THEIR TRUE

DESCENDENTS AND THE ARYANS WERE THE MASTER RACE

HINDUISM
• OLDEST RELIGION STILL PRACTICED
• NO ONE SPECIFIC FOUNDER
• EVOLVED OVER CENTURIES WITH ANCIENT RISHIS TEACHING THEIR DISCOVERIES THROUGH MEDITATION

• LARGEST RELIGION IN INDIA

• FOUR TEXTS: THE VEDAS ARE THE SACRED WRITINGS OF HINDUISM
MAJOR DEITIES
• SAGUNA BRAHMAN – TOP GOD
• CREATOR/CONTROLLER OF THE UNIVERSE, REPRESENTED BY 3 DEITIES
• BRAHMA: CREATOR
• VISHNU: PRESERVER
• SHIVA: DESTRUCTION OF BAD THINGS, AND RECREATION
• POLYTHEISM (WORSHIP OF MANY GODS)
• THE GOAL OF HINDUISM IS TO ATTAIN MOKSHA (UNITY WITH GOD)
• ALL PATHS TO ATTAINING IT INVOLVE FOLLOWING YOUR DHARMA
• DHARMA: THE MORAL AND ETHICAL AIMS OF HUMAN LIFE/DUTY OF A PERSON
 • IF YOU FOLLOW DHARMA, YOU WILL BREAK THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH SAMSARA AND ATTAIN MOKSHA

• SOME EXAMPLE VALUES

• ALL LIFE IS SACRED

• ALL CREATURES AND HUMANS HAVE SOULS

• AHIMSA: NON-VIOLENCE TO ALL LIVING THINGS WHICH MIGHT INCLUDE NOT EATING MEAT

• KARMA: THE SUM OF YOUR MORAL ACTIONS ( MENTAL AND PHYSICAL IN THIS LIFE AND PAST LIVES)
• THE ACTIONS RESULTING FROM DHARMA DETERMINE THE PROGRESS OF YOUR LIFE ON EARTH
• YOU IMPROVE KARMA BY FAITHFULLY FOLLOWING YOUR DHARMA
• CREMATE THEIR DEAD

CASTE SYSTEM
• FOUR VARNAS (CASTES) IN INDIA
• BRAHMINS: PRIESTS AND TEACHERS
• KSHATRIYAS: WARRIORS AND RULERS
• VAISHYAS: MERCHANTS, CRAFTSMAN, AND FARMERS
• SUDRAS: SERVANTS AND LABORERS
• EXCLUDED FROM THE CASTE SYSTEM ARE THE UNTOUCHABLES (HARIJANS/DALITS)

 THEY ARE TOO LOW AND IMPURE FOR ANY CASTE

 DEAL WITH THE DEAD, AND WITH BLOOD

• JATI: ALL THE PEOPLE THAT HAVE A CERTAIN OCCUPATION (A SUBCASTE)

• WHAT CASTE SYSTEM YOU ARE BORN INTO IS DETERMINED BY HOW WELL YOU DID IN YOUR PREVIOUS LIVES
• FOUR GENERAL WAYS (YOGAS) TO REACH MOKSHA
• BHAKTI YOGA: THE PATH TO GOD THROUGH LOVE OF GOD
• RAJA YOGA: PATH TO GOD THROUGH MEDITATION
• KARMA YOGA: PATH TO GOD THROUGH ACTION
• JNANA YOGA: THE PATH TO GOD THROUGH THE FORCE OF WISDOM

BUDDHISM
THE PATH TO NIRVANA
• CREATED BY SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA
• BORN A KSHATRIYA
• ACHIEVED PARI-NIRVANA: DEATH AND ASCENSION TO NIRVANA
• HIS FATHER WAS A RAJA BUT HE WASN’T A PRINCE
• LIFE OF LUXURY, GREW CURIOUS (29) ABOUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD, OBSERVED 3 KEY THINGS:

o AN OLD MAN BENT WITH AGE – STRENGTH DOESN’T LAST

o AN ILL MAN- AWARENESS OF SICKNESS
o A CORPSE – NO ONE CAN ESCAPE DEATH
o ENCOUNTERED AN ASCETIC WHO WAS COMPLETELY AT PEACE
• LEARNED ONE MUST COMPLETELY GIVE UP EARTHLY DESIRES TO BE FREE OF THE SUFFERING OF THE WORLD

• LEFT HIS OLD LIFE AND BEGAN A PERIOD OF FASTING AND MEDITATION

• OVERHEARD THIS: IF A STRING IS TOO TIGHT, IT WILL NOT SOUND RIGHT, IF THE STRING IS TOO LOOSE IT WON’ T

PING. YOU MUST FIND THE MIDDLE GROUND

• THE MIDDLE WAY: YOU MUST LIVE BETWEEN PLEASURE AND PAIN, HAVE HARMONY

• BEGAN INTENSE MEDITATION UNDER A BOTH TREE

• ONE NIGHT HE UNDERSTOOD ALL PREVIOUS LIVES AND HOW THE CYCLE OF BIRTH AND REBIRTH COULD BE ENDED

• SIDDHARTA WAS KNOWN AS THE AWAKENED/ENLIGHTENED ONE “THE BUDDHA” FROM THIS DAY

• BEGAN TEACHING DISCIPLES WHO SPREAD BUDDHISM AFTER HIS DEATH

• THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

o ALL HUMAN LIFE IS SUFFERING

o ALL SUFFERING IS CAUSED BY HUMAN DESIRE: ESPECIALLY DESIRE TO MAKE IMPERMANENT THINGS PERMANENT

o HUMAN SUFFERING CAN ONLY BE ENDED BY ENDING HUMAN DESIRE AND REACHING A STATE OF NOT WANTING

o YOU CAN ONLY END DESIRE BY FOLLOWING THE EIGHT FOLD PATH TO END SAMSARA AND ATTAIN

NIRVANA/MOKSHA

 RIGHT UNDERSTANDING/KNOWLEDGE

 RIGHT THOUGHT/PURPOSE

 RIGHT SPEECH

 RIGHT ACTION

 RIGHT LIVELIHOOD/LIVING

 RIGHT EFFORT

 RIGHT MINDFULNESS

 RIGHT CONCENTRATION/MEDITATION

• CREMATED THEIR DEAD

• BUDDHISM PEAKED WITH KING ASHOKA
THE MAURYAN EMPIRE AND ASHOKA
• AFTER THE DECLINE OF THE INDUS CIVILIZATION, THERE WERE SMALL KINGDOMS VYING FOR POWER
• CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA UNIFIED INDIA FOR THE FIRST TIME
• ASHOKA WAS THE GRANDSON OF CHANDRAGUPTA
• BATTLE OF KALINGA, HUGE LOSS OF LIFE, 100,000 + DEAD
• ASHOKA WONDERS IF GAINING LAND IS WORTH DEATH AND THE CAPTURE OF SO MANY
• REJECTS VIOLENCE AND CONVERTS TO BUDDHISM
• GIVES UP HUNTING, BECOMES A VEGETARIAN, BUILDS HOSPITALS, PLANTS TREES, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
• BUILT EDICTS WITH RELIGIOUS MESSAGES CARVED ONTO PILLARS THAT URGED PEOPLE TO ACT MORALLY
• TALENTED LEADER
• EFFICIENT TRADE, IRRIGATION, TAX… BUILT UP A LARGE EMPIRE, BUT STILL BELIEVED IN SLAVERY AND THE DEATH

PENALTY

THE GUPTA EMPIRE

• THE GOLDEN PERIOD IN INDIA
• CHANDRA GUPTA I
• MARRIED DAUGHTERS TO ALLY HIMSELF WITH OTHER KINGDOMS
• GOOD ASTRONOMY, LITERATURE, MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, METALWORK, UNIVERSITIES, SCULPTURE, ROADS,
PAINTINGS
• CREATED THE NUMBER ZERO THE ARABIC NUMERAL SYSTEM
ISLAM AND INDIA- CONQUEST AND CONVERSION
• ISLAM SHARES THE SAME ORIGINS ARE JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY
• 1 GOD- ALLAH THAT CREATED THE UNIVERSE
• FOUNDED APPROX. 600 CE BY MUHAMMAD

• SAID HE WAS VISITED BY THE ANGEL GABRIEL AND TOLD GOD’S WISHES

• MUHAMMAD KNOWN AS THE PROPHET- SPREAD ALLAH’S WORDS

• LATER TEACHINGS WRITTEN DOWN BECAME THE QUR’AN
• MUHAMMAD’S GOAL- TEACH ALLAH’S WILL, UNIFY ARABIAN PENINSULA UNDER ISLAM
• POLITICAL, MILITARY, & RELIGIOUS LEADER

• TEACHINGS NOT ACCEPTED IN MECCA, WENT TO MEDINA, COMES BACK W/ SUPPORT AND CONQUERS MECCA

• ISLAM SPREADS RAPIDLY AFTER DEATH TO MID EAST, N. AFRICA, INDIA, SPAIN
• LARGEST EMPIRE UP TO THIS POINT
• PRAYERS PRAISE ALLAH NOT MUHAMMAD- DONE SEVERAL TIMES A DAY FACING MECCA, THE HOLY CITY
• PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA ONCE FOR ALL MUSLIMS
o THE FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH:
o FAITH: NO GOD BUT ALLAH AND MUHAMMAD IS HIS MESSENGER
o PRAYER: 5 TIMES A DAY FACING MECCA, AT A MOSQUE, HOUSE OF WORSHIP, OR ANYWHERE
o ALMS: SUPPORT THE LESS FORTUNATE THROUGH A RELIGIOUS TAX
o FASTING: DURING HOLY MONTH OF RAMADAN, REMINDS MUSLIMS THEIR SPIRITUAL NEEDS ARE
GREATER THAN PHYSICAL ONES

o PILGRIMAGE: HAJJ – PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA AT LEAST ONCE WEARING IDENTICAL GARMENTS

• NO EATING PORK

• UNLIKE BUDDHISTS AND HINDUS, THEY DON’T CREMATE THEIR DEAD

o THEIR DEAD MUST BE BURIED WITHIN 24 HOURS

• OPPOSE CASTE SYSTEM

• OPPOSE ALL RELIGIOUS IMAGES AND THIS MEANS THAT ALL PEOPLE ARE EQUAL

• JIHAD- STRUGGLE ALL MUSLIMS MUST UNDERGO TOWARD IMPROVING THEMSELVES AND THEIR

FATE

• 1 ST
MAJOR MUSLIM CAMPAIGN IN INDIA CONQUERED INDIAN STATE OF SIND TODAY’S PAKISTAN
• SEVERAL FOLLOWING CENTURIES- PEACE

• MAHMUD IS COMING MUSLIM GOVERNOR OF TERRITORY CENTERED IN AFGHANISTAN CHANGED

PEACEFUL TIMES

• HINDU’S CONSIDERED INFIDELS AND IDOL WORSHIPERS

• MAHMUD USED THIS AS AN EXCUSE TO STAGE RIOTS, DESTROY, PLUNDER CITIES OF N. INDIA (DIDN’T
CONQUER ONLY RAIDED)

• MUHAMMAD OF GHOR CONQUERS ALL N. INDIA

• UNDER MUSLIM RULE SOME INDIANS CONVERT TO ISLAM
• FOR CENTURIES AFTER, MUSLIMS AND HINDU INDIANS GOT ALONG

• NOT UNTIL 20 CENTURY DO THEY REALLY BEGIN FIGHTING

TH

MUGHALS
• MUGHALS MIXTURE OF MONGOLS AND TURKS FROM CENTRAL ASIA
• 1523 ZAHID AL-DIA MUHAMMAD AKA “BABUR” OR “THE TIGER”
 • TURK, DESCENDENT OF GENGHIS KHAN
• WANTED TO BUILD VAST ASIAN EMPIRE AND HAD DONE SO BY HIS DEATH

• HIS GRANDSON AKBAR TURNED OUT TO BE THE BRILLIANT, YET NO NONSENSE RULER

• EVENTUALLY MUGHAL EMPIRE REACHED ALL OF INDIA EXCEPT THE SOUTHERN TIP

• WOMEN WERE POWERFUL FIGURES IN MUGHAL POLITICS BUT THEY WERE NOT ALLOWED TO APPEAR UNVEILED

IN PUBLIC

• THEY WERE OFTEN SENT ON DIPLOMATIC ROLES TO INFLUENCE WOMEN IN OTHER COURTS OR REPRESENT

THEIR COURT AT FESTIVALS

• A COURT WOMEN LIVED IN SEPARATE QUARTERS CALLED THE ZANANA

• THE EMPEROR MARRIED DIFFERENT WIVES TO CEMENT ALLIANCES

• SERVANTS AND ARTISTS ALSO LIVED IN THE ZANANAS

• THE ROYAL MOTHER OR SISTER HEADED THE ZANANA AND WAS AIDED BY A FEMALE OVERSEER AND A

HIERARCHY OF FEMALE BUREAUCRATS

• CONSIDERABLE WEALTH IN THE ZANANA

• MUGHAL WOMEN WERE VERY INTELLIGENT AND RICHLY EDUCATED IN THE ARTS

• WOMEN WERE ALLOWED TO GO OUTSIDE THE ZANANA FOR ACTIVITIES

• GREATEST MUGHAL MONUMENT: THE TAJ MAHAL

• BUILT BY SHAH JAHAN FOR HIS WIFE, BUT HE WAS DEPOSED BY HIS SON AND PUT IN PRISON
• CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: NO PICTURES OF GOD, ONION DOME, MINARET, GEOMETRIC

DESIGN

BRITAIN IN INDIA

• VASCO DE GAMA LEFT PORTUGAL TO SAIL FOR INDIA

• EXCHANGED GOLD FOR PEPPER AND CINNAMON AND MADE A KILLING

• HIS EXPEDITION OPENED DOOR TO DIRECT MARITIME TRADE BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND ASIAN PEOPLE

• DUTCH AND ENGLISH FOLLOW THE PORTUGUESE TO THE INDIAN OCEAN

• ENGLISH CONCENTRATED POSTS IN MUMBAI, MADRAS, CALCUTTA
• DUTCH CONCENTRATED POSTS IN CAPE TOWN, COLOMBO (SRI LANKA), AND JAVA
• 2 SEPARATE COMPANIES FORMED
• BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY: PRIVATE MERCHANTS ADVANCED FUNDS TO LAUNCH, COMPANIES PRIVATELY
OWNED, CONCENTRATED ON PROFITS- HAD RIGHT TO BUY, SELL, BUILD TRADING POSTS, AND MAKE WAR

• BATTLE OF PLASSEY:
o 1757 BRITISH RULE OFFICIALLY BEGINS
o WITH FORCES OF BEIC UNDER ROBERT CLIVE HAD AN ARMY OF 3000 WHILE NAWAB HAD
50,000THROUGH TREACHERY, WINS BATTLE IN AN HOUR
o WINS RIGHT TO COLLECT TAXES FOR MUGHALS
• BEIC OBTAINS PERMISSION FROM MUGHAL EMPIRE TO BUILD POSTS ON COASTLINES
• BRITISH ENJOY MONOPOLY OF TRADE WITH INDIA
• TRADED PEPPER, COTTON, CHINESE SILKS, PORCELAIN, AND OTHER SPICES

• WIN OFFICIAL RIGHTS TO RULE FROM MUGHAL EMPERORS IN THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY

• SEPOY REBELLION 1857

o SEPOYS WERE INDIAN TROOPS (HINDU AND MUSLIM) EMPLOYED BY THE BRITISH ARMY
 o ENFIELD RIFLES (CARTRIDGES IN ANIMAL FAT)

o AS INDIA CONTINUED TO DECLINE FROM THE MUGHALS, ENGLAND WANTED TO PROTECT THEIR

COMMERCIAL INTERESTS FROM INCREASING DISORDER

o EMPLOYED MANY INDIAN NATIVES INTO THE BRITISH ARMY

o MUTINY RESULTS FROM THE SEPOY REBELLION

o PEASANTS DISGRUNTLED OTHERS JOIN SIDE OF SEPOYS

o DIDN’T SERIOUSLY THREATEN BRITISH RULE BUT IT WAS A SHOCK

o CAWNPORE SEPOYS OVERCOME BRITISH KILLING OFFICERS, CIVILIANS

o EVENTUALLY BRITISH SUPERIORITY PREVAILS

o SEPOYS EXECUTED

• RESULT OF THE SEPOY REBELLION WAS: TO STABILIZE AFFAIRS BRITISH GOVERNMENT GOT RID OF THE BEIC,
DIRECT BRITISH IMPERIAL RULE, INDIANS RECEIVE LOW BUREAUCRATIC JOBS WHILE BRITISH FORMULATE ALL

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY

• BRITISH TRANSFORM INDIA: CLEAR FORESTS, ENCOURAGE CULTIVATION OF CROPS, BUILT RR AND

TELEGRAPH NETWORKS, BUILT CANALS, HARBORS, IRRIGATION SYSTEM, ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS FOR INDIAN

CHILDREN OF ELITES, SUPPRESSED INDIAN CUSTOM OF SATI (WIDOWS KILLING THEMSELVES)

GANDHI
 GANDHI IS A YOUNG LAWYER IN SOUTH AFRICA WHEN HE ENCOUNTERS DISCRIMINATION AGAINST INDIANS BY
THE BRITISH. GANDHI INSTIGATES RIOTS FOR INDIANS WHO ARE FORCED TO LABOR IN THE MINES, BUT

GANDHI IS PUT IN PRISON AND IMMIGRATION AND JOBS TO SOUTH AFRICA STOP.
 GANDHI RETURNS TO INDIA AND HE UNDERGOES A TRANSFORMATION. GANDHI DRESSES LIKE A POOR
INDIAN, AND WANTS TO ABOLISH THE CASTE SYSTEM, HAVE MUSLIMS AND HINDUS LIVE IN HARMONY, AND
WANTS TO KICK THE BRITISH OUT OF INDIA.

 GANDHI TELLS THE INDIANS TO BOYCOTT THE BRITISH GOODS AND FIGHT PEACEFULLY AGAINST THE BRITISH.
THE INDIANS START SPINNING THEIR OWN CLOTH AND MAKING THEIR OWN CLOTHES, AND GANDHI
ORGANIZES A DAY WHEN THE WHOLE COUNTRY STOPS WORKING FOR THE BRITISH.

 THE BRITISH ARE FURIOUS AND BECOME VIOLENT AT A RALLY IN AMRITSAR. A BRITISH ARMY ENTERS THE
PLACE WHERE THE RALLY IS HELD, AND THE INDIANS ARE ALL MASSACRED.

 THE INDIANS TURN VIOLENT AGAINST THE BRITISH AND RIOTS AND FIGHTS BREAK OUT. GANDHI SAYS HE
WILL FAST UNTIL THE VIOLENCE STOPS, AND IT FINALLY DOES.

 GANDHI WANTS TO PEACEFULLY PROVOKE THE BRITISH BY HAVING THE INDIANS MARCH TO THE SEA TO MAKE
SALT. THE BRITISH ARE FURIOUS AND START ARRESTING ALL THE INDIANS.

 THE INDIANS CONDUCT A RAID ON A BRITISH SALT PLANT BUT ARE STOPPED BY SOLDIERS. THE INDIANS
REMAIN PEACEFUL AND DO NOT STRIKE BACK AS THE BRITISH SOLDIERS BEAT THEM UP. THIS CAUSES MANY

PEOPLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES TO VIEW THE BRITISH UNFAVORABLY.

 GANDHI IS SENT TO A MEETING IN BRITAIN TO DISCUSS INDIA’S INDEPENDENCE, BUT NOTHING HAPPENS AND
GANDHI IS SENT HOME. FINALLY, AFTER MANY ARTICLES AND MOVIES ABOUT INDIA’S STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPENDENCE, THE BRITISH GRANT IT TO INDIA.

 GANDHI WANTS TO HAVE JINNAH AS THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA TO SHOW THERE ARE NO HARD FEELINGS
TO MUSLIMS, BUT FIGHTS BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES BREAK OUT, AND INDIA IS PARTITIONED INTO INDIA AND

PAKISTAN FOR HINDUS AND MUSLIMS RESPECTIVELY.

  GANDHI IS SHOT BY A HINDU EXTREMIST, NATHURAM GODSE, WHO FEELS GANDHI IS GIVING TOO MUCH TO
THE MUSLIMS, AND GANDHI DIES.

PARTITION OF INDIA
• AFTER PARTITION INDIA WAS SEPARATED INTO WEST PAKISTAN (PAKISTAN), EAST PAKISTAN
(BANGLADESH), AND BURMA
• PARTITION WAS A TERRIBLE TRAGEDY OF EPIC PROPORTIONS DONE TO SEPARATE HINDUS AND SIKHS (INDIA)
FROM MUSLIMS (PAKISTAN)

• RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND INDIA HAVE WORSENED

• BRITISH DID NOT HELP INDIA AFTER THEY LEFT
• FORCED RELIGIOUS CONVERSIONS
• IN INDIA PARTITION RESULTED IN ETHNIC CLEANSING AND BOTH SIDES CONTINUE TO HATE ON ANOTHER
TODAY

• VIOLENCE NEARLY DESTROYED BOTH COUNTRIES AND ONLY STOPPED WHEN GANDHI WAS ASSASSINATED

• JINNAH = PAKISTAN, NEHRU = INDIA

KASHMIR AND JAMMU
• HOT SPOT – MAY ERUPT AT ANY TIME
• DISPUTED REGIONS OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN IN THE HIMALAYAS
• BRITISH RULED INDIA UNTIL 1947 WITH A HINDU CONTROLLING THE MUSLIM DOMINATED AREA
• PAKISTAN WAS CREATED FROM PARTITION
• HINDU MAHARAJA WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL SO HE SIGNED AGREEMENTS WITH BOTH COUNTRIES TO TURN
OVER INDEPENDENCE WHEN BRITISH LEFT

• PAKISTAN INVADED AND MAHARAJA ASKED INDIA FOR HELP

• FINALLY UN BECAME INVOLVED AND IT WAS DECLARED A “DISPUTED” TERRITORY BECAUSE BOTH COUNTRIES
CLAIMED IT BELONGED TO THEM

• PAKISTAN CONTROLS THE NORTH, INDIA THE SOUTH

SIACHEN GLACIER
• MORE FIGHTS OVER THE SIACHEN GLACIER
• HIGHEST BATTLEGROUND IN THE WORLD
• COMPLETELY VALUELESS
• IN 1947, THE LINE OF CONTROL EXTENDED BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN
• THE LINE WAS EXTENDED – NO ONE BOTHERED TO PAY ATTENTION BECAUSE IT WAS EXTENDED UP
TO SIACHEN GLACIER – A FROZEN MASS

• BORDERS ON PAKISTAN AND CHINA

• INDIA CONTROLS THE TOP AND WILL NOT RELINQUISH
• FIGHT CAUSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF INDUS RIVER
• BOTH COUNTRIES HAVE ACCESS TO NUCLEAR WEAPONS TO WORSEN THE CONFLICT
• WHEN NEHRU RULED INDIA, HIS POLICY WAS OF NON-ALIGNMENT, OR STAYING NEUTRAL
• SOME SAY SOUTHERNIZATION IS TRUE: INVENTIONS AND TRADE STARTED IN SOUTH ASIA AND FROM THERE
SPREAD TO THE REST OF THE WORLD