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Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 12 April 2013
Received in revised form 21 October 2013
Accepted 24 October 2013
Available online 1 November 2013
Keywords:
Polyaniline
Microber sensor
Alcohol
Wavelength shift
a b s t r a c t
In this study, an optical microber sensor coated with conducting polymer, polyaniline (PAni) is investigated as a detector for alcohols. PAni was synthesized by chemical oxidation method and dioctyl sodium
sulfosuccinate (AOT) was used as the dopant. PAni was then coated onto the microber by drop coating
method. The proposed sensor exhibits wavelength shift in the output spectrum in response to various
types of alcohols at different concentrations. The output response can be associated with the solution
refractive index and number of alkyl substituent of alcohol. Furthermore, this sensor also shows excellent
repeatability in the detection. In conclusion, a conducting polymer based microber optical sensor for
alcohol detection with simple, low cost and effective set-up was successfully achieved in this study.
2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
1. Introduction
Fiber optic sensors have attracted a great deal of interest due
to their excellent performance in numerous sensing applications
include chemistry, biomedicines and environmental engineering
[14].
Generally, ber optics sensors can be divided into two categories, namely extrinsic and intrinsic sensors. With extrinsic
sensors, light is emitted from the ber and is blocked or reected
back into the ber-optic system such as optodes. While for intrinsic
ber, light is transported at internal sensing system [5]. In this type
of sensors, modications are made at the structure of optical ber
such as ber cladding removal and tapered bers.
The operating principle of most electrical based chemical sensors is based on electrical conductivity of the chemical analytes
which is a function of the amount of ions in solution. The measured electrical conductivity is then translated into the degree of
ion concentration. However, this technique is susceptible to electrical interference, corrosion to the sensor [6]. Therefore, optical based
sensors are preferable due to their many promising properties such
as non-invasive nature, immunity to electromagnetic interference,
high sensitivity, compact size, low cost, possibility of real time monitoring and remote sensing [7,8]. Besides, these sensors can also be
used for refractive index measurement [9,10] in which only a small
volume of sample is required. The principle of the measurement
is based on the between the guided light in the single mode ber
with surrounding medium. The resonant wavelength varies with
different refractive index of the surrounding medium. Therefore,
this sensor can also be employed for chemical sensing and liquid
concentration measurement. Subsequently, optical measurement
can be highly appealing. However, the drawback of this system is
its strong dependence on temperature which can be eliminated
through incorporating a temperature control into the system or
adopting temperature discriminative conguration [11].
Optical microber devices are well known as low-loss silica
waveguides in the forms of loops [12], knots [13], or coils [14,15],
and have been demonstrated for different applications include adddrop lters [16], lasing systems [1719], nonlinear optical systems
[20], and sensing devices [21,22]. Due to the small diameter of
microber, the evanescent eld in the surrounding of microber
is large and thus the microber devices are sensitive to changes in
of the surrounding medium, particularly the refractive index (RI)
of the medium. Ultraviolet (UV) light detection using microber
device has been demonstrated by coating the knot area of the device
with photoresponsive liquid crystal, which refractive index can be
inuenced by UV light irradiated on the device. As a result, the output spectrum of the device shifts when exposed to the UV light
[23].
Applying the voltage on the rod tunes the spectral signal resonating from the microber ring resonator. The operating principle
of optical microber sensors is followed the path whereby light
measurement is taken based on the resonant coupling of the light
guided by the single mode ber. Response to external physical,
chemical, biological, or other inuences will have effects on the
light guided within the ber optic sensor [6]. Therefore, ber-optic
sensor with cladding modication is very attractive due to its large
dynamic range, high sensitivity, and superior integration with other
ber systems.
In 1960, Heeger et al. discovered that conducting polymer is a
new generation of polymer which displays the combined mechanical properties and processibility of polymer as well as the electronic
and optical properties of metals or semi-conductors. Conducting
polymer, while being organic polymer, has the unusual property
of possessing high electrical conductivity and exhibits a range
of properties from semiconductor to near-metallic behavior. Furthermore, they also display the optical properties of metals or
semi-conductors [24]. Some well known examples of conducting
polymers are polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy) and polythiophine (PTh), which are being used as detection medium in ber
optic sensor.
Conducting polymer is used in optical sensors due to its many
advantages such as easy fabrication, excellent ambient stability,
rapid and reversible adsorption and desorption kinetics, has low
poisoning effect and low power consumption [25,26]. Besides,
conducting material such as PAni is independent on detecting environment such as surrounding temperature and air humidity while
traditional sensing material, metal oxide such as SnO2 and Fe2 O3
are highly dependent on detecting environment. This make the
conducting polymer favorable use as sensing material compared
with traditional material [26]. Furthermore, conducting polymer
sensor is light, cheap and interacts more favorably with organic
compounds compared with traditional material [27]. On the others
hand, PAni can shows multiple color change depending on its oxidation states. These macroscopic color changes can be used as an
indicator in optical sensing system [28].
In this study, an optical microber alcohol sensor fabricated
and experimentally investigated. This device is manufactured by
depositing PAni on a microber resonator, particularly at the
microber knot resonator the sensing area of the sensor which
is then used for the detection of alcohols of different concentrations. This proposed sensor is a simple, robust and low cost device
that can quantitate a measurable attribute and converts it into a
signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. Different types of alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and
2-proapanol are examined in this study. Besides, alcohols with various concentrations are also being studied. From our knowledge, we
are the rst to report on this novel low cost and effective conducting
polymer-based optical sensor for alcohol detection.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals
All the chemicals such as aniline (Ani), dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) and ammonium persulphate (APS) used were
procured from SigmaAldrich (USA) while hydrochloric acid (HCl)
used was from RCI Labscan (Thailand). Besides, methanol (CH3 OH),
ethanol (C2 H5 OH), 1-propanol and 2-propanol (C3 H7 OH) used were
purchased from SYSTERM (Malaysia). All the chemicals used were
analytical grade and were used without purication. Deionized
water was collected from Millipore water purication system. Preclean microscope glass slide with width and length of 75 mm and
25 mm, respectively, were used as substrate for the microber
structure during measurement.
2.2. Synthesis of polyaniline (PAni)
In the optical set-up, the sensing layer of coated ber is consisting of chemically oxidized PAni using Ani as monomer, AOT as
59
dopant and APS as oxidant. Ani was slowly added into the AOT solution and stirred for 2 h. It was followed by slow addition of APS into
the above solution. The polymerization reaction was carried out at
low temperature for 24 h. The resultant sample was washed with
distilled water to remove the unreacted AOT, APS and monomer.
Extraction and dilution were carried out to obtain the desired PAni
concentration.
60
Fig. 1. (a) Optical set-up for microber sensor. (b) Microscope image of microber knot resonator (MKR). Inset shows the drawing of the MKR.
61
Fig. 7. Output response of the sensor to the refractive indices of different alcohols.
Fig. 4. Wavelength shift before and after immersion in 1% of n-propyl alcohol during
optical measurement.
Fig. 6. Wavelength shift during optical measurement for different types of alcohols.
62
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Biographies
Yeong Siang Chiam received her B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from Chemistry Department, University of Malaya in 2011. Currently, she is pursuing her M.Sc. degree at
the same department. Her current research interest is conducting polymers.
Kok Sing Lim received his B.Eng. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia, and Ph.D. with the
Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Malaysia in 2008 and 2012, respectively. He is currently a senior lecturer at University of Malaya. His current research
interests include optics of microber devices, in-ber gratings, ber-optic sensors
and ber lasers.
Sulaiman Wadi Harun received the B.E. degree in electrical and electronics system
engineering from the Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan, in 1996,
and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in photonics from the University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2001 and 2004, respectively. He is currently a full professor
at Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya. His current research interests
include ber-optic active and passive devices.
Seng Neon Gan received his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in chemistry from the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He is the member of American Chemical
Society and Royal Society of Chemistry. Furthermore, he is also the fellow of Malaysia
Scientic Association and Institute Kimia Malaysia. He is currently a professor at
University of Malaya. His current research interests include polymer chemistry,
chemistry of catalysis, bioplastics, material processing technology, bio-compatible
materials as well as waste management and utilization.
Sook Wai Phang received the B.Sc. degree in Chemical Technology and M.Sc. degree
in Chemistry from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2002 and 2004, respectively.
She worked as a chemistry lecturer at Inti International University in 2004. She completed her PhD degree in Engineering (Polymer) from Yamagata University, Japan in
2008. Currently, she is a senior lecturer at the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya. Her research interests include synthesis of conducting
polymers and their applications in ber optic sensors, chemical sensors, microwave
absorbers, solar cell, etc.