Jamaica Casayuran

Beed II
BASIC STATISTICS

Statistics
the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities,
especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a
representative sample.
Data
facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. the quantities, characters,
or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, being stored and transmitted in
the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media

Population
a complete set of items that share at least one property in common that is the subject of
a statistical analysis

Sample
. In statistics and quantitative research methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected
and/or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure.

Survey
A survey is an investigation about the characteristics of a given population by means of
collecting data from a sample of that population and estimating their characteristics through the
systematic use of statistical methodology

Census
A census is a survey conducted on the full set of observation objects belonging to a given
population or universe.

Sampling
is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within astatistical population to
estimate characteristics of the whole population. Each observation measures one or more properties
(such as weight, location, color) of observable bodies distinguished as independent objects or
individuals.

Two Major areas of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics. It comprises those methods concerned with collecting and
describing a set of numerical data so as to yield meaningful inference. This statistics
provides information only about the collected data and in no way draws inferences. This
can either be graphical or computational like construction of tables, charts, graphs, and
other relevant computations. It may also include the study of relationships between and
among variables

Inferential Statistics. If descriptive statistics is concerned only on presentation of

data, inferential statistics comprises those methods concerned with the analysis of a
subset of data leading to predictions or inferences about the entire set of data. It
involves all the techniques by which decisions about a statistical population are made
based only on a sample having been observed or a judgment having been obtained. It
is concerned more with generalizing information or making inference about the
population. Considered as the central function of modern statistics, inferential
statistics is concerned with two types of problems: (a) estimation of population
parameters, and (b) tests of hypothesis.
Variable
A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted.
A variable may also be called a data item. Age, sex, business income and expenses, country of
birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye colour and vehicle type are examples of variables.

Types of Variable
An independent variable, sometimes called an experimental or predictor variable, is a variable
that is being manipulated in an experiment in order to observe the effect on
a dependent variable, sometimes called an outcome variable.
Independent Variables: Revision time (measured in hours) Intelligence (measured using IQ
score)
The dependent variable is simply that, a variable that is dependent on an independent
variable(s). For example, in our case the test mark that a student achieves is dependent on
revision time and intelligence.
Dependent Variable: Test Mark (measured from 0 to 100)