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KEY FORMULAS
Prem S. Mann Introductory Statistics, Sixth Edition
Chapter 2 Organizing and Graphing Data
Relative frequency of a class ff
Cumulative frequency
Total observations in the data set
Cumulative percentage
(Cumulative relative frequency) 100
Interquartile range:
s2
1x2 2
N
1x2 2
n
n1
x2
and
s2
1x2 2
x
n
s
R
n1
m2f
s2
and
s2
m2f
s
P1A2
m2f
1m f 2 2
n
n1
1mf 2
n
n1
and
s
P1A and B2
P1B2
and
P1B 0 A2
P1A and B2
P1A2
Chebyshevs theorem:
For any number k greater than 1, at least (1 1k2) of the
values for any distribution lie within k standard deviations
of the mean.
f
n
m2f
1
Total number of outcomes
where and s are the population and sample standard deviations, respectively
Percentile rank of xi
Number of values less than xi
100
Total number of values in the data set
P1Ei 2
and
kn
b th term in a ranked data set
100
Chapter 4 Probability
Classical probability rule for a simple event:
IQR Q3 Q1
Pk Value of the a
Empirical rule:
For a specific bell-shaped distribution, about 68% of the observations fall in the interval ( ) to ( ), about
95% fall in the interval ( 2) to ( 2), and about
99.7% fall in the interval ( 3) to ( 3).
P1A2 P1A 0 B2
xm
s
Value of x when , , and z are known: x z
z value for an x value:
E zsx or t sx
Determining sample size for estimating :
n z 2 2E 2
p z sp
where sp 1p q n
^
sx s 1n
x zsx where sx s 1n
Confidence interval for using the t distribution when is
not known:
x tsx where sx s 1n
z
s 2x 2P1x2 m2
z
xm
sx
where sx
t
xm
sx
where sx
s
1n
2n
Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about using the t distribution when is not known:
p p
sp
^
where sp
^
pq
An
s21
s22
n2
B n1
1 x1 x2 2 1m1 m2 2
sx1x2
1d2 2
n
sd
R
n1
Mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of d:
md md and s d sd 1n
Confidence interval for d using the t distribution:
d ts d where s d sd 1n
Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about d using the t
distribution:
d md
t
sd
For two large and independent samples, confidence interval
for p1 p2:
1p 1 p 2 2 z sp1 p2
^
p 1q 1
p 2q 2
n
n2
B 1
Test statistic:
z
pqa
1
1
b
n1
n2
1 p 1 p 2 2 1 p1 p2 2
sp1 p2
^
s21
s22
n2
B n1
1 x1 x2 2 1m1 m2 2
sx1 x2
x2
1n 12s2
T12
n1
T22
n2
T32
n3
# # #b
1x2 2
SST SSB SSW x
n
2
1x21 y2
n
2
1x2
1y2 2
SSxx x2
and SSyy y2
n
n
Least squares estimates of A and B:
SSxy xy
s2
a y bx
1y2 2
n
Regression sum of squares: SSR SST SSE
Coefficient of determination: r 2 b SSxy SSyy
Confidence interval for B:
b tsb where sb se 1SSxx
Total sum of squares: SST y2
n2
A 1 r2
Confidence interval for y | x:
bB
sb
SSxy
1SSxx SSyy
tr
1x0 x 2 2
1
Bn
SSxx
1
1x0 x 2 2
1
n
SSxx
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0013
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0009
.0013
.0003
.0005
.0006
.0009
.0013
.0003
.0004
.0006
.0009
.0012
.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0012
.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011
.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011
.0003
.0004
.0005
.0008
.0011
.0003
.0004
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0002
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
.0019
.0026
.0035
.0047
.0062
.0018
.0025
.0034
.0045
.0060
.0018
.0024
.0033
.0044
.0059
.0017
.0023
.0032
.0043
.0057
.0016
.0023
.0031
.0041
.0055
.0016
.0022
.0030
.0040
.0054
.0015
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0052
.0015
.0021
.0028
.0038
.0051
.0014
.0020
.0027
.0037
.0049
.0014
.0019
.0026
.0036
.0048
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
.0082
.0107
.0139
.0179
.0228
.0080
.0104
.0136
.0174
.0222
.0078
.0102
.0132
.0170
.0217
.0075
.0099
.0129
.0166
.0212
.0073
.0096
.0125
.0162
.0207
.0071
.0094
.0122
.0158
.0202
.0069
.0091
.0119
.0154
.0197
.0068
.0089
.0116
.0150
.0192
.0066
.0087
.0113
.0146
.0188
.0064
.0084
.0110
.0143
.0183
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
.0287
.0359
.0446
.0548
.0668
.0281
.0351
.0436
.0537
.0655
.0274
.0344
.0427
.0526
.0643
.0268
.0336
.0418
.0516
.0630
.0262
.0329
.0409
.0505
.0618
.0256
.0322
.0401
.0495
.0606
.0250
.0314
.0392
.0485
.0594
.0244
.0307
.0384
.0475
.0582
.0239
.0301
.0375
.0465
.0571
.0233
.0294
.0367
.0455
.0559
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.0808
.0968
.1151
.1357
.1587
.0793
.0951
.1131
.1335
.1562
.0778
.0934
.1112
.1314
.1539
.0764
.0918
.1093
.1292
.1515
.0749
.0901
.1075
.1271
.1492
.0735
.0885
.1056
.1251
.1469
.0721
.0869
.1038
.1230
.1446
.0708
.0853
.1020
.1210
.1423
.0694
.0838
.1003
.1190
.1401
.0681
.0823
.0985
.1170
.1379
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
.1841
.2119
.2420
.2743
.3085
.1814
.2090
.2389
.2709
.3050
.1788
.2061
.2358
.2676
.3015
.1762
.2033
.2327
.2643
.2981
.1736
.2005
.2296
.2611
.2946
.1711
.1977
.2266
.2578
.2912
.1685
.1949
.2236
.2546
.2877
.1660
.1922
.2206
.2514
.2843
.1635
.1894
.2177
.2483
.2810
.1611
.1867
.2148
.2451
.2776
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
.3446
.3821
.4207
.4602
.3409
.3783
.4168
.4562
.3372
.3745
.4129
.4522
.3336
.3707
.4090
.4483
.3300
.3669
.4052
.4443
.3264
.3632
.4013
.4404
.3228
.3594
.3974
.4364
.3192
.3557
.3936
.4325
.3156
.3520
.3897
.4286
.3121
.3483
.3859
.4247
0.0
.5000
.4960
.4920
.4880
.4840
.4801
.4761
.4721
.4681
.4641
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
0.0
.5000
.5040
.5080
.5120
.5160
.5199
.5239
.5279
.5319
.5359
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.6915
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591
.6950
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628
.6985
.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664
.7019
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700
.7054
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736
.7088
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772
.7123
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808
.7157
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844
.7190
.5753
.6141
.6517
.6879
.7224
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159
.8413
.7291
.7611
.7910
.8186
.8438
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212
.8461
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238
.8485
.7389
.7704
.7995
.8264
.8508
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289
.8531
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315
.8554
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340
.8577
.7517
.7823
.8106
.8365
.8599
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389
.8621
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192
.9332
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207
.9345
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222
.9357
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236
.9370
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251
.9382
.8749
.8944
.9115
.9265
.9394
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279
.9406
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292
.9418
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306
.9429
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319
.9441
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713
.9772
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719
.9778
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726
.9783
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732
.9788
.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738
.9793
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744
.9798
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750
.9803
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756
.9808
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761
.9812
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767
.9817
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918
.9938
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920
.9940
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922
.9941
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925
.9943
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927
.9945
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929
.9946
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931
.9948
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932
.9949
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934
.9951
.9857
.9890
.9916
.9936
.9952
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981
.9987
.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982
.9987
.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982
.9987
.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983
.9988
.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984
.9988
.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984
.9989
.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985
.9989
.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985
.9989
.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986
.9990
.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986
.9990
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997
.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997
.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001
1
2
3
4
5
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
318.309
22.327
10.215
7.173
5.893
6
7
8
9
10
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144
11
12
13
14
15
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733
16
17
18
19
20
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552
21
22
23
24
25
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450
26
27
28
29
30
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385
31
32
33
34
35
1.309
1.309
1.308
1.307
1.306
1.696
1.694
1.692
1.691
1.690
2.040
2.037
2.035
2.032
2.030
2.453
2.449
2.445
2.441
2.438
2.744
2.738
2.733
2.728
2.724
3.375
3.365
3.356
3.348
3.340
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001
36
37
38
39
40
1.306
1.305
1.304
1.304
1.303
1.688
1.687
1.686
1.685
1.684
2.028
2.026
2.024
2.023
2.021
2.434
2.431
2.429
2.426
2.423
2.719
2.715
2.712
2.708
2.704
3.333
3.326
3.319
3.313
3.307
41
42
43
44
45
1.303
1.302
1.302
1.301
1.301
1.683
1.682
1.681
1.680
1.679
2.020
2.018
2.017
2.015
2.014
2.421
2.418
2.416
2.414
2.412
2.701
2.698
2.695
2.692
2.690
3.301
3.296
3.291
3.286
3.281
46
47
48
49
50
1.300
1.300
1.299
1.299
1.299
1.679
1.678
1.677
1.677
1.676
2.013
2.012
2.011
2.010
2.009
2.410
2.408
2.407
2.405
2.403
2.687
2.685
2.682
2.680
2.678
3.277
3.273
3.269
3.265
3.261
51
52
53
54
55
1.298
1.298
1.298
1.297
1.297
1.675
1.675
1.674
1.674
1.673
2.008
2.007
2.006
2.005
2.004
2.402
2.400
2.399
2.397
2.396
2.676
2.674
2.672
2.670
2.668
3.258
3.255
3.251
3.248
3.245
56
57
58
59
60
1.297
1.297
1.296
1.296
1.296
1.673
1.672
1.672
1.671
1.671
2.003
2.002
2.002
2.001
2.000
2.395
2.394
2.392
2.391
2.390
2.667
2.665
2.663
2.662
2.660
3.242
3.239
3.237
3.234
3.232
61
62
63
64
65
1.296
1.295
1.295
1.295
1.295
1.670
1.670
1.669
1.669
1.669
2.000
1.999
1.998
1.998
1.997
2.389
2.388
2.387
2.386
2.385
2.659
2.657
2.656
2.655
2.654
3.229
3.227
3.225
3.223
3.220
66
67
68
69
70
1.295
1.294
1.294
1.294
1.294
1.668
1.668
1.668
1.667
1.667
1.997
1.996
1.995
1.995
1.994
2.384
2.383
2.382
2.382
2.381
2.652
2.651
2.650
2.649
2.648
3.218
3.216
3.214
3.213
3.211
71
72
73
74
75
1.294
1.293
1.293
1.293
1.293
1.282
1.667
1.666
1.666
1.666
1.665
1.645
1.994
1.993
1.993
1.993
1.992
1.960
2.380
2.379
2.379
2.378
2.377
2.326
2.647
2.646
2.645
2.644
2.643
2.576
3.209
3.207
3.206
3.204
3.202
3.090