Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
For
HEAT TRANSFER
ME F311
BY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2015-2016
Laboratory Manual
For
HEAT TRANSFER
ME F311
BY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
No. of
S. No.
Page No.
Tear off
Sheets
1-4
5-7
8-10
11-13
14-20
21-26
27-30
31-33
34-37
10
38-41
11
42-45
12
46-51
13
52-61
14
62-65
15
66-69
DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY
Transport Phenomena laboratory is a hands-on investigation of momentum and
heat transfer. Friction factor; conductivity, convective and diffusion coefficient
measurements; velocity and temperature determination, engineering instrumentation and
experimental analysis of data are some of the tasks in this laboratory.
The experiments focus on demonstration or verifying transport phenomena
principles. The scope is limited to one- dimensional systems and experiments in
momentum transfer and heat transfer are included.
ii
iii
iv
Experiment 1
dT
dr
Ar 2 rL
Q kAr
Q 2 krL
dT
dr
at r = ri
T = To
at r = ro
2 kL Ti To
ln ro ri
ln ro ri
2kL
The thermal-resistance concept may be used for multiple-layer cylindrical walls just
as it was used for plane walls. For the two layer system the solution is
1
2 kL T1 T3
ln r2 r1 k A ln r3 r2 k B
Description:
The apparatus consist of three concentric pipe mounted on suitable stands. The
inside pipe consists of the heater. Between first two cylinders the insulating material with
which lagging is to be done is asbestos and in second and third pipe is wooden dust.
The Thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders appropriately to measure
the temperatures. The input to the heater is varied through a dimmerstat and measured on a
voltmeter, ammeter. The experiments can be conducted at various values of input and
calculations can be made accordingly.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Start the supply of heater & by varying dimmerstat adjusts the input for desired values
by using voltmeter and ammeter.
2. Take readings of all the 6 thermocouples at the interval of 10 minutes until the said
steady state is reached.
3. Note down steady state readings in observation table.
(Assumptions: The pipe is so long as compared with diameter that heat flows in radial
direction only in middle half section.)
Formulae:
1. Heat input,
Q V I
Experimental heat flow rate through the composite cylinder (for two insulating layers)
QExp
2 L(Ti To )
[ln(rm / ri ) / k1 ] [ln(r0 / rm ) / k2 ]
2. From known value of heat flow rate, value of combined thermal conductivity, keff of
lagging material can be calculated:
QExp
2 Lk eff (Ti To )
ln(r0 / ri )
2
keff
QExp ln(r0 / ri )
2 L(Ti To )
T Ti ln(r / r1 )
To Ti ln(r0 / ri )
Thus the plot of T Vs r (thickness) can be made for different values of r.
Mean Readings:
Inside,
Ti
T1 T2
2
Middle,
Tm
T3 T4
2
Outside,
T0
T5 T6
2
Nomenclature:
k
ri
ro
Ti
To
Exercises:
1. Find the heat flow rate through the lagged pipe.
2. Calculate the combined thermal conductivity of lagging material.
3. Plot temperature profile.
Experiment 2
Eb T
The constant of proportionally is called the Stefan Boltzmann constant and has the
value of 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4. The Stefan Boltzmann law can be derived by integrating the
Plancks law over the entire spectrum of wavelength from 0 to . The objective of this
experimental set up is to measure the value of this constant fairly closely, by an easy
arrangement.
Description:
The apparatus is centered on a flanged copper hemisphere fixed on a flat nonconducting base plate. The outer surface of hemisphere is enclosed in a metal water jacket
used to heat it to some suitable constant temperature.
One Temperature Sensor is attached to the inner wall of hemisphere to measure its
temperature and to be read by a temperature indicator. The disc, which is mounted in an
insulating bakelite sleeves is fitted in a hole drilled in the centre of the base plate. A
Temperature Sensor is used to measure the temperature of disc i.e. TD. The Temperature
Sensor is mounted on the disc to study the rise of its temperature.
When the disc is inserted at the temperature TD its temperature increases with timet
since it receives heat by radiation from hemisphere. This timet is used to calculate the
Stefan Boltzmann constant.
The inner surface of hemisphere and base plate forming the enclosure are blacked by
using lamp black to make their absorptivity to be approximately unity. The copper surface of
the disc is also blackened.
Experimental Procedure:
1.
Heat the water in the tank by the immersion heater up to a temperature of about 70 90C.
2.
The disc should be removed before pouring the hot water in the jacket.
3.
4.
The hemispherical enclosure and the base plate will come to some uniform
temperature in a short time after filling the hot water in the jacket. The thermal inertia
of hot water is quite adequate to prevent significant cooling in the time required to
conduct the experiment.
5.
6.
The disc is now inserted in the base plate at a time (t = 0) when its temperature is TD.
7.
Start noting the temperature change for every five second for a minute.
Formulae:
1.
ms (dT / dt )t 0
AD (Th 4 TD4 )
2. AD
dD2
4
Nomenclature:
AD =
Area of disc D, m2
Th =
TD =
m =
mass of disc, kg
6
Exercises:
1. Plot a graph temperature of disc Vs time.
2. Determine the value of Stefan Boltzmann constant.
3. Write your comments on the above results.
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Always use clean water and heater should be completely dipped in the water before
switch ON the heater.
2. Always take the reading for the first min. of the disc while fixing.
3. Use the stabilize A.C. Single Phase supply only.
4. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
5. Voltage to heater should be constant.
6. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
7. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 V and above than 240 V.
8. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
9. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
10. Dont switch ON the heater before filling the water into the bath.
There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if
the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
Experiment 3
E
Eb
experimental set up is designed in such a way that under steady state conditions the heat
dissipation by conduction and convection is same for both the cases. When the surface
temperatures are same the difference in the heater input readings is because of the difference
in radiation characteristics due to their different emissivities.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Gradually increase the input to the heater to black plate and adjust it to some value and
adjust heater input to test plate slightly less than the black plate.
2. Take readings of all the 3 thermocouples at the interval of 10 minutes until the said
steady state is reached.
3. After attaining the steady state conditions record the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for
both the plates.
Specification:
1. Test plate dia
160 mm
2. Black plate
160 mm
0-2 A, 0-220V.
4. Voltmeter
3 Nos
6. Heater for test plate and black plate Nichrome strip wound on mica sheet and sandwitched between two mica sheets of 440 Watt.
Formulae:
1.
qb A Tb4 Ts4
2.
qt t A Tt 4 Ts4
3.
A Tb4 Ts4
Wb 0.86
Wt 0.86
t A Tt 4 Ts4
Nomenclature:
qb
Wb x 0.86
Wb
qt
Wt x 0.86
Wt
Tb
Tt
Ts
Exercises:
1. Find the emissivity of the test plate
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Use the stabilize A.C. Single phase supply only.
2. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Voltage to heater starts and increases slowly.
4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
5. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 240
volts.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
7. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
10
Experiment 4
Objective:
To find out the heat transfer co-efficient of vertical cylinder in natural convection.
Theory:
Natural convection phenomenon is due to the temp. Difference between the surface
and the fluid and is not created by any external agency.
fabricated to study the natural convection phenomenon from a vertical cylinder in terms of
average heat transfer coefficient.
The heat transfer coefficient is given by.
h
Qa
W/ m2K
A(Ts Ta )
Description:
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical
fashion. The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the
purpose of undisturbed surrounding.
visualization. A heating element is kept in the vertical tube, which heats the tube surface.
The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection.
Digital
temperature indicator measures the temperature at the different points with the help of seven
temperature sensors. The heat input to the heater is measured by digital ammeter and digital
voltmeter and can be varied by a dimmerstat.
11
Experimental Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make it free from dust, first.
2. Ensure that all On/Off switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Ensure that variac knob is at ZERO position, given on the panel.
4. Now switch on the main power supply (220 V AC, 50 Hz).
5. Switch on the panel with the help of mains On/Off switch given on the panel.
6. Fix the power input to the heater with the help of variac, voltmeter and ammeter
provided.
7. After 30 minutes record the temperature of test section at various points in each 5
minutes interval.
8. If temperatures readings are same for three times, assume that steady state is
achieved.
9. Record the final temperatures.
Specification:
Dia of the tube
35 mm
500 mm
Size of duct
25 25 90 cm
Temperature Sensors
8 Nos.
Digital Voltmeter
0 to 250 V
Digital Ammeter
0 to 2.5 Amps
Dimmerstat
2 Amps/220 V
Temperature Indicator
12
Formulae:
1. The heat transfer coefficient,
h
Qa
W/m2.K
A(Ts Ta )
Where
Qa = heat transfer rate = V I (W)
A = Area of the heat transferring surface = d L (m)
Ts
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
7
T8
Exercises:
1. Find out the heat transfer co-efficient of vertical cylinder in natural convection
13
Experiment 5
For the same temperature difference between the steam & the surface,
Dropwise condensation is much more effective than Filmwise & for this reason the former is
desirable although in practical plants it rarely occurs for prolonged periods.
Film Condensation:
Unless specially treated, most materials are wettable & as condensation occurs a film
condensate spreads over the surface. The thickness of the film depends upon a numbers of
factors, e.g. the rate of condensation, the viscosity of the condensate and whether the surface
is vertical or horizontal, etc.
Fresh vapor condenses on to the outside of the film & heat is transferred by conduction
through the film to the metal surface beneath. As the film thickness it flows downward &
drips from the low points leaving the film intact & at an equilibrium thickness.
The film of liquid is a barrier to the transfer of heat and its resistance accounts for
most of the difference between the effectiveness of Filmwise and drops wise condensation.
Dropwise Condensation:
By specially treating the condensing surface the contact angle can be changed and
the surface becomes non-wettable. As the steam condenses, a large number of generally
spherical beads cover the surface. As condensation proceeds, the beads become larger,
coalesce, and then strike downwards over the surface. The moving bead gathers all the
14
static beads along its downward in its trail. The bare surface offers very little resistance to
the transfer of heat and very high heat fluxes are therefore possible.
Unfortunately, due to the nature of the material used in the construction of
condensing heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation is normal. (Although many bare metal
surfaces are non - wettable this is not true of the oxide film which quickly covers the bare
material)
Description:
The equipment consists of a metallic container in which steam generation takes
place. The lower portion houses suitable electric heater for steam generation. A special
arrangement is provided for the container for filling the water. The glass cylinder houses
two water cooled copper condensers, one of which is chromium plated to promote Dropwise
condensation and the other is in its natural state to give Filmwise condensation. A
connection for pressure gauge is provided. Separate connections of two condensers for
passing water are provided. One Rota meter with appropriate piping can be used for
measuring water flow rate in one of the condensers under test.
A digital temperature indicator provided has multipoint connections, which measures
temperatures of steam, two condensers, water inlet & outlet temperature of condenser water
flows.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Fill water in steam generator by opening the valve.
2. Start water flow through one of the condensers, which is to be tested and note down
water flow rate in Rota meter. Ensure that during measurement, water is flowing only
through the condenser under test and second valve is closed.
3. Connect supply socket to mains and switch ON the heater switch.
4. Slowly steam generation will start in the steam generator of the unit and the steam rises
to test section, gets condensed on the tubes and falls down in the cylinder.
5. Depending upon type of condenser under test Dropwise or Filmwise can be visualized.
15
6. If the water flow rate is low then steam pressure in the chamber will rise and pressure
gauge will read the pressure. If the water flow rate is matched then condensation will
occur at more or less atmospheric pressure or up to 1 kg pressure.
7. Observations like temperatures, water flow rates, pressure are noted down in the
observations table at the end of each set.
Specification:
Condensers
Dimensions
Main Unit
Heating Elements
Instrumentation
Formulae:
1.
2.
3.
16
Q
Ai T
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prandtl Number
9.
10.
11.
22 gk 23
Out side heat transfer coefficient ho 0.943
( TS TW )L
12.
Pr
Q
Ao T
1
1 D 1
i
U EX hi Do ho
4mw
Di
1 1
CP
K
Nu1 K
W / m2 K
L
1
1 D 1
i
UTH hi Do ho
Nomenclature:
Di
hi
TS
Temperature of steam, C.
TW
Ms
Mw
Cp
Length of condenser, m
17
0.25
Pr
Prandtl number
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Data:
Outer diameter of heat transfer surface, Do
20 mm
17 mm
160 mm
0.008549 m2
0.010057 m2
Calculation:
1. Heat transfer coefficient at inner surface
Properties of water at bulk mean temperature of water i.e. (T5 +T6)/2 Where T5 and T6 are
water inlet and outlet temperatures.
Following properties are required. :
CP
k1
Thermal conductivity, W /m K
Now calculate
Reynoldss number Red
4 mw
Di 1 1
18
Prandtl Number
Pr
Nusselt Number
C P
K
Nu1 K
2
W/m K
L
2
mS
W/m K
Ai (T 5 T 6)
Tc C
ii)
K2
Thermal Conductivity, W/ m K
iii)
iv)
22 gk23
hocal 0.943
(T3 T4 ) L
0.25
W/m K
From these values overall Heat Transfer coefficient (U) can be calculated.
D 1
1
1
i
Ucal hcal
i
Do ho
1
2
W/m K
and
Experimental heat transfer coefficient at outer surface
Q
ms
Ao T Ao (T3 - T4 )
19
W/m K
hoexp(T TS )
D
1
1
1
20
Experiment 6
Objective:
To study the temperature distribution along the length of a pin fin under free and
forced convection heat transfer and find the fin efficiency.
Theory:
It is obvious that a fin surface stick out from primary heat transfer surface. The
temperature difference with surrounding fluid will steadily diminish as one moves out along
the fin. The design of the fins therefore requires knowledge of the temperature distribution
in the fin.
tanh mLC
q with fin
q without fin
mLC
[T T f ] [cosh m( L - x) H sinh m ( L - x) ]
h P / kb A
(at temperature = Tf )
21
where
do
dp
Velocity of air at Tmf may be calculated from: V = V [Tmf + 273.15] / [Tf + 273.15]
Description:
A brass fin of circular cross section is fitted across a long rectangular duct. The
other end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower and the air flows past the
fin perpendicular to its axis. One end of the fin projects outside the duct and is heat by a
heater. RTD PT-100 type temperature sensors measure temperatures at five points along the
length of the fin. An orifice meter, fitted on the delivery side of the blower, measures the
flow rate of air.
Experimental Procedure:
Natural Convection:
1. Start heating the fin by switching on the heater element and adjust the voltage on
dimmerstat to say 80 volts (Increase slowly from 0 onwards).
Note down the temperature sensors readings no.1 to 5.
2. When steady state is reached, record the final readings of temperature sensor no.1 to
5 and also the ambient temperature reading temperature sensor No 6.
3. Repeat the same experiment with voltage. = 100 volts and 120 volts.
Forced Convection:
1. Start heating the fin by switching on the heater and adjust dimmerstat voltage equal
to 100 volts.
2. Start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer H = cm with the
help of fly valve provided on the pipe.
3. Note down the Temperature Sensor readings (1) to (5) at a time interval of 5
minutes.
4. When the steady state is reached, record the final readings (1) to (5) and also record
the ambient temperature readings by (6)
22
Specification:
100 mm 1000 mm
Duct size
= 150 mm
= 12.7 mm
= 125 mm
= 39 mm
= 52 mm
= 0.64
Temperature Indicator
= 6 Nos.
Temperature Sensor no.6 reads ambient temperature in the inside of the duct.
Thermal conductivity of fin material (Brass)
= 110 W/ m K
(T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 ) / 5
(Tm T f ) / 2
1/(Tmf 273.15)
Grashof number, Gr
( g D3T ) / 2
Perimeter, P
=
23
Nu k air / D
hP/kf A
D
D2 / 4
Fin diameter, D
12.7 10-3 m
Fin length, L
125 10-3 m
Fin efficiency, f
tanh mLC
mLC
Fin effectiveness
kf P
q with fin
tanh mLc
q without fin
hAc
Corrective length, LC
L ( D / 4)
Parameter, H
h/ kf m
[T T f ] [cosh m( L - x) H sinh m ( L - x) ]
0.64
Co d o2 2 g H
4
1 4
Velocity of air, V
Q/a
D V /
h D / k
Nu k / D
24
air
air
Fin parameter, m
hC / k f A
Nomenclature:
Kf
perimeter, m
Tm
Tf
fin diameter, m
Gr
Grashoffs number
Pr
Prandtl number
Nu
Nusselt number
Kair
h
=
=
fin parameter, m
fin length, m
fin efficiency
Cp
Co
Tmf
Exercises:
1.
2.
3.
26
Experiment 7
Q kA
T1
X
T TC
T
kAh h
X
X
two faces are maintained at different temperatures by the hot plate on one end and by the
cold plate at the other end.
A heater heats hot plate and voltage to the heater is varied with the help of Variac to
conduct the experiment on different voltages as well as different heat inputs. Temperatures
are measured by RTD PT-100 sensors attached at three different places on the hot plate as
well as on the cold plate. These sensors are provided on the inner surface facing the liquid
sample. An average of these sensor readings are used as Th and Tc at steady state condition.
Heat is supplied by an electric heater for which, we have to record the voltmeter
reading (V) and ammeter reading (A) after attaining the steady state condition. The
temperature of the cold surface is maintained by circulating cold water at high velocity. The
gap between hot plate and cold plate forms the liquid cell, in which liquid sample is filled.
The depth of the liquid in the direction of flow must be small to ensure the absence
of convection currents and a liquid sample of high viscosity and density shall further ensure
the absence of convection and the heat transfer can be safely assumed to take place by
conduction alone.
Experimental Procedure:
Fill the liquid cell with the sample liquid (glycerol) through the inlet port, keeping the
apparatus tilted towards upper side so that there is complete removal of air through the outlet
port. Liquid filling should be continued till there is complete removal of air and also liquid
glycerol comes out of the outlet port. Close the outlet port followed by inlet port.
1. Allow cold water to flow through the cold-water inlet.
2. Start the electric heater to heat hot plate. Adjust the voltage of hot plate heater in the
range of 10 to 50 volts.
3. Adjust the cold-water flow rate such that there is no appreciable change the outlet
temperature of cold water (there should be minimum change).
4. Go on recording the thermocouple readings on hot side as well as on cold side, and
once steady state is achieved (may be after 30-60 min); (steady state is reached when
there no appreciable change in the thermocouple readings, 0.1oC), record the three
thermocouple readings (Th1,Th2,Th3 i.e. T1, T2 T3 on Temperature Indicator) on the hot
28
side and three thermocouple readings ( Tc1 , Tc2 , Tc3 i.e. T4, T5, T6 on Temperature
Indicator) on the cold side along with the voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) readings.
5. Stop the electric supply to the heater, and continue with the supply of cold water till
there is decrease in temperature of hot plate (may be for another 30-40 min).
6. Open the liquid outlet valve slightly in the downward tilt position and drain the
sample liquid in a receiver, keeping liquid inlet port open.
Specification:
1. Hot Plate
Material
Copper
Diameter
160 mm
Material
Copper
Diameter
160 mm
20 mm
4. Temp. Sensors
Type
Quantity
6 Nos.
2. Cold Plate
0C to 199.9C
Least Count
0.1oC
6. Variac
2 Amp, 230VAC
7. Digital Voltmeter
0 to 250 Volts
8. Digital Ammeter
0 to 2.5 Amp.
9. Heater
29
Formulae:
1. Heat input
Q V I
K Q
X
A (Th Tc )
Temperature difference, T
(Th - Tc)
Nomenclature:
Q
Th
Tc
Temperature difference, OC
X =
Thickness of liquid, m
Exercises:
1. Determine the thermal conductivity of a liquid
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Use the stabilize A.C. single phase supply only.
2. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Voltage to heater starts and increases slowly.
4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
5. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 240
volts.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
7. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
8. Testing liquid should be fully filled.
30
Experiment 8
ri
ro
Ti
To
Where,
Ti
T1 T2 T3 T4
4
and
T0
T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
6
From the experimental values of Q, Ti and To, the unknown thermal conductivity k can be
determined as:
Q ro ri
4 ro ri Ti To
Description:
The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric spheres of copper of different
size. The small inner copper sphere houses the heating coil. The insulating Powder (Plaster
of Paris) is packed between the two spheres. The power given to the heating coil is
measured by voltmeter and ammeter and can be varied by using dimmerstat. There are ten
(T1 to T10) thermocouples embedded on the copper spheres, T1 to T4 (4 nos.) are embedded
on the inner sphere and rest T5 to T10 (6 nos.) on the outer sphere. Thermal conductivity of
insulating powder can be found out by taking the temperature reading of these
31
thermocouples. Assume that insulating powder is an isotropic material and the value of
thermal conductivity to be constant. The apparatus assumes one-dimensional radial heat
conduction across the powder and thermal conductivity can be determined.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Switch on the main power supply 220 AC single phase, 50 Hz.
2. Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmerstat starting from zero volt position.
3. Adjust input equal to any value between 20 to 60 Watt maximum by voltmeter and
ammeter.
4. Thermocouple readings are taken at frequent intervals (say once in 10 minutes) till
consecutive readings are same indicating that steady state has been reached.
5.
Specification:
Radius of the inner copper sphere, ri
50 mm
100 mm
Voltmeter
0-300 V
Ammeter
0-2 A
Temperature Indicator
0-300 C.
Dimmerstat
0-2A, 0-230 V
Heat input,
Q V I
32
Q ro ri
4 ro ri Ti To
(W/m.K)
ro
Ti
To
Heat Input.
Voltmeter reading.
Ammeter reading
Exercises:
1. Determine the thermal conductivity of an insulating powder
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Use the stabilize A.C. Single Phase supply only.
2. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Fix the power input to the heater with the help of variac, voltmeter and ammeter
provided.
4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
5. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 240
volts.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
7. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if
the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
33
Experiment 9
P (Tb 2 Tb1 )
q mC
Bulk temperature difference in terms of heat transfer coefficient
q hAT
A traditional expression for calculation of heat transfer in fully developed turbulent flow in
smooth tubes is that recommended by Dittus and Boelter
0.8
Nud 0.023Red Pr
if
Description:
The apparatus consists of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounding by nichrome heater. Four Temperature Sensors are embedded on the test
section and two temperature sensors are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of
the test section to measure the air temperature. Test Pipe is connected to the delivery side of
the blower along with the Orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe.
Input to the
heater is given through a dimmerstat and measured by meters. It is to be noted that only a
34
part of the total heat supplied is utilized in heating the air. A temperature indicator is
provided to measure temperature of pipe wall in the test section. Airflow is measured with
the help of Orifice meter and the water manometer fitted on the board.
Temperature sensors:
T1
T6
Experimental Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
Ensure that all On/Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
4.
5.
6.
Switch on the Panel with the help of Mains On/Off Switch given on the Panel.
7.
Fix the Power Input to the Heater with the help of Variac, Voltmeter and Ammeter
provided.
8.
9.
Adjust Air Flow Rate with the help of Air Flow Control Valve given in the Air
Line.
10.
After 30 Minutes record the temperature of Test Section at various points in each 5
Minutes interval.
11.
If Temperatures readings are same for three times, assume that steady state is
achieved.
12.
13.
35
Formulae:
1. hexp.
2. H
3. Q
Qa
A(Ts Ta )
H W 1
a
Co
2
d o 2 gH
4
1 4
4. Qa
m Cp T
5. m
Q a
6. A
Di L
7. Ta
T1 T6
2
8. Ts
T2 T3 T4 T5
4
Where
do
dp
Nomenclature:
m
Cp
Qa
hexp.
Co
Coefficient of discharge
d0
Diameter of Orifice, m
Ta
Ts
Di
Exercises:
1. Calculate experimental value of heat transfer coefficient.
2. Calculate theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient.
3. Write your comments on above calculations.
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Use the stabilize A.C. Single phase supply only.
2. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Voltage to heater starts and increases slowly.
4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
5. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 240
volts.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
7. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if
the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
37
Experiment 10
Description:
The compressor is used for pumping the refrigerant through the system. The
condenser is the forced water-cooled type for which heat exchanger has been provided.
Capillary Tube is provided as an expansion device for evaporator. A temperature indicator
with multi-point selection switch has been provided to get the various temperatures viz.
T1 = Refrigerant Temperature at Suction, 0C
38
Experimental Procedure:
1. Switch on mains supply.
2. Switch "ON" the condenser motor and then switch "ON" the compressor.
3. Please do not start the compressor when condenser motor is "OFF". First switch "ON"
the condenser motor and then switch "ON" the compressor.
4. By using selector switch on temperature indicator, note the temperature T1, T2, T3, T4, T5,
T6, T7 and T8 in the observation table.
5. Note the pressures of R-134(a) gas in the circuit by noting pressures P1, P2, P3, and P4 in
the observation table.
6. Note down the energy-meter reading (i.e., time taken in seconds for the wheel to
complete one revolution)
7. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings every 10 minutes till you get
fairly constant temperatures of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one
more set of readings
8. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculations given below.
9. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment
39
Formulae:
1.
T1
T2 T1
C.O.P. (Theoretical)
h2 h3
h2 h1
Where
h1 = enthalpy for gas at temperature T1
h2 = enthalpy for gas at temperature T2
h3= enthalpy for liquid of at temperature T3
3.
C.O.P (actual)
C.O.P (actual)
Desired output
Required input
p T
mc
power consumed by the compressor t
Where
40
kg/sec
m
cp
F1
F2
F3
1
3600 no. of blinks per second
3200
Exercises:
1. Determine the coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pump trainer
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Before operating the system, check the level of water inside the water tank.
2. Do not change settings of LP-HP cut off Valve.
3. Do not touch the charging valve. If this valve gets opened slightly, all refrigerant
will escape leading to non-performance of the instrument.
4. Once the experiment is over, remove water from the water tank.
5. Please do not start the compressor when condenser motor is "OFF". First switch
"ON" the condenser motor and then switch "ON" the compressor.
41
Experiment 11
heat for its completion. The heat required for the purpose is taken from the substance
or space to be cooled.
ii.
iii.
Description:
The refrigeration trainer consists of compressor, condenser, capillary, heater and
water container. The compressor is used for pumping the refrigerant through the system. The
condenser is the forced air-cooled type for which condenser fan and motor has been
provided. Capillary is provided as an expansion device for evaporator. Heater is provided to
change the load on the system. A temperature indicator with multi-point selection switch has
been provided to get the various temperatures viz.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Temperature of water
The selection of any of the temperature can be made by rotating the selection switch to the
respective channel. Four pressure gauges are provided for indicating R-134a pressures at
compressor suction P1, compressor discharge P2, after condenser P3, after thermostatic
expansion P4.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Switch on Mains Supply. Switch on the trainer.
2. By using selector switch on temperature indicator, note the temperature T1, T2, T3, T4 and
T5 in the observation table.
3. Note the pressures of R-134a gas in the circuit by noting pressures P1, P2, P3, P4 in the
observation table.
43
4. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings for different loads every 10
minutes till you get fairly constant temperatures of the consecutive readings. Confirm
this by taking one more set of readings
5. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculations given below.
6. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.
7. Remove water from the water tank.
Formulae:
1.
T1
T2 T1
Convert the pressure in psi to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi 1 atm
Absolute pressure P1 P1 /14.8 1
By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1
C.O.P (Theoretical)
h1 h4
h2 h1
Where,
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) at temperature T1
h2 = enthalpy (for gas) at temperature T2
h4 = enthalpy (for liquid) at temperature T4
3.
C.O.P (Actual)
desired output
required input
mc p T
power consumed by the compressor t
44
Where
m
= mass of water
cp
1
3600 no. of blinks per second
3200
Exercises:
1. Determine the coefficient of performance (COP) of refrigeration trainer
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1. Before operating the system, check the level of water inside the Water Tank (i.e. the
Refrigerated Space). Water should be filled up to the marked level.
2. Do not start the compressor when condenser motor is "OFF". First switch "ON" the
condenser motor and then switch "ON" the compressor.
3. Do not change settings of LP-HP cut off Valve.
4. Do not run agitator motor for a period more than 15 min continuously. Turn it off for
a few minutes and then start it again. This allows proper cooling of the agitator
motor.
5. Do not touch the charging valve. If this valve is opened slightly, the entire
refrigerant will leak leading to non-performance of the instrument.
6. Once the experiment is over, remove water from the water tank so as to prevent
rusting of any parts inside the test chamber.
45
Experiment 12
Absorber: Absorption of the refrigerant vapor by its weak or poor solution in a suitable
Pump: Pumping of the rich solution raising its pressure to the condenser pressure.
(iii) Generator: Distillation of the vapor from the rich solution leaving the poor solution for
recycling.
Description:
The simple vapor absorption trainer consists of a condenser as an expansion device and an
evaporator as in the vapor-compression system. In addition, absorber, pump, generator and a
pressure reducing valve to replace the compressor.
The flow of fluids in the system is described as follows
1. Vertical boiler in which an aqua solution of ammonia can range itself from distilled water at
the bottom of the boiler to strong ammonia vapor at the surface of the liquid.
2. A water separator which is provided to remove water vapor so that they should not enter the
condenser, get condensed there and pass on to evaporator where chocking might occur due to
its freezing. The water vapor is formed in the boiler as some of the water may evaporate on
46
application of heat to the boiler. The separator is jacketed with liquid ammonia at a pressure
of about 14 bar gauge for which the saturation temperature is about 40C.
3. The dehydrated ammonia gas gets condensed to liquid in the condenser and gravitates to U
tube which acts as seal for a gas to enter the evaporator, or any gas passing from evaporator to
the condenser.
4. In the evaporator, the ammonia liquid comes across an atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12
bar gauge. The plant is charged to a pressure of about 14 bar. Hence due to Daltons law of
partial pressure, the pressure of ammonia gas should fall to about 2 bar gauge and the
saturation temperature corresponding to about 2 bar is about 10C. The temperature
surrounding the evaporator is much higher than this. Thus ammonia evaporates and produces
the refrigerating effect i.e. absorbs the latent heat of vaporization at 2 bar gauge and about 10C from the space to be refrigerated.
5. In order to ensure continuous action, hydrogen gas has to be removed from ammonia vapor.
This is done in the absorber where a descending spray of very dilute ammonia liquid meets
the ascending mixture of ammonia vapor and hydrogen. Ammonia vapor is readily absorbed
with evaluation of heat so that absorber has to be water jacketed or air cooled, otherwise
evaporation may take place in this unit and the absorption may cease.
6. Heat exchanger: liquid heat exchanger is placed in between absorber and the generator. This
week liquid gets cooled and strong liquid gets heated. Thus heat is economized and better
thermal efficiency obtained. This heat exchanger is counter-flow type. The strong solution
from the absorber is preheated on its way to generator or boiler, and the dilute solution on its
way to absorber is cooled. This cooling of weak liquid also helps absorption and reduces the
cooling of absorber by external source.
A gas heat exchanger is used between the absorber and the evaporator. The hydrogen gas
going to the evaporator gets cooled by the cool ammonia vapor and hydrogen gas mixture.
7. It may be noted that the circulation is effected by gravity and thus no moving part in the
system is necessary.
47
Experimental Procedure:
For electrical input to the system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Note all the readings of the temperatures T1, T2, T3 .T6 on the temperature indicators
and power on the power indicator.
7.
Wait for approximately 45 min and start the water supply. Adjust the supply to be
between 2 to 3 lph. To set the water flow rate, there is a valve provided near the point
where there is water inlet connection.
8.
9.
Take the readings till the system stabilizes. This is indicated by constant reading of the
outlet water over two subsequent readings.
2.
3.
4.
Take the fuel selector switch to LPG position. (There is an icon of flame to indicate
LPG).
5.
6.
Ensure that the flow control knob on the LPG rotameter is fully open.
7.
Note all the readings of the temperatures T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 on the
temperature indicators and power on the power indicator.
8.
Ensure that the LPG is properly and correctly connected to the kit.
At the bottom panel of the trainer there are two buttons, next to the Thermostat
knob. Keep the button marked PUSH1 pressed. While keeping this pressed,
press the button marked PUSH2.
9.
You may have to press the button PUSH2 multiple times in succession to
obtain flame.
Wait for approximately 45 min and start the water supply. Adjust the supply to be
between 2 to 3 lph. To set the water flow rate, there is a valve provided near the
point where there is water inlet connection.
10. Note the readings in the observation table every 10 min. Refer sample observation
table enclosed.
11. Take the readings till the system stabilizes. This is indicated by constant reading of
the outlet water over two subsequent readings.
Formulae:
For electrical input to the system
1.
To find COPactual
kg/sec
m
kJ
kg
Q (W) m Cp
s
Kg K
(T5 - T6 ) K 1000
COPActual
2.
Q (W)
Pin (W)
To find COPideal
T T T
COPideal e g a
Tc Te Tg
49
kg/sec
m
kJ
kg
Q (W) m Cp
s
Kg K
(T5 - T6 ) K 1000
COPActual
Pin W
Q (W)
Pin (W)
Gin kg hr
KJ
Calorific Value of LPG
3600
kg
Te
COPIdeal
Tc Te
Tg Ta
Tg
Nomenclature:
T1 = evaporator temperature (Te)
T2 = chamber temperature
T3 = condenser temperature (Tc)
T4 = absorber temperature (Ta)
T5 = temperature of water inlet (Tci)
T6 = temperature of water outlet (Tco)
T7 = generator temperature (Tg)
Exercises:
50
51
Experiment 13
2.
3.
Room cooler
52
b.
Store-coolers
c.
b.
2.
Winter air-conditioning
The problem encountered in winter air-conditioning is to increase the sensible heat
and the water vapors= content of the air by heating and humidification.
3.
Year-round air-conditioning
This system assures the control of temperature and humidity of air in an enclosed
space throughout the year when the atmospheric conditions are changing as per
season. Industrial air-conditioning provides air at required temperature and humidity
to perform a specific industrial process successfully. The design conditions are not
based on the feeling of the human beings but purely on the requirement of the
industrial process.
Description:
The compressor is used for pumping the refrigerant through the system.
The condenser is the forced air-cooled type for which condenser fan and motor has
been provided.
A temperature indicator with eight point selection switch has been provided to get
the various temperatures viz.
53
The selection of any of the temperature can be made by rotating the selection switch
to the respective channel.
We have provided pressure gauges for indicating gas pressures at compressor suction
P1, compressor discharge P2, after condenser P3, after thermostatic expansion valve
P4.
We have supplied a steamer to generate the steam or hot water as per the
requirements of the experiment. Steam piping has been done to enable the user to
inject steam in air inlet duct and / or test cabin.
54
Open 100%
Open 100%
Closed 100%
Experimental Procedure:1. Keep the status of air damper positions and expansion device selection as given
above.
2. Switch on mains supply and compressor supply.
3. By using selector switch on temperature Indicator, note the temperature T1, T2, T3,
T4,T5, T6, T7 in the observation table.
4. Note the pressures of gas in the circuit by noting P1, P2, P3, P4 pressures in the
observation table.
5. Note down the energy-meter reading for compressor.
6. Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings till you get fairly
constant pressures of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more set
of readings.
7. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculations given below.
8. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.
55
Formulae:
1. C.O.P (Reversed Carnot)
T1
T2 T1
Convert the pressure in psi to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi 1 atm
Absolute pressure P1 P1 /14.8 1
By taking P1 from the chart find the corresponding value of T1
h1 h4
h2 h1
Where,
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) at temperature T1
h2 = enthalpy (for gas) at temperature T2
h4 = enthalpy (for liquid) at temperature T4
Exercises:
1. Determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of air conditioning system in open
type ducting
56
Closed 100%
Closed 100%
Open 100%
Experimental Procedure:
1. Keep the status of air damper positions and expansion device status as given above.
2. Switch on mains switch and compressor supply.
3. By using selector switch on temperature indicator, note the temperature T1, T2, T3, T4,
T5, T6, and T7 in the observation table.
4. Note the pressures of refrigerant gas in the circuit by noting P1, P2, P3, P4 pressures in the
observation table.
5.
Repeat the above procedure to get different sets of readings till you get fairly constant
pressures of the consecutive readings. Confirm this by taking one more set of readings.
T1
T2 T1
Convert the pressure in psi to pressure in Bar (Absolute) 14.8 psi 1 atm
Absolute pressure P1 P1 /14.8 1
57
h1 h4
h2 h1
Where,
h1 = enthalpy (for gas) at temperature T1
h2 = enthalpy (for gas) at temperature T2
h4 = enthalpy (for liquid) at temperature T4
Exercises:
1. Determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of air conditioning system in air recirculation type ducting.
58
Closed 100%
Closed 100%
Open 100%
Experimental Procedure:
1. Keep the status of the damper and expansion device selection as given above.
2. Switch on mains switch and compressor.
3. Note the initial reading of WBT & DBT in the test cabin that is, T6 and T7 respectively.
4. Switch on the supply to the steamer.
5. Go on taking the readings every 5 minutes till you get no appreciable change in the
WBT.
6. Study the observation Table and note that the air is humidified due to steam injection.
7. Switch off all the supply after you complete the experiment.
Exercises:
1. Study the humidification process and write the remarks
59
Closed 100%
Closed 100%
Open 100%
Experimental Procedure:
1. Keep the status of the damper and expansion device selection as given above.
2. Switch on Mains switch.
3. Note the initial reading of WBT & DBT in the test cabin that is T6 and T7 respectively.
4. Switch on the Steamer. Observe that the wet bulb temperature changes as the steam is
introduced. Note the readings.
5. Switch on the compressor. Switch off the steamer.
6. The temperature T6 will start dropping.
7. Start noting the WBT/DBT in the test chamber when the DBT or T6 drops down by, say
100 C
8. Note the DBT and WBT of the test-chamber, that is, T6 and T7 respectively, every 5
minutes.
9. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment.
10. Study the observation table & note that the air is dehumidified due to due point cooling.
Exercises:
1. Study the dehumidification process and write the remarks
60
Objective:
To study the summer air conditioning
Air Damper Position:
Air inlet damper
Open partially
Open partially
Closed partially
Experimental Procedure: 1. Keep the status of the damper and expansion device selection as given above.
2. Switch on mains switch and heater.
3. Note the temperature of DBT/WBT in the controlled cabin that is, T6 and T7
respectively.
4. Take DBT/WBT readings every 5 minutes.
5. See that the T6 increases. Adjust this to 350C approximately.
6. Switch on the compressor.
7. Observe the temperature T6 and T7 till T6 goes to 280C.
8. Switch off all the switches after you complete the experiment
Exercises:
1. Study the summer air conditioning and write the remarks
61
Experiment 14
Rotameter:
60 to 600 LPH.
Pump:
1900 LPH for this head, 0.25 HP.
Temperature indicator:
Digital temperature indicator having range 0 to 400OC, make- EUTECH
Electronic energy meter:
Energy meter constant- 3200 imp/ KWh.
Experimental Procedure:
Before starting the trainer, follow the following start up procedure.
1.
2.
3.
ON the hot water pump so that water starts flowing through the geyser.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
After steady state temperature reaches, take the readings as per observation table.
10.
During first step, copper matrix absorbs the heat from hot water and during next step;
it gives heat to the cold water.
11.
Formulae:
1.
The log mean temperature difference (LMTD), Tlm , for the counter-flow heat
exchanger
Th,i Tc ,o Th,o Tc,i T1 T3 T2 T4
Tlm
Th,i Tc ,o
T T
ln 1 3
ln
Th,o Tc ,i
T2 T4
Where,
63
2.
q
qmax
C c Tc ,o Tc ,i
C min Th,i Tc ,i
C c T3 T4
C min T1 T4
Where,
q
Cc
C min C h or C c
3.
UA U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai
2 k t L
ho Ao
1
1 D ln Do / Di 1
i
U i hi 2k t 2 kt L
ho
Di
Do
Do2 Di2 Do Di
flow is laminar.
For laminar flow through the annulus, NuD 6.6
64
ho Dh ho Do Di
k
k
q m hc p , h (Th,i Th,o )
Ui
m hc p , h (Th,i Th,o )
( Di L)Tlm
m hc p ,h (T1 T2 )
( Di L)Tlm
Where,
q = heat transfer rate, W/m2
kt = thermal conductivity of copper tube, W/m2.K
k = thermal conductivity of water, W/m2.K
m h = mass flow rate of hot water, kg/s
m h = mass flow rate of cold water, Kg/s
Ui = overall convection coefficient based on inner tube diameter, W/m2.K
Di = diameter of the inner tube (copper)
Do = diameter of the outer tube
L = length of the pipe
Exercises:
1.
2.
3.
The effectiveness of the heat exchanger for different flow rates of hot and cold
water.
4.
65
Experiment 15
Geyser:
Capacity 3 lit, Wattage 3 kW, automatically trip at 80 OC, make- OSHAM
Rotameter:
60 to 600 LPH.
Pump:
1900 LPH for this head, 0.25 HP.
Temperature indicator:
Digital temperature indicator having range 0 to 400OC, make- EUTECH
Electronic energy meter:
Energy meter constant- 3200 imp/ kWh.
Experimental Procedure:
Before starting the trainer, follow the following start up procedure
1.
2.
3.
ON the hot water pump so that water starts flowing through the geyser.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
After steady state temperature reaches, take the readings as per observation table.
10.
During first step, copper matrix absorbs the heat from hot water and during next step;
it gives heat to the cold water.
11.
Formulae:
1. Shell and tube exchanger with one shell and one tube pass approximates a parallel flow
heat exchanger. The log mean temperature difference (LMTD), Tlm , for the parallel
flow heat exchanger
67
h, i
Tlm
Tc ,i Th,o Tc ,o
Th,i Tc ,i
ln
Th,o Tc ,o
T1 T3 T2 T4
T T
ln 1 3
T2 T4
Where,
For parallel flow:
T1 = inlet temperature of hot water, OC
T2 = outlet temperature of hot water, OC
T3 = inlet temperature of cold water, OC
T4 = outlet temperature of cold water, OC
2. Effectiveness of the heat exchanger,
q
qmax
C c Tc ,o Tc ,i
C min Th,i Tc ,i
C c T4 T3
C min T1 T3
Where,
q
Cc
C min C h or C c
Ui
m hc p , h (Th,i Th,o )
( N Di L)Tlm
m hc p ,h (T1 T2 )
( N Di L)Tlm
UA U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai
2 k t L
ho Ao
1
1 D
1D
i ln Do / Di i
U i hi 2k t
ho Do
4 m h / N
2300 then the flow is laminar.
Di
hD
For laminar flow, NuD 3.66 i i
k
1 1 D
ho i
U i hi 2kt
Do
ln Do / Di
Di
Where,
m h mass flow rate of hot water
L length of the pipe
Di inner diameter of the tube
Do outer diameter of the tube
N number of copper tubes
Tlm log mean temperature difference LMTD for the parallel flow
kt thermal conductivity of copper tube, W / m 2 .K
k thermal conductivity of water, W / m 2 .K
dynamic viscosity of water, kg/s.m
Exercises:
1. Determine log mean temperature difference (LMTD).
2. Average convection coefficient based up on the outside area of the tube.
3. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger for different flow rates of hot and cold
water.
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
69
Tear- off
Sheets
Experiment 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
25 mm
50 mm
75 mm
asbestos
sawdust
0.26 W/m oC
0.069 W/m oC
1000 mm
Observation Table:
Sr.
No.
Heat Supplied
V(V)
I (A)
Q =V I
(W)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Results:
1. The heat input, QExp =
2. The value of combined thermal conductivity of lagging material, keff. =
Graph:
T6
Experiment 2
0.0051 kg
0.418 kJ/kg C
200 mm
250 mm.
20 mm
_______ K
_______
_______ C/sec.
Observation Table:
Time t (sec.)
Results:
1.
2. Comments:
Experiment 3
160 mm
2. Black plate
160 mm
5.670 10-8 W/ m K4
Observation Table:
Black plate:
Voltage, V
Amperage, I
Power input, Wb = V I
(W)
Test plate:
Voltage, V
Amperage, I
Power input, Ws = V I
(W)
Results:
Emissivity of the test plate, t
Test plate
temperature
Tt (oC)
Ambient
temperature
Ts (oC)
Experiment 4
Objective:
To find out the heat transfer co-efficient of vertical cylinder in natural
convection.
Observations:
1. Outer diameter of Cylinder, d
35 mm.
2. Length of Cylinder, L
500 mm.
3. Input to heater
V I (W)
Where
V
Volts.
Amps.
Observation Table:
Run No.
(Volts) (Amp)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
Results:
The heat transfer coefficient,
Experiment 5
20 mm
17 mm
160 mm
0.008549 m2
0.010057 m2
6. Heat of evaporation,
2257 kJ/kg
Observation Table:
Condenser under Test
S.N. Water flow
rate (LPH)
Steam
condensed (ml)
Time
(min)
Temperature
T1
(oC)
T2
(oC)
T3
(oC)
__________ kJ/kgK
8. Density of water, 1
__________ kg/m3
9. Kinematics Viscosity, 1
__________ m2/sec
__________
N.s/m2
T4
(oC)
T5
(oC)
11.
Thermal conductivity, k1
__________
W /m K
Density of water, 2
13.
Viscosity of water,
14.
Thermal conductivity, k2
=
=
__________ kg/m3
__________
__________
N.s/m2
W /m K
Results:
Mass flow
rate of water
Mw
(Kg/s)
Rate of Steam
condensed
Ms
(Kg/s)
coefficient ( W/m K )
ho
hi
Experimental heat
transfer coefficient
2
( W/m K )
ho
hi
Experiment 6
Objective:
To study the temperature distribution along the length of a pin fin under free and
forced convection heat transfer and find the fin efficiency.
Observations:
1. Diameter of the fin, D
= 12.7 mm
= 125 mm
= 39 mm
= 52 mm
= 0.64
Fin temperature, oC
Power
input
VI
T1
T2
T3
(x
(x = 5 (x
=2.5
cm)
cm)
T4
= (x
T5
= (x
7.5
10
12.5
cm)
cm)
cm)
Free
convection
Forced
convection
Results:
1. Fin efficiency, f =
2. Fin effectiveness =
Graph:
Plot the temperature profile within the fin T Vs x
Tear off sheet: 1
Ambient
Manometer
air temp,
Reading,
Tf = T6
h
m of water
Experiment 7
= 160 mm
= 160 mm
20 mm
Observation Table:
S.
No.
Th1
Th2
Th3
TC1
TC2
TC3
(Volt) (amp) ( C) ( C)
( C)
( C)
( C)
( C)
Cold water
flow rate
Results:
1. Sample liquid
_________
2. Heat input,
_________ W
_________W/m.K
Experiment 8
50 mm
100 mm
Observation Table:
Inner Sphere:
S. No.
Voltmeter
Ammeter
(V)
(I)
Temperature corresponding to
each thermocouple (C)
T1
T2
T3
T4
Mean
temperature(C)
Ti
T1 T2 T3 T4
4
Outer Sphere:
Results:
1. Heat input, Q =
2. Thermal conductivity of insulating power, k =
Experiment 9
0.412 m
0.032 m
0.038 m
0.014 m
0.028 m
0.6
1000 kg/m3
1.205 kg/m3
________ m
Observation Table:
Sr. No.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
(VOLT)
(AMPS)
(0 C)
(0 C)
(0 C)
(0 C)
(0 C)
(0 C)
Results:
1. hexp.
2. hthe
3. Comments:
Manometer
Reading (m.)
h1
h2
Experiment 10
P1
P2
P3
P4
F1
F2
F3
P.S.I
P.S.I
P.S.I
P.S.I
LPH
LPH
LPH
400
300
450
350
500
400
550
450
600
500
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Results:
F2
F3
LPH
LPH
400
300
450
350
500
400
550
450
600
500
C.O.P (Theoretical)
C.O.P (Actual)
Experiment 11
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
no.
P1
P2
P3
P4
P.S.I
P.S.I
P.S.I
P.S.I
Energy meter
No. of blinks
per minute
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Results:
C.O.P (Theoretical)
C.O.P (Actual)
Experiment 12
Observation Table:
Temp. of
Temp. of
Temp.
Temp. of
Temp.
Temp. of
evaporator
water inlet
water out
absorber
generator
condenser
Te (C)
Tci (C)
Tco (C)
Ta (C)
Tg (C)
Tc (C)
Volume
Time
V (lph)
t (sec)
Power output
Pin (W)
Results:
COPactual
COPideal
Gas consumption
Gin (kg/hr)
Experiment 13
Open 100%
Open 100%
Closed 100%
Observation Table:
Ob
No.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
P1
P2
P3
P4
P.S.
P.S.
P.S.
P.S.
Load
Ref.
kw
Flow
1
2
3
4
5
Observation No.
1
2
3
4
5
Remarks:
C.O.P (Theoretical)
Objective:
To determine the coefficient of performance (COP) of air conditioning system in
air re-circulation type ducting.
Air Damper Position:
Air inlet damper
Closed 100%
Closed 100%
Open 100%
Observation Table:
Ob
No.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
P1
P2
P3
P4
P.S.
P.S.
P.S.
P.S.
Load
Ref.
kw
Flow
1
2
3
4
5
Observation No.
1
2
3
4
5
Remarks:
C.O.P (Theoretical)
Closed 100%
Closed 100%
Open 100%
Observation Table:
Observation
Time
No.
hh : mm
T6
T7
1
2
3
4
5
Remarks:
Relative
Humidity
Closed 100%
Closed 100%
Open 100%
Observation Table:
Observation
Time
No.
hh : mm
T6
O
1
2
3
4
5
Remarks:
T7
O
Relative
Humidity
Objective:
To study the summer air conditioning
Air Damper Position:
Air inlet damper
Open partially
Open partially
Closed partially
Observation Table:
Observation
No.
Time
hh : mm
1
2
3
4
5
Remarks:
T6
O
T7
O
Experiment 14
= 41 mm
= 10.7 mm
= 1500 mm
Observation Table:
1. Cold water flow rate ( m C ):_______LPH
Hot water flow rate ( m h ):_______LPH
SR
NO.
T1
T2
T3
T4
46
49
52
55
LMTD
Effectiveness
Tlm
SR
NO.
T1
T2
T3
T4
46
49
52
55
LMTD
Effectiveness
Tlm
T1
T2
T3
T4
46
49
52
55
LMTD
Effectiveness
Tlm
Results:
Remarks:
Experiment 15
= 150 mm
= 9.6 mm
= 12 mm
= 1500 mm
= 55
SR
NO.
T1
T2
T3
T4
46
49
52
55
LMTD
Effectiveness
Tlm
Average convection
coefficient
ho
2.
SR
NO.
T1
T2
T3
T4
46
49
52
55
3.
LMTD
Effectiveness
Tlm
Average convection
coefficient
ho
SR
NO.
T1
T2
T3
T4
46
49
52
55
LMTD
Effectiveness
Tlm
Results:
Remarks:
Tear off sheet: 2
Average convection
coefficient
ho