Text 1: Transport

The world of business needs a transport system if it is to function

effectively. Raw materials have be brought to the factories for processing. Very
often, those materials need to be imported from other countries. There are so
many different materials called for that few countries are able to cater for the
needs of their countries. Some countries are rich in one commodity; others are
rich in other commodities. The resources of all the countries in the world can be
made available to all, so long as there are the necessary means of transport.
Transport by sea is bound to be comparatively slow, but it is also
comparatively cheap. It can take about six days for a cargo ship to cross the
Atlantic Ocean. One of the problems associated with carriage by sea is that the
cargos can only be landed at ports, so train or lorries may be required as support
transport.
The great advantage of sea transport is that tens or even hundreds of
thousands of tons can be carried at on time. Bulk oil tankers can deliver three or
four hundred thousand tons in a single journey. There are considerable economies
of scale in this, for the amount of the fuel required by the vessel and the size of
the crew does not increase in proportion to the capacity of the ship. One of the
original defects of long sea voyage was that cargoes would be harmed. For
example meat carcasses would deteriorate, especially when ships have to cross
the topic. Modern refrigeration has changed that. It allows meat to arrive at
distant ports in prime condition.
Containerization has also helped in that is reduces the damage likely to be
caused in the process of loading and unloading.

Text 2: Transport, always transport

Things appears as if without transportation human business beings life
wont have any sense. Displacement takes a social appearance, when a kid
doesnt walk, people jeer at him. Transport therefore became the nerve or the
reason of human beings business. Till now, it plays an essential role in the
development of our society.
Transport is met in several aspects of human business and ensures in
certain way its success. In commerce notably, it appears to be the condition for
any commercial business to be efficient and competitive within the mechanism of
the commerce practice, stuffs need to be conveyed as far as the distribution
channel is concerned. Its a habit with the wholesaler to purchase commodities in
large quantities in order to serve eventual retailers. Their budget is not efficient
for wholesaling. The career of wholesaler is like a commercial concern which
needs commercial, human and material resources (mottos, employees,
machinery). He always uses lorries, plans, boats or vans or satisfy his
customers even the one who is in the confines of boundary. Therefore, running a
business without transportation is a mistake.
Unfortunately, the more transport is solicited in the running of business,
the more it constitutes a danger for population. But, its needed. People complain
about it but cant do anything without it: always transport. Agree or not.
Adapted from Man and Transport
PP231-232

Text 3: Urban transport

One of the least recognized but most important demographic
developments to occur in Africa over the next ten years will be the rapid growth
in the number of large cities. This trend will have a great impact upon the
transport sector by placing significant demands upon member states to respond
with urban transport improvements which are coordinated with other action to
improve urban management and designed to meet the corresponding growth and
concentration of travel demand. While urban population is to increase rapidly, the
growth in the size of the motor vehicle fleet in Africa is not expected to keep
pace. Since many new residents of Africas larger cities will be low-income
immigrants searching for employment and residing on the fringes of urban areas,
they will not have access to private cars and will seek public transport or walk to
their destinations.
Many member countries have underdeveloped urban public transport
services which often are inadequate to meet current travel demands, much less
the forecast growth in passenger transport traffic associated with the
urbanization described above. These services are provided by small private bus
operators, a few large bus companies and a number of large publicly-owned bus
systems. While the small private operators have generally remained financially
viable, the public sector operations have required increasingly large government
subsidies in order to remain in service. This has been brought about by such
factors as a shortage of skilled public sector transport managers, government
interference in the management of these services and inappropriate regulatory
environments, which restrict entry to the public transport market and inhibit
necessary fare increases.
Adapted from The transport sector, in ADB
Documents.

Text 4: Exporting
When a company exports goods abroad there are many problems it must
consider, e, f, packaging, transportation, insurance and payment. First the goods
must be packed carefully in containers to protect them from damage. The
containers must be labelled clearly to show where they are going. The label may
also show what the containers contain.
Goods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an
airline. If the goods are shipped, then transportation must be arranged from the
factory to the docks (or quay). This can either be by road in trucks (or lorries) or
by rail. The shipment must be insured against loss or damage in transit (while it
is being transported). Sometimes the exporter takes on insurance and sometimes
the importer insures the depending on the terms of their agreement.
For instance, goods are either sent C.I.F (Cost, Insurance and Freight) when
the loco price includes all the transport cost and insurance to the port of port of
destination, or F.O.B (Free On Board); when the loco price includes only the cost
of getting the goods on board the ship; the freight and the insurance costs are
paid by the importer. Freight and insurance are also paid by the importer when
goods are sent F.A.S (Free Along Side Ship), but the loading charges are not
included.
If an importer wants his goods sent free of charge the price includes the
customs duty plus the cost of conveying the goods to his warehouse. If the goods
are damaged in transit the company is covered by the insurance.