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History
1.1
Woodblock printing
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East
Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of 1.1.2 In the Middle East
printing on textiles and later on paper. As a method of
printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from Block printing, called tarish in Arabic developed in
China date to before 220 A.D.
Arabic Egypt during the ninth-tenth centuries, mostly for
prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest
that these print blocks made from non-wood materials,
1.1.1 In East Asia
possibly tin, lead, or clay. The techniques employed are
uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little
Main article: History of printing in East Asia
inuence outside of the Muslim world. Though Europe
adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, iniThe earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are tially for fabric, the technique of metal block printing refrom China. They are of silk printed with owers in three mained unknown in Europe. Block printing later went out
colours from the Han Dynasty (before 220 A.D.). They of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing
1
HISTORY
1.1.3
In Europe
Block printing rst came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images
printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite
large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very
quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing
cards printed on paper. These prints produced in very
large numbers from about 1425 onward.
Around the mid-fteenth-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved
in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to
manuscripts and books printed with movable type. These
were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of
the day, repeated in many dierent block-book versions:
the Ars moriendi and the Biblia pauperum were the most
common. There is still some controversy among scholars
as to whether their introduction preceded or, the majority
view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the
range of estimated dates being between about 1440 and
1460.[9]
1.3
matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed 1.3 The printing press
for much more exible processes than hand copying or
Main article: Printing press
block printing.
Around 1040, the rst known movable type system was
created in China by Pi Sheng out of porcelain.[2] Sheng
used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen
by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood.
He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more ecient.
Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock
printing (xylography), which proved to be cheaper and
more ecient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of
characters.[10]
Copper movable type printing originated in China at the
beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale
printing of paper money issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the Goryeo
Dynasty.
Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable
printing using bronze. The Jikji, published in 1377, is
the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was
used, adapted from the method of casting coins. The
character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed
into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into
the mould, and nally the type was polished.[11] The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the
French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as extremely similar
to Gutenbergs.[12] East metal movable type was spread
to Europe between the late 14th century and the early
15th century.[13][14][15][16][17]
Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced what is regarded as the rst modern movable type system in Europe
(see printing press), along with innovations in casting the
type based on a matrix and hand mould; adaptations to the
screw-press; the use of a linseed-oil base for ink; and the
creation of a softer and more absorbent paper.[18] Gutenberg was the rst to create his type pieces from an alloy of
lead, tin,antimony,Copper and Bismuth the same components still used today.[19]
uses until the second half of the 20th century, when oset
printing was developed. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form.
3.2
Religious impact
Laser printing (toner printing) mainly used in ofces and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters
or coupons.
the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will
not be governed by way of oppression.[22] Both churchmen and governments were concerned that print allowed
readers, eventually including those from all classes of society, to study religious texts and politically sensitive is Pad printing, popular for its unusual ability to print sues by themselves, instead of having their thinking meon complex three-dimensional surfaces
diated by the religious and political authorities.
Relief print, mainly used for catalogues
Screen-printing for a variety of applications ranging
from T-shirts to oor tiles, and on uneven surfaces
Intaglio, used mainly for high value documents such
as currencies.
Thermal printing, popular in the 1990s for fax printing. Used today for printing labels such as airline
baggage tags and individual price labels in supermarket deli counters.
3
3.1
Replica of the Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum in Carson, California
3.2
Religious impact
Jews were banned from German printing guilds; as a reSamuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britain and enthusias- sult Hebrew printing sprang up in Italy, beginning in 1470
tic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari,
5 DIGITAL PRINTING
3.3
Social impact
Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on Bookprinting in the 15th century
the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the
changes arising within verbal traditions. Print, according
4. Extensive Reading: print allowed for a wide range
to Acton in his lecture On the Study of History (1895),
of texts to become available, thus, previous methgave assurance that the work of the Renaissance would
ods of intensive reading of texts from start to nish,
last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that
began to change and with texts being readily availsuch an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had deable, people began reading on particular topics or
pressed the Middle Ages would never recur, that not an
chapters, allowing for much more extensive reading
idea would be lost.[22]
on a wider range of topics
Print was instrumental in changing the nature of reading
5. Private reading: became linked to the rise of indiwithin society.
vidualism because before print, reading was often a
Elizabeth Eisenstein identies two long-term eects of
group event, where one person would read to a group
the invention of printing. She claims that print created a
of people and with print, literacy rose as did availsustained and uniform reference for knowledge as well as
ability of texts, thus reading became a solitary purallowing for comparison between incompatible views.[27]
suit
Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identify ve kinds of reading
that developed in relation to the introduction of print:
The invention of printing also changed the occupational
structure of European cities. Printers emerged as a new
group
of artisans for whom literacy was essential, al1. Critical reading: due to the fact that texts nally bethough
the much more labour-intensive occupation of the
came accessible to the general population, critical
scribe
naturally
declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new
reading emerged because people were given the opoccupation,
while
a rise in the amount of booksellers and
tion to form their own opinions on texts
librarians naturally followed the explosion in the numbers
2. Dangerous Reading: reading was seen as a danger- of books.
ous pursuit because it was considered rebellious and
unsociable especially in the case of women, because
reading could stir up dangerous emotions such as
love and that if women could read, they could read
love notes
7
world.[31]
turn them into print-ready plates, they cannot insert variPrinting at home, an oce, or an engineering environ- able data.
ment is subdivided into:
Small press and fanzines generally use digital printing.
Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying the use
small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and
mimeograph was common.
in business oces and libraries
wide format (up to 3' or 914mm wide rolls of paper),
as used in drafting and design establishments.
6 3D printing
8 Printed electronics
Printed electronics is the manufacturing of electronic devices using standard printing processes. Printed electronics technology can be produced on cheap materials
such as paper or exible lm, which makes it an extremely cost-eective method of production. Since early
2010, the printable electronics industry has been gaining momentum and several large companies, including
Bemis Company and Illinois Tool Works have made investments in printed electronics and industry associations
including OE-A and FlexTech Alliance are contributing heavily to the advancement of the printed electronics
industry.[32][33]
9 PRINTING TERMINOLOGIES
Airshaft
Anilox
Halftone
Ben-Day dots
Bleed (printing)
Broadsheet
California Job Case
Camera-ready
Hand mould
Hellbox
Hexachrome
Hot stamping
Card stock
Imposition
Catchword
Inkometer
Iris printer
Iron-on
Colophon (publishing)
Color bleeding (printing)
Composing stick
Computer to lm
Computer to plate
Continuous tone
Mezzotint
Contone (printing)
Nanotransfer printing
Die (philately)
Non-photo blue
Dot gain
Overprinting
Pagination
Paste up
Pre-ight (printing)
Prepress
Duotone
Prepress proong
Duplex printing
Edition (printmaking)
Registration black
Error diusion
Rich black
Flong
Foil stamping
Folio (printing)
For position only
Frisket
Set-o (printing)
Spot color
Stochastic screening
Transfer-print
Galley proof
Trap (printing)
10
See also
Color printing
Cloud printing
Converters (industry)
11 References
[1] Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed), Caves of the
Thousand Buddhas, 1990, British Museum publications,
ISBN 0-7141-1447-2
[2] Great Chinese Inventions. Minnesota-china.com. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
Electrotyping
Flexography
[4] Oneline Gallery: Sacred Texts. British Library. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
Foil imaging
Foil stamping
Hot metal typesetting
In-mould decoration
In-mould labelling
Intaglio (printmaking)
Letterpress printing
Movable type
Oset printing
Pad printing
Print on demand
Printmaking
Printed T-shirt
Security printing
Typography
Wang Zhen
Waterless printing
Laurens Janszoon Coster
Printing press check
Jikji
Printed electronics
10
12 FURTHER READING
12 Further reading
Saunders, Gill; Miles, Rosie (May 1, 2006). Prints
Now: Directions and Denitions. Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN 1-85177-480-7.
Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). Dictionary of Terms
Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries.
Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p.
Nesbitt, Alexander (1957). The History and Technique of Lettering. Dover Books.
Steinberg, S.H. (1996). Five Hundred Years of
Printing. London and Newcastle: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press.
[22] Ref: Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity,
Cambridge, pp.1523, 6173.
Gaskell, Philip (1995). A New Introduction to Bibliography. Winchester and Newcastle: St Pauls Bibliographies and Oak Knoll Press.
[23] or soon after; Naim A. Gleryz, Bizanstan 20. Yzyla Trk Yahudileri, Gzlem Gazetecilik Basn ve Yayn A..,
stanbul, January 2012, p.90 ISBN 978-9944-994-54-5
11
13
External links
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan
Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
Centre for the History of the Book
Children of the Code Online Video: The DNA of
Science, The Alphabet and Printing
Planet Typography history of printing selection of international sites dedicated to the history of
printing
Printing Industries of the Americas national trade
association for printers and companies in the graphic
arts
Printwiki
The development of book and printing. English
website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)
BPSnet British Printing Society
Taiwan Culture Portal: Ri Xing Type Foundry- preserving the true character of Chinese type
A collection of printing materials from the 19th
Century Documents printed by R. Mathison Jr.,
The Job Printer, in Vancouver, B.C. - UBC Library
Digital Collections
International Printing Museum, Carson, CA, Web
site
Museum of Printing, Andover, MA, Web site
12
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