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y R.C.Hibbeler,2006,StructuralAnalysis,SixthEdition,
PrenticeHall.
ll
REFERENCES:
y K.Leet,C.M.Uang,2002,FundamentalsofStructural
K L t C M U
F d
t l fSt t l
Analysis,McGrawHill.
y West,H.H.,1993,"FundamentalsofStructuralAnalysis",
2nded,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
y Timoshenko,S.P.,andYoung,D.H.,19xx,"Theoryof
Structures ,McGrawHill,
Structures",McGrawHill,
COURSEEVALUATION:
COURSE EVALUATION:
y Thelectureswillbegivenattimesannouncedby
thedepartment.Therewillbeadditionalproblem
solvingtutorialstaughtbytheteachingassistants
solvingtutorialstaughtbytheteachingassistants.
Therewillbe one midterm testsandafinal
examination.Thesewillbesupplementedby
i i Th illb
l
db
severalhomeworkassignments.Tentatively,the
gradingwillbebasedon25%formidterm,60%for
thefinalexamand15%forthehomework
5
assignments.
COURSEEVALUATION:
COURSE EVALUATION:
y Therewillbe6homeworks duringthesemester.
HomeworkgradeswillbegivenonanACCEPTABLE
andUNACCEPTABLE basis.Bestfivegradesoutofsix
basis Bestfivegradesoutofsix
willbeincludedinthefinalgrade;thereforetherewill
benolatesubmission
benolatesubmission.
y Donotcollaborateinsolvingassignments.
Oth
Otherwiseyoumayseeyoursubmissionreturnedwith
i
b i i t
d ith
UNACCEPTABLE gradeassignedtoit.
INTRODUCTION
y Thiscourseisintendedtodeveloptheabilityto
calculatedeformationandanalyzesupport
l l d f
d
l
reactionsandinternalforcesforindeterminate
structures(limitedtostructureswithbar
elements)usingclassicalmethods.
y Onemayaskwhy,inthisageofhighpowered
computerprograms,acourse
t
onclassicalmethods
l i l th d
isneeded.Thesoftwaredoesallofthe workforus,
soisn'titsufficienttoreadtheusersguidetothe
softwareorto haveacursoryunderstandingof
y
g
structuralanalysis?
INTRODUCTION
y Whilethereisnoquestionthatcomputer
programsareinvaluabletoolsthat
l bl
l h helpussolve
h l
l
complicated
p
problemsmoreefficiently,itisalso
p
y
truethatthesoftware isonlyasgoodastheusers
levelofexperienceandhis/herknowledgeof the
software.Asmallerrorintheinputora
misunderstandingofthelimitations ofthe
softwarecanresultincompletelymeaningless
output,whichcan
t t hi h
l dt
leadtoanunsafedesignwith
f d i ith
potentiallyunacceptableconsequences.
INTRODUCTION
y Havingasolidfoundationinthefundamentalsof
analysisenablesengineers tounderstandthebehavior
ofstructuresandtorecognizewhen outputfroma
g
computerprogramdoesnotmakesense.
y Whicheveranalysismethodisadoptedduringdesign,
itmustalwaysbecontrolledby thedesigner,i.e.nota
computer!Thiscanonlybethecaseifadesignerhasa
highly developedknowledgeandunderstandingofthe
conceptsandprinciplesinvolvedin structural
behavior.
behavior
Importance of Beam
Deflections
A designer should be able to determine deflections, i.e
In
I bbuilding
ildi codes
d ymax Lbeam/300.
/300
Analyzing statically indeterminate beams involve the use of
Derivation
of
Beams Elastic Curve Differential Equation
The line length AB is the same for all locations before bending. However, the
length A'B' becomes shorter above the neutral axis (for positive moment) and
longer below
below. The line AB and A
A'B'
B can be described using the radius of curvature,
curvature
, and the differential angle, d.
BENDING DEFORMATION
OF A STRAIGHT MEMBER
Fig.620
Assumptions:
A) Plane section remains plane
B) Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
C) Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
D) In-plane distortion of section is negligible
Fig.621
POISSONSRATIOEFFECTS
Ki
Kinematics
ti
Kinematics
AB = .d
A' B ' = ( y ).
) d
( yy)).d .d
=
.d
BeamBendingStress
The strain equation above can be converted to stress by using Hooke's law, = E,
giving,
= -Ey/
(1)
Ey/
There is still the issue of not knowingg the radius of curvature,, .
If one thinks about
it, the radius of curvature and the bending moment should be related.
This relationship can be determined by
summing the moment due to the normal stresses
on an arbitrary beam cross section and equating
it to the applied internal moment.
moment This is the
same as applying the moment equilibrium
equation about the neutral axis (NA).
NA
=0
M = y.( dF )
M = y. .dA
BeamSectionCut
For a positive moment, the top stresses will be in compression (negative stress) and the
bottom stresses will be in tension (positive stress) and thus the negative sign in the
equation. This equation can be changed by using equation (1),
M=
2
y
.dA
It is interesting to note that the integral is the area moment of inertia, I, or the second moment
of the area. Many handbooks list the moment of inertia of common shapes .
A review of moment of inertia is given below in the next sub-section. Using the area
g
moment of inertia gives
M=EI/
But the radius of curvature, , is still there. But equation (1),
= -Ey/ , can be used again to eliminate , giving,
E I /(-Ey/ ) = M
Simplifying and rearranging gives,
bending
My
=
I
Sk t hi Deflected
Sketching
D fl t d Shapes
Sh
off Beams
B
p
Thedeflectedshapeofabeammustbeconsistentwith
y Therestraintsimposedbythesupport
y Thecurvatureproducedbythemoment
Positivemomentbendsthebeam
P
iti
tb d th b
concaveupwardandnegative
momentbendsthebeamconcave
d
downward.
d
+
LocatingtheNeutralAxis
If the cross section is symmetrical about the horizontal axis, then the neutral axis is
halfway between the top and bottom. However, for non-symmetrical beam, such as
a "T"
T cross section,
section the neutral axis is not halfway between the top and bottom,
bottom and
needs to be determined before the bending stress equation can be used.
The neutral axis is located at the centroid (geometric center) of the cross section.
section
Recall from Statics, the centroid can be found using two methods. The first is by
integration,
y.dA
y=
dA
y .dA
y=
dA
i
If there is a hole, then that area is considered to be negative, and the same equation
used As an example,
example the diagram at the right would be
can still be used.
A1 y1 + A2 y2 A3 y3
y=
A1 + A2 A3
Area Moment of Inertia
Similar to the centroid, the area moment of inertia can be found by either integration or
by parts. The moment of inertia is also called the "second moment of the area" since that
g
equation,
q
,
describes the integration
I = y .dA
2
A more common method to find the moment of inertia is by parts. Like finding the centroid
( d to bbe ddone fi
(needs
first),
) the
h object
bj is
i split
li into
i
smaller
ll basic
b i shapes.
h
The
Th moment off inertia
i
i
about the centroid of each part can be found in a handbook. Then the individual moment of
inertia's are moved to the neutral axis using the parallel axis theorem. For a particular subshape, this gives
I NAi = I i + A y
2
i i
INA = INA-I
For the diagram at the rightt, the parts method gives,
BeamDeflection,y,andSlope,dy/dx
BeamDeflection y andSlope dy/dx
B
Beam
Deflection
D fl ti Differential
Diff
ti l E
Equation
ti
M
EI
This relationship was used to develop the bending stress equation but it can also be used to
derive the deflection equation.
Recall from calculus,
calculus the radius of curvature for any point of a function,
function y = f(x),
f(x) is
1 +
( )
dy
dx
d 2y
dx 2
3
2
Sign Convention
y
M>0
y ' ' ( x) > 0
The deflection is measured from the
original neutral axis to the neutral axis
of the deformed beam.
beam
The displacement y is defined as the
deflection of the beam
y
M<0
y" ( x) < 0
ds = d
1 d
= =
: Curvature (1)
ds
dy
dy
tan = , = arctan (2)
dx
dx
dyy
= tan
t : Slope
Sl
(3)
dx
3 2 5
tan = + +
+
3 15
if << 1, tan
dy
= tan : Slope
dx
(2)rpt.
d 2 y dx d (tan ) d
d
2
sec
=
=
dx 2 ds
d
ds
ds
d d 2 y dx
= 2
cos 2
(a)
ds dx ds
d 1
where,
= = : Curvature
ds
ds
dy
1
=
+
d
dx
d
dx
dx
1
= cos =
ds
1 + (dy / dx) 2
d d 2 y dx
cos 2
= 2
ds dx ds
(a)
curvature
d
d 2 y / dx 2
= =
=
ds
d
1 + (dy
d / dx
d )2
1
(b)
1/ 2
3/ 2
d
ds
curvature: thechangeinslopeperunitlength
ofdistancealongthecurve
(4)
(dy/dx)2 0
dy/dx<<1
d
d 2 y / dx 2
=
=
ds
1 + (dy / dx) 2
1
3/ 2
d2y
2
dx
1
(4) rpt.
d2y M
: Moment-Curvature Eq. (6)
=
2
EI
dx
dy
d2y
dM
, etc
y' , y' ' 2 , M
dx
dx
dx
M=
(7)
EI
(5)
(..)rpt.
EachBeamSectionRequires
its
OwnDeflectionEquation
Boundary conditions
C
yA = 0
yB = 0
yD = 0
D = 0
Continuity condition
Smooth condition
yC = yC +
C = C
P
A
yc
Boundary Conditions
Determining
D
t
i i the
th boundary
b
d
conditions
diti
is
i usually
ll
the most difficult part of solving the deflection
q
y
differential equation.
In pparticular,, boundary
conditions for multiple beam sections can be
confusing.
For multiple beam sections, many times the
boundary
y between the sections creates a
boundary. These type of conditions are also called
"Continuity Conditions". For example, a point
f
force
on a bbeam causes the
th deflections
d fl ti
to
t be
b split
lit
into two equations. However, the beam's
deflection and slope
p will be continuous at the load
location requiring y1 = y2 and y1 = y2. These
conditions are needed to solve for the additional
i t
integration
ti constants.
t t
The table at the right
g summarizes most common
boundary (and continuity) conditions for beam
deflection and slope.
BoundaryConditionsforBeamSections
y
x
Examples
p
x
P
PL
M = PL + Px
d2y
EI 2 = M
dx
d2y
EI 2 = PL + Px
@x=x
d
dx
dy
x2
Integrating once
EI
= PLx + P + c1
dx
2
2
(
dy
0)
= 0 EI (0 ) = PL(0 ) + P
+ c1 c1 = 0
@x=0
dx
2
2
3
PLx
x
Integrating twice
EIy =
+ P + c2
2
6 3
PL 2
(0) + P (0) + c2 c2 = 0
@ x = 0 y = 0 EI (0 ) =
2
6
PLx 2
x3
EIy =
+P
2
6
@ x = L : y = ymax
EIymax
max
PL3
=
3EI
PL L2
L3
PL3
PL3
=
+P =
ymax =
2
6
6
3EI
WL2
2
WL
L
@x=x
d2y
W
2
EI 2 = (L x )
d
dx
2
W
2
M = (L x )
2
d2y
EI 2 = M
dx
ddy W (L x )
EI
=
+ c1
dx 2
3
3
Integrating once
dy
W (L 0 )
WL3
= 0 EI (0 ) =
+ c1 c1 =
dx
2
3
6
3
@x=0
dy W
WL3
3
EI
= (L x )
6
dx 6
W (L x ) WL3
x + c2
EIy =
6
4
6
4
Integrating twice
@x=0
W
y = 0 EI (0) =
6
WL4
c2 =
24
3
4
W
WL
WL
4
EIyy = (L x )
x+
24
6
24
Max. occurs @ x = L
EIymax
W L4 WL4
WL4
WL4
=
+
=
ymax =
6
24
8
8 EI
max
WL4
=
8 EI
x
L
WL
2
WL
2
W
WL
x
M=
x Wx
W
2
2
d 2 y WL
x2
EI 2 =
x W
dx
2
2
dy WL x 2 W x 3
EI
=
+ c1
Integrating
dx
2 2 2 3
L
dy
@
=
=0
x
Since the beam is symmetric
y
2
d
dx
2
3
L
L
WL3
L
WL 2 W 2
@ x=
EI (0 ) =
+ c1 c1 =
24
2
2
2
2 3
dy WL 2 W 3 WL3
d
EI
=
x x
dx
4
6
24
Integrating
WL x 3 W x 4 WL3
x + c2
EIy =
4 3 6 4
24
WL (0 ) W (0 ) WL3
(0) + c2
@ x = 0 y = 0 EI (0 ) =
4 3
6 4
24
3
WL 3 W 4 WL3
EIy =
x
x
x
12
24
24
Max. occurs @ x = L /2
EIymax
5WL4
=
384
max
5WL4
=
384 EI
c2 = 0
P
x
P
2
L/2
L/2
P
2
L
P
f 0< x<
for
M= x
2
2
2
d y P
L
EI 2 = x
for 0 < x <
dx
2
2
dy P x 2
Integrating
EI
=
+ c1
dx 2 2
L
dy
x
@
=
=0
Since the beam is symmetric
y
2
d
dx
2
L
PL2
L
P 2
c1 =
@ x=
EI (0) =
+ c1
16
2
2 2
dy P 2 PL2
d
EI
= x
dx 4
16
P x 3 PL2
x + c2
EIy =
4 3 16
Integrating
P (0 ) PL2
(0) + c2
EI (0 ) =
4 3
16
3
@x=0 y=0
P 3 PL2
EIy = x
x
12
16
Max. occurs @ x = L /2
EIymax
PL 3
=
48
max
PL3
=
48EI
c2 = 0
BeamsElasticCurveDifferentialEquation
B
El ti C
Diff
ti lE
ti
2
d y M
=
2
dx
EI
But,
V=
dM
dx
q=
dV
dx
Example
A mechanical assembly system moves sensitive electronic
parts from one location to another using a small cantilever
beam. The beam has two sections as shown in the diagram.
The
Th electronic
l
i parts will
ill only
l be
b located
l
d on the
h extended
d d
section of the beam. The deflection of the beam tip is
critical in the assembly process.
What is known:
A solid steel beam supports electronic parts over half of the
beam.
beam
The parts have an average weight per area of 0.04 N/mm2.
The steel stiffness, E, is 200 GPa.
The two beam parts are rigidly connected
connected.
The beam is attached to the delivery mechanism and the
connection can be assumed to be fixed.
CantileverBeamUsedto
move ElectronicParts
Question :
What is the deflection of the beam tip?
Approach :
Modify the area load to a linear load.
Determine the moment of inertia and the moment equations for both beam sections.
Identify the boundary conditions.
Integrate the moment equations to find the deflection equations.
Beam Loading
To determine beam deflections is to integrate the moment equation. This requires that the
momentt equation
ti is
i known
k
b f
before
starting
t ti the
th integration.
i t
ti
Thi can be
This
b done
d
b cutting
by
tti eachh
beam section and developing a moment equation as a function of the beam location, x.
For the cantilever beam, there are two sections, the first one is from point A to B and the
second is from point B to C. Making a cut in the first sections and solving for the moment and
shear at the cut surface gives,
V1 = -0.48x N
M1 = -0.24x2 N-mm
The second cut in section 2 gives
V2 = -24.0
24 0 N
M2 = -24 (x - 25) N-mm
= -24x + 600 N-mm
BeamProperties
B
P
i
Themomentofinertiaforarectangularcross
sectiongives,
3mm
12mm
I1 =12(3)3/12=27.0mm4
I2 =16(5)3/12=166.7mm4
Thematerialstiffness,E,isgivenas
9 N/m
E=200GPa
G =20010
/ 2 (1m/1000
( /
mm))2
=200,000N/mm2
5mm
16mm
IntegratingMomentEquations
Thedeflectionofanybeamcanbefoundbyintegratingthebasicmomentdifferential
equation,
EIy =M
However,eachsectionmustbeintegratedseparately.IntegratingsectionABtwice
However
eachsectionmustbeintegratedseparately IntegratingsectionABtwice
gives,
'
BoundaryConditions
Therearefourconstantsofintegratingthat
needtobedefined.Thisrequiresfour
boundaryconditions.
Thefirsttwoconditionsareduetothefixed
jointattherightend.Thisrequiresboththe
deflections,v,andtheslope,v,tobezero.
Thesearelistedinthetableattherightas
conditions1)and2).
Anothertwoconditionscanbeidentifiedat
A
th t
diti
b id tifi d t
thejointbetweenbeamsections1and2.
Sincethebeamiscontinuous,thebeam
deflectionandslopeoneithersideofthe
jointmustbeequal.Thisgivesthethirdand
,
fourthcondition,aslistedinthetable.
FourBoundaryConditions
DeterminingConstants
Withthefourboundaryconditionsdefined,fourequationscan
nowbeconstructedwhichwillallowallfourconstantstobe
determined.
determined
Generally,boundaryconditionscanbeappliedsothatonlyone
constantispresentinagivenequation.However,sometimes
i
i i
i H
twoorthreeequationswillneedtobesolvedsimultaneously.
BoundaryCondition2) v2 =0atx=100mm
33.33106 y =12x2 +600x+C3
33.33106 (0)
(0)=12(100)
12(100)2 +600(100)+C3
C3 =60,000Nmm2
BoundaryCondition1) v2 =0atx=100mm
33.33106 y =4x3 +300x2 +C3x+C4
33.33106 (0)=4(100)3 +300(100)2
+60,000(100)+C
6
( ) C4
C4 =5.0106 Nmm3
FourBoundaryConditions
y1 =y
y2 atx=50mm
atx 50mm
BoundaryCondition4) y
0.08 x 3 + C1 12 x 2 + 600 x + C3
=
5.4 106
33.33 106
C1 = 19,720 N mm 2
FourBoundaryConditions
C2 = 1,145,000 N mm3
FinalDeflectionEquations
q
Thefinaldeflectionequationsforbothbeamsections
are
y1 =3.70410
=3 7041099x4 +0.003652x
+0 003652x 0.2120mm
0 2120mm
appliesfor0x50
77x3 +9.010
6
6x2 +0.0018x
y2 =1.210
8 0.15mm
appliesfor50x100
Themaximumdeflectionatthetip(x=0)is
yxx=00 =0.2120mm
FinalDeflectionCurve
Example
Beamscommonlyhavedistributedloadsover
onlysectionsofthetotalbeam,similartothe
beamshowninthediagram.Inthiscase,whatis
thedeflectionofthefarrightend(pointC)?
Assumethemodulusofelasticity,E,isequalto10
Assumethemodulusofelasticity
E isequalto10
GPa.
Solution
PartiallyLoadedBeam
There are two basic ways to solve this problem using integration. First, the moment in
both beam sections, AB and BC, can be determined, and then integrated using two
boundary conditions for each span.
span
Asecond,andeasiermethod,wouldbetofindtherotationangleatB,andthenjust
extrapolatethedeflectionfromBtoC Thisispossiblesincetherearenoloadsonthe
extrapolatethedeflectionfromBtoC.Thisispossiblesincetherearenoloadsonthe
beamsectionBCandthustherewillbenobending.ThesectionBCwillrotate,butit
remainastraightline.Ofcourse,therotationatBstillneedstobedeterminedby
i
integratingthemomentequation,butitisonlyoneequationinsteadoftwoequations
i h
i b i i l
i i
d f
neededinmethod1.
Duetosymmetry,eachofthetwosupportswillcarryhalf
theload,giving,
Ay =By =3(2)/2=3kN
Themomentequationforthefirstspan,AB,isfoundby
cuttingthespanatdistancexfromtheleft,and
summingmoments.Thisgives,
i
Thi i
M1 +3x(x/2) 3x=0
M1 =3x 1.5x2 kNm
q
p ,
Nowthatthemomentequationisknownforthespan,it
canbeintegratedoncetofindthebeamrotation,anda
secondtimeforbeamdeflection,
BeamSupportReactions
''
EIy1 = M 1
= 1.5 x 2 0.5 x 3 + C1
= 0.5 x3 0.125 x 4 + C1 x + C2
Thedeflection,y1,forthespanABisknowatx=0andx=2m.Using
thesetwoboundaryconditions,gives
y1(x=0) =0 =0.5(0)3 0.125(0)4 +C1 (0)+C2
==>C2 =0
==>C1 =1
Thi i th b
Thisgivethebeamrotationas
t ti
EIy'=(1.5x2 0.5x31)kNm2
Thebeammomentofinertia,I,is
I=83(4)/12=170.7cm4 =170.7e8m4
and
EI=(10e9N/m2)(170.7e8m4 )=17.07kN/m2
ThebeamrotationatB (x
(x=2)
2) is
y'(x=2)=(6 41)/EI
=(1kNm
(1kN m2)/(17.07knm
)/(17 07kn m2)
=0.05858radians
ThefinaldeflectionatCcanbedeterminedby notingthatthatbeamrotationatBis
alsotheslopeatB.Thefinaldeflectionisjusttheangle(orslope)timesthedistance,
C =d
=0.05858(2m)
=0.1172m
BeamDeflectionatPointC
-0,000366
IntegrationofLoad
g
Equation
In the previous sections, Integration of the Moment Equation, was shown how to
known This section will
determine the deflection if the moment equation is known.
extend the integration method so that with additional boundary conditions, the
deflection can be found without first finding the moment equation.
MomentShearLoadRelationships
Whenconstructingmoment sheardiagrams,itwas
Whenconstructingmomentsheardiagrams
itwas
noticedthatthereisarelationshipbetweenthemoment
andshear(andbetweentheshearandtheloading).That
relationshipcanbederivedbyapplyingthebasicequations
toatypicaldifferentialelementfromaloadedbeam
(shownattheright).First,summingtheforcesinthe
verticaldirectiongives
i ldi
i i
Fy =0
V ((V+dV)
) w(x)dx
( )
+0.5(dw)dx
5( )
=0
Bothdw anddx aresmall,andwhenmultipliedtogether
givesanextremelysmalltermwhichcanbeignored
givesanextremelysmalltermwhichcanbeignored.
Assuming(dw)(dx)=0,andsimplifyinggives,
dV
= w(x)
( )
dx
DifferentialElementfromBeam
Next,summingmomentsabouttherightside(canbeanywhere,butanedgeis
g
g
3
g
easier)andignoringthe3rdordertermsgives
Mright edge =0
M+(M+dM) Vdx +[w(x)dx][0.5dx]=0
Again,2ndordertermssuchasdx2,areassumedextremelysmallandcanbe
ignored.Thisgives
dM
=V
dx
N t it l"V"i
Note,capital
V isshearandnotdeflection
h d td fl ti
ExtendingtheDeflectionDifferentialEquation
Recall,thebasicdeflectiondifferentialequation(MomentCurvature
Equation) wasderivedas
d2y
EI 2 = EIy'' = M
dx
Thi b
bi d ithdM/d =Vtogive
Vt i
ThiscanbecombinedwithdM/dx
EIy ''' = V ( x)
sheardeflectionequation
ThisequationassumesEandIareconstantalongthe
g
y
lengthofthebeamsection.Theycanbecombined
withdV/dx =w(x)togive
loaddeflectionequation
load
deflectionequation
Thus,thedeflectioncanbedetermineddirectly
Th
th d fl ti b d t
i ddi tl
fromtheloadfunction,butitdoesrequirefour
integrationsandfourboundaryconditions.
Whereasusingthemomentcurvatureequation,
h
h
onlytwointegrationsandtwoboundary
q
conditionsareneeded,butthemomentequation
mustfirstbedetermined.
w,M,V,Slope,andyRelationships
andSignConventions
SolvingtheLoadDeflectionDifferentialEquation
ThedifferentialequationEIv
ThedifferentialequationEIv
=w(x)isnotusefulbyitselfbutneedstobe
appliedtoabeamwithspecificboundaryconditions.ItisassumedthatEIis
constantandw(x)isafunctionofthebeamlength.Note,thefunction,w(x),can
beequalto0.Infact,inmostsituationsitdoesequal0.
beequalto0 Infact inmostsituationsitdoesequal0
Integratingtheequationfourtimesgives,
EachBeamSectionRequires
its
OwnDeflectionEquation
BoundaryConditions
Determiningtheboundaryconditions(b.c)isusuallythemostdifficultpartofsolvingthe
g
y
( )
y
p
g
deflectiondifferentialequation,especiallywhenintegratingfourtimes.Inparticular,b.cfor
multiplebeamsectionscanbeconfusing.
yp
q
Thebasictypesofb.careshownbelow.Thoseconditionsthatrequiretwosectionsaresometimes
calledcontinuityconditionsinsteadofb.c.Forexample,apointforceonabeamcausesthe
deflectionstobesplitintotwoequations.However,thebeam'sdeflectionandslopewillbe
continuousattheloadlocationrequiringy1 =y2 andy1 =y2.Also,thesheardifferencewillequal
theappliedpointloadatthatlocation,andthemomentwillbeequalinbothbeamsectionsatthat
point,M1 =M2.Theseconditionsareneededtosolvefortheadditionalintegrationconstants.
TypicalBoundary
Conditions(y,,V,M)
forBeamSections
Using FourthOrder
LoadDeflection
Equation
CASESTUDYSOLUTION
Thedeflectionatthetipoftheequipmentcanbe
determinedbyintegratingthebasicdistributedload
equationfourtimes.Thereareactuallyfour
equations,oneforeachhalfsincetheloadandbeam
i
f hh lf i h l d db
structuredifferineachsection.Atotalofeight
boundaryconditionswillbeneededtosolvethefour
integrationconstantsforbothequations.
BeamLoading
Free BodyDiagram
FreeBodyDiagram
Tohelpdeterminebeamsectionsandboundary
conditions,afreebodydiagramshouldbe
constructed.Eachchangeinbeamgeometryand
d
h h
b
d
loadrequiresanewbeamsectionanddeflection
q
equation.Forthiscantileverbeam,therewillbe
twosections,onefrompointAtoBandasecond
sectionfrompointBtoC.
Theuniformdistributedloadontheleftpartofthe
beamis
w=(0.04N/mm2)(12mm)=0.48N/mm
Theactualvaluesofthereactionsdonotneedto
bedeterminedwhichisoneoftheadvantagesof
thismethod.
FreeBodyDiagram
y
g
BeamProperties
Th
t fi ti i th
ti f t
l
ti i
Themomentofinertiausingtheequationforarectangularcrosssectiongives,
I1 =12(3)3/12=27.0mm4
I2 =16(5)3/12=166.7mm4
Thematerialstiffness,E,isgivenas
/ 2 ((1m/1000mm)
/
)2
E=200GPa =200109 N/m
=200,000N/mm2
IntegratingtheLoad DeflectionEquations
IntegratingtheLoadDeflectionEquations
Thedeflectionofanybeamcanbefoundbyintegratingthebasicloaddeflection
differentialequation,
EIy =w(x)
( )
foreachbeamsection.
p
Section1(frompointAtoB)
Theloadfunctionw1(x)istheactualuniformdistributedloadof0.48N/mm
EIy1 =0.48N/mm
EIy1 =0.48x+C
0.48x+C1
=>V
>V1
EIy1 =0.24x2 +C1 x+C2
=>M1
EIy1 =0.08x3 +C1 x2/2+C2 x+C3
EIy1 =0.02x
= 0 02x4 +C1 x3/6+C2 x2/2+C3 x+C4
NotethatEIy istheshearandEIy isthemoment.Thiswillbeneededwhenapplying
theboundaryconditions.
Section2(frompointBtoC)
Section2issimilartosection1exceptthereisnouniformload.Thus,w2(x)is
just0
just0.
EIy2 =0N/mm
=>V2
EIy2 =C5
EIy
=>M
EI 2 =C
C5 x+C
C6
M2
EIy2 =C5 x2/2+C6 x+C7
EIy2 =C5 x3/6+C6 x2/2+C7 x+C8
BoundaryConditions
Thereareeightconstantsofintegratingthatneedtobe
defined.Thisrequireseightb.c,wherethefirsttwo
conditionsareduetothefixedjointattherightend.
diti
d t th fi dj i t tth i ht d
Thisrequiresboththedeflections,y,andtheslope,y,
tobezero.Thesearelistedinthetableattherightas
conditions1)and2);andthenexttwoconditionsaredue
tocontinuitybetweenbeamsections1and2.Sincethe
,
p
beamiscontinuous,thebeamdeflectionandslopeon
eithersideofthejointmustbeequal. Conditions5and
6arefromthefreeendwhichcannothaveanyshearor
moment Andfinally,similartoslopeanddeflection,
moment.
Andfinally similartoslopeanddeflection
theshearandmomentneedtobethesamebetween
beamsections1and2.Theshearisthethe samesince
thereisnopointloadatthejoint Likewise themoment
thereisnopointloadatthejoint.Likewise,themoment
isthesamesincethereisnoappliedpointmomentat
EightBoundaryConditions
thejoint.
DeterminingConstants
Withtheeightboundaryconditionsdefined,eightequationscannowbe
g
y
g
q
constructed.Generally,boundaryconditionscanbeappliedsothatonlyoneconstant
ispresentinagivenequation.However,sometimestwoorthreeequationswillneed
tobesolvedsimultaneously.
BoundaryCondition5) V1 =0atx=0mm
0=0.48(0)+C1
C1 =0
BoundaryCondition6) M1 =0atx=0mm
0=0.24(0)+C1 (0)+C2
C2 =0
BoundaryCondition7) V1 =V2 atx=50mm
0.48x+C1 =C5
0.48(50)+0=C5
C5 =24N
y
) M1 =M2 atx=50mm
5
BoundaryCondition8)
0.24x2 +C1x+C2 =C5x+C6
0.24(50)2 +0+0=24(50)+C6
600=1
600= 1,200+C
200+C6
C6 =600Nmm
BoundaryCondition2) y2 =0atx=100mm
33 33 106 y2 =24x
33.3310
24 2/2+600x+C
/2 600 C7
33.33106 (0)=12(100)2 +600(100)+C7
C7 =60,000Nmm2
BoundaryCondition1) v2 =0atx=100
mm
33.33106 y2 =C5x3/6+C6x2/2+C7x+C8
33.33106 (0)=4(100)3 +300(100)2
+60,000(100)+C8
C8 =5.0106 Nmm3
BoundaryCondition4) v1 =v2 atx=50mm
0.08 x 3 + 12 C1 x 2 + C2 x + C3 12 C5 x 2 + C6 x + C7
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106
0.08(50)3 + C3 12(50) 2 + 600(50) + 60,000
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106
C3 = 19,720 N mm 2
BoundaryCondition3) v1 =v2 atx=50mm
0.02 x 4 + 16 C1 x3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4 16 C5 x3 + 12 C6 x 2 + C7 x + C8
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106
0.02 (50) 4 + 0 + 0 + 19,720(50) + C4 12(50)3 + 300(50) 2 + 60,000(50) 5 106
=
6
5.4 10
33.33 106
C4 = 1,145,000 N mm3
FinalDeflectionEquations
Thefinaldeflectionequationsforbothbeam
sectionsare
y1 =3.704109x4 +0.003652x 0.2119mm
y2 =1.2107x3 +9.0106x2 +0.0018x 0.15mm
Themaximumdeflectionatthetip(x=0)is
yx=0 =0.2119mm
Thisisthesame(withinroundingerror)ofthe
previoussolution.(yxx=00 =0.2120mm)
FinalDeflectionCurve
Example
Abeamisconstructedwhereoneend
cannotdeflect(pinnedjoint),butcan
rotate,andtheotherendcannotrotate,but
candeflect..
candeflect
Determinethedeflectionequationby
integratingfromtheloadingfunction.
Solution
ShelfSupportsandLoading
Startingwiththeloadingfunction,the
deflectioncanbefoundbyintegratingitfour
ti
times.However,thiswillrequirefourunique
H
thi ill
i f i
boundaryconditions.Thosefourconditionsare
1.
2.
33.
4.
(x=L)=y'(x=L)=0
y(x=0)=0
M(x=0)=y''(x=0)=0
(
) y(
)
V(x=L)=y'''(x=L)=0
g
Theloadingisaconstantdistributedload,or
EIy''''=w
Integrationthisgivestheshearfunction,
V(x)=EIy'''=wx +C1
Equivalentbeamdeflections
usingsuperpositionprinciple
The4thboundaryconditioncanbeusedtodeterminetheintegrationconstant,C1,
V(x=L)=wL +C1 =0
C1 =wL
Integratingagaingivesthemomentequation,
M(x)
EIy wx2/2+xwL +C2
M(x)=EIy''=wx
The3rdboundaryconditionsgives,
0=w02/2+x0L+C2
C2 =0
0
Thus,thefinalmomentequationis
M(x)=wx2/2+xwL
N
Next,thisequationcanbeintegratedtogivetherotationequation,
hi
i b i
d i h
i
i
(x)=EIy'=wx3/6+wLx2/2+C3
Usingboundarycondition1gives,
0=wL3/6+wL3/2+C3
C3 =wL3/3
q
,
Thefinalrotationequationis,
(x)=EIy'=wx3/6+wLx2/2 wL3/3
Thedeflectionequationisjusttheintegraloftherotationequation,
EIy =wx4/24+wLx3/6 wL3x/3+C4
Applyingthelastunusedboundaryconditions,number2,gives,
0= 0+0 0+C4 ==>C4 =0
Th fi ld fl ti
Thefinaldeflectionequationis
ti i
y =w(x4/8 Lx3/2+xL3)/(3EI)