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I.
INTRODUCTION
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
violations.
The third major security function, corrective action analysis,
permits the operators to change the operation of the power
system if a contingency analysis program predicts a serious
problem in the event of the occurrence of a certain outage.
Thus this provides preventive and post-contingency control
.A simple example of corrective action is the shifting of
generation from one station to another. This may result in
change in power flows and causing a change in loading on
overloaded lines.
II.
POWER
SYSTEM
SECURITY LEVELS
STATIC
The former gives the security level of the system operating state.
The later determines the appropriate security constrained
scheduling required to optimally attaining the target security
level.
The static security level of a power system is characterized by the
presence or otherwise of emergency operating conditions (limit
violations) in its actual (pre-contingency) or potential (postcontingency) operating states. System security assessment is the
process by which any such violations are detected.
System assessment involves two functions:
A. System monitoring
B. Contingency analysis
System monitoring provides the operator of the power system
with pertinent up-to-date information on the current conditions of
the power system. In its simplest form, this just detects violations
in the actual system operating state. Contingency analysis is much
more demanding and normally performed in three distinct states
.i.e. contingency definition, selection and evaluation. Contingency
definition gives the list of contingencies to be processed whose
probability of occurrence is high. This list, which is usually
large, is in terms of network changes i.e. branch and/or under
injection outages.
The second major security function, security control, allows
operating personnel to change the power system operation in the
event that a contingency analysis program predicts a serious
problem, should a certain outage occur.
IV.
III.
SECURITY ANALYSIS
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761
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
approaches Contingency Selection.
A. Direct Methods: These involve screening and direct
ranking of contingency cases. They monitor the
appropriate post-contingent quantities (flows,
voltages).
The severity measure in often a
performance index.
B. Indirect Methods: These give the values of the
contingency case severity indices for ranking
.without calculating the monitored contingent
quantities directly.
Simulation of line outage is more complex than a generator
outage. Since line outage results in a change in system
configurations. Any piece of equipment in the system can fail
either due to internal causes or due to external causes such as
lightning strikes, objects hitting the transmission towers or
human errors in setting relays. As a consequence of above
disturbances, single failure lead to cascaded tripping and
overall blackout. Two major types of failure events
A. Transmission line outages.
B. Generation unit failures.
Transmission line failures causes changes in the line flows
and voltages on the transmission equipment remain connected
in the system therefore the analysis of transmission line
failures requires methods to predict these line flows and
voltages. So as to be sure they are within their limits.
Generation failure can also cause line flows and voltages to
change in the transmission system with the addition of
dynamic problems involving system.
The present case discussed above is demonstrated considering
the five bus system. Pre and post contingency data is given as
follows for comparison.
S No
1
2
3
4
5
Bus No.
1
Slack Bus
2
PV Bus
3
PQ Bus
4
PQ Bus
5
PQ Bus
Voltage
Magnitude
Power
generated /
load
1.06 0
---
1.0474 -2.8
40+j30
1.02422 5.0
1.02866 5.3
1.0179 -6.2
11
12
13
14
1
2
3
4
Bus No.
1
Slack
Bus
2
PV Bus
3
PQ Bus
4
PQ Bus
5
PQ Bus
Voltage
Magnitude
Power generated
/ load
1.06 0
1.0468 2.6
1.0107 5.9
1.0068 6.6
1.0114 6.4
--40+j30
45+j15
40+j5
60+j10
Line No.
1-2
1-3
2-1
2-3
2-4
2-5
3-1
3-2
3-4
4-2
4-3
4-5
5-2
5-4
Flow of power
(P + jQ)
81.8 j5.5
48.6+j5.2
-80.6+j2.5
37.5+j7.3
--63.1+j10.2
-46.7 j5.3
-36.7 j9.1
38.5 j0.6
---38.4 j1.1
-1.6 j1.1
-61.6 j8.9
-61.6 j8.9
40+j5
S No
Bus No.
Voltage
Magnitude
60+j10
-18.8+j3.2
6.3 j2.3
-53.7 j7.2
-6.3 j2.8
S No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4-3
4-5
5-2
5-4
Flow of power
(P + jQ)
88.9 j8.6
40.7+j1.2
-87.5+j6.2
24.7+j3.6
27.9+j3.0
54.8+j7.3
-39.5 j3.0
-24.3 j6.8
18.9 j5.2
-27.5 j5.9
2
3
4
5
1
Slack Bus
2
PQ Bus
3
PQ Bus
4
PQ Bus
5
PQ Bus
Power
generated
load
1.06 0
---
1.0245 -3.7
20+j10
1.0061 -5.7
45+j15
1.0043 -6.1
40+j5
0.9956 -7.1
60+j10
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Line No.
1-2
Flow of power
(P + jQ)
123.8+j21.7
762
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1-3
2-1
2-3
2-4
2-5
3-1
3-2
3-4
4-2
4-3
4-5
5-2
5-4
47.6+j7.3
-120.9 j19.7
21.8+j1.5
25.6+j1.4
-53.6+j6.8
-45.9 j7.6
-21.5-j4.8
22.4 j2.6
-25.2 j4.4
-22.3 j0.7
7.5-j1.3
-52.5 j6.5
-7.5 j3.5
V. CONCLUSION
The Contingency analysis is performed for the given 5 bus
system and it is noticed that in Case 1, when the line from bus
2 to bus 4 were to open, the flow on the line 2-3 has increased
to 37.5 MW and that most of the other line flows has also
changed. It may also be noted that bus voltage magnitudes
also get affected, particularly at bus 4; change is almost 2%
less. In case 2, due generator outage result in change in line
flows and bus voltages. All the generation lost from bus 2 is
picked up on the generator at bus 1. In case there have been
more there have been more than 2 generators in the system,
say at bus no 3 also. It was possible that the loss of generation
on bus 2is made up by an increase in generation at buses 1 and
3. The difference in line flows and bus voltages would show
how the lost generation is shared by the remaining units.
Again it is important to know which line or unit outages will
render line flows or voltages to cross the limits. To find the
effects of outages contingency analysis techniques are
employed.
REFERENCES
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