Test

Definition

Result

Normal Range

Interpretation/

Nursing

Significance

Responsibilitie
s

11/08/15

Above Normal.
The HbA1c

HbA1C
(Glycosycated
Hemoglobin)

6.7%

4.3-6.1%

level

The higher the

HbA1c, the

represents the

greater the risk

average of your

of developing

blood sugar

diabetes-

levels over the

related

past 2 to 3

complications.

Pre-Procedure:
Explain
procedure to the
client.
Post-Procedure:

months. It
allows you

Apply pressure

evaluate your

to the

overall diabetic

venipuncture

control and to

site

make changes
if necessary.
Test
11/05/15

Definition
& Hematology

Result
is Hemoglobin:

Normal Range

Interpretation/Sig

Nursing

nificance
Below
normal-

Responsibilities
1. Explain test

11/09/15

the

Hematology

medicine concer
ned

branch
with

of

90 g/L @
11/05/15

the

study, diagnosis, 109g/L

treatment,
prevention

indicates

anemia,

Hemoglobin:

hemorrhage, bone

120-160 g/L

marrow failure and

renal disease.

and 11/09/15
of

diseases related
to the blood.
RBC:

Below

Normal-

3.8x1012/L @

indicates

anemia,

11/05/15

RBC:

hemorrhage, bone

4.5-5.0 1012/L

marrow

4.1x1012/L @

failure,

renal disease.

11/09/15

Below
MCH:
24pg
11/05/15

28-33pg

loss over time, too

little

iron

in

the

body, or microcytic
26.6pg

2. Encourage to
avoid stress
if possible
because
altered
physiologic
status
influences
and changes
normal
hematologic
values.

Normal-

because of blood
@ MCH:

procedure.
Explain that
slight
discomfort
may be felt
when the
skin is
punctured.

anemia

3. Explain that
fasting is not
necessary.
However,
fatty meals
may alter
some test

11/09/15

results as a
result of
lipidemia.

MCV:
76.8fl

Below Normal- one

@ MCV:

11/05/15

82-98 fl

reason is because
of lead poisoning.
Long-lasting kidney

81.4fl

11/09/15

failure

can

also

cause

the

MCV

level to be too low.

A

long-term

decrease of iron in
the body can cause

4. Apply
manual
pressure and
dressings
over
puncture site
on removal
of dinner.
5. Monitor the
puncture site
for oozing or
hematoma
formation.

low MCV levels

MCHC:
31.1g/L
11/05/15
32.7g/L @

Below
@

Normal-

because of blood
MCHC:

loss over time, too

33-36g/L

little
body,

iron

in

the
or

6. Instruct to
resume
normal
activities and
diet.

11/09/15

hypochromic
anemia.

WBC:
9

g/L

Within
@

range.

11/05/15

normal
If

normal-

10.6 g/L @
11/09/15

above

seen

in

WBC:

response

to

4.8-10.8 g/L

infection,

stress,

inflammatory
disorders,

or

abnormal
production

as

in

leukemia. If below
normal- there is an
increased

risk

of

infection

Neutrophil:
70%
11/05/15

Within
@

range.
normal-

normal
If

below
an

increased
Neutrophil:

risk

of

infection

40-70%
Above
when
76%

11/09/15

normal-

there

is

sudden

infection

from

bacteria,

damage

or

inflammation

of

tissues.

Lymphocyte:

Within

19%

range.

11/05/15

normal
If

above

normal- are the flu

and

the

chickenpox.

Other

causes

include

tuberculosis,
mumps,

rubella,

Lymphocyte:

varicella, whooping

19-48%

cough, brucellosis,

and herpes simplex

Below

normal-

If

not enough bone

marrow is produced
16%

or the activity of the

11/09/15

bone

marrow

decreases

Monocyte:
7%

Within
@

11/05/15
6%
11/09/15

normal

range.

If

above

Monocyte:

normal-

when

3-9%

someone

has

infection,

because

an

more of these cells

are needed to fight
it. If below normalAny

illness

chemical
affects
marrow

or
that

the

bone

Eosinophil:
3%

Within
@

normal

range.

11/05/15

If

above

normal- in response
to allergies or when
Eosinophil:

exposed to certain

2-8%

types of bacteria or
parasites.

1%

11/09/15

Below normal- can

be

caused

intoxication
alcohol

by
from
or

excessive
production

of

cortisol.

Basophils:
1%
11/05/15

Within the normal

@

range.

If

above

normal- in response

to an infection from
1%

11/09/15

a virus and removal

Basophils:

of the spleen. If

0-0.5%

below

normal-

people who have

severe

allergies

and

also

pregnant

in

women

and people under

stress.

Hematocrit:

Below

0.29%

referred to as being

11/05/15

Hematocrit:

normal-

is

anemic.

0.37-0.45%
0.33%

11/09/15

Platelet

Within

count:

range.

normal
If

below

325x109/L @
11/05/15

normal-

indicates

Platelet count:

thrombocytopenia

150-400x109/L

and is high risk for

235 x109/L

bleeding
tendencies.
above

If
normal-

thrombocytosis.

Test

Definition

Result

Normal Value

Significance /

Nursing

Interpretation

Responsibilitie
s

11/06/15

Coagulation

Control: 13.4

11-13.5

Within normal

Coagulation

tests measure

seconds

seconds

range.

Test

your bloods

Test: 12.8

If above

ability to clot, as

seconds

normal-

well as how long

means it takes

it takes. Testing

blood longer

can help your

than usual to

doctor assess

clot. If below

your risk of

normal-

excessive

means blood

bleeding or

clots more

Pre-Procedure:
Explain
procedure to the
client.
Post-Procedure:
Apply pressure
to the

developing clots

quickly than

venipuncture

(thrombosis)

expected.

site

somewhere in
your blood
vessels.
Test

Definition

Result

Normal

Interpretation/

Nursing

Range

Significance

Responsibilities

11/06/15

Often, blood tests Sodium:

Blood

check electrolytes, 145.8

136-145

dehydration,

Chemistry

the minerals that mmol/L

mmol/L

vomiting

help

keep

Above

the

CHF,

body's fluid levels

normal- 1. Define
&

severe
diarrhea,
Cushing's

and

the test.
2. State the

disease, hepatic failure,

procedure.
high-sodium diet, and 4. Discuss

necessary to help

others.

procedure,

and other organs

Within normal range. If

work properly.

below normal- can be

Potassium:
for 3.64

measure levels of

mmol/L

3.5-5.1

caused by decreased

mmol/L

intake,
vomiting,

test

preparation,

the muscles, heart,

electrolytes

specific

purpose of the test.

3. Explain
the

in balance, and are

Tests

explain

protracted
renal

loss,

cirrhosis, renal failure

posttest care.

and

sodium, potassium,

and others. The most

chloride,

common cause of high

and

magnesium in the

potassium

is

kidney

body.

failure. Another possible

cause is heavy alcohol
or drug use.
2.12-2.52
mmol/L

Within

normal

range.

Calcium:

Low calcium levels in

2.34

the blood can occur in

mmol/L

kidney
there

failure
is

when

insufficient

Vitamin D available, or
in people who have
already had surgery to
remove
parathyroid

their
glands.

High calcium levels in

the

blood

can

be

caused by high levels of

PTH, or by too much

calcium getting into the

body

because

of

treatment with calcium

and vitamin D tablets.

Test

Definition

Result

Normal

Interpretation/ Significance

Nursing Responsibilities

Value
Clinical
Chemistry
11/05/15

1. Define and explain the

A serum
creatinine test
measures the
level of
creatinine in
your blood and

Creatinine:

53-115

Above normal- Any condition

163.2umol/L

umol/L

that impairs the function of

the kidneys.

test.
2. State the specific purpose
of the test.
3. Explain the procedure.
Discuss

test

procedure,

preparation,

and

posttest

care.
gives you an
estimate of how
well your
kidneys filter
(glomerular
filtration rate).
Test

Definition

Result

Normal
Value

Interpretation/
Significance
Above normal- happens

Clinical

A glucose test is

Chemistry

a type of blood

Glucose:

4.4-

when the body has too

11/06/15

test used to

7.0mmol/L

6.4mmol/L

little insulin or when the

determine the

body can't use insulin

amount of

properly

glucose in the

Responsibilities
Pre-Procedure:
Explain procedure to
the client.
Post-Procedure:

blood. It is
mainly used in

Apply pressure to the

screening for

venipuncture site

prediabetes or
diabetes
A cholesterol

Nursing

Cholestero

0-5.2

Above normal- often are

test can help

l:

determine your

5.30

risk of the

mmol/L

mmol/L

a significant risk factor for

heart disease.

buildup of
plaques in your
arteries that can
lead to narrowed
or blocked
arteries
throughout your
body
0-1.68
Triglycerides are

mmol/L

Within normal range.

a type of fat

Triglycerid

High levels

(lipid) found in

e:

of triglycerides may raise

your blood.

1.02mmol/

the risk of coronary artery

When you eat,

disease, especially in

your body

women. Low levels of

converts any

triglyceride can be

calories it

perfectly healthy and

doesn't need to

normal.

use right away

into
triglycerides.
The triglycerides
are stored in
your fat cells.
HDL

1.03-1.55

Within normal range. If

High Density

1.31mmol/

mmol/L

above normal- the lower

Lipoproteins

the risk of coronary artery

transport

disease. If below normal-

cholesterol from

includes a variety of

the tissues of

conditions, ranging from

the body to the

mild to severe, in which

liver, so the

concentrations of alpha

cholesterol can

lipoproteins or high-

be eliminated in

density lipoprotein (HDL)

the bile. HDL

are reduced. The etiology

cholesterol is

of HDL deficiencies

therefore

ranges from secondary

considered the

causes, such as smoking,

'good'

to specific genetic

cholesterol.

mutations, such as
Tangier disease and fisheye disease.

LDL:

0-3.4

Above normal- put you at

Low-Density

3.53

mmol/L

greater risk for a heart

Lipoprotein

mmol/L

attack from a

cholesterol is

sudden blood clot in

usually referred

an artery narrowed

to as bad

by atherosclerosis.

cholesterol
because it
deposits its
cholesterol on
the walls of
arteries. LDL is
also the type of
cholesterol that
becomes
oxidized and
damages the

lining of your
arteries, setting
the stage for
mineral and fat
deposits.
Test

Definition

Result

Normal

Significance/Interpretati

Nursing

Urinalysi

A urinalysis is a

Colour: dark

Colour:

on
Responsibilities
Urine gets its yellow color 1. Collect specimens

group of chemical

yellow

Pale

from

11/05/15

and microscopic

yellow -

urochrome.

tests. They detect the

yellow

normally varies from pale

byproducts of normal

yellow to deep amber,

collection

and

depending

the

apparatus

abnormal metabolism

concentration of the urine.

consisting

, cells, cellular

Darker urine is usually a

plastic bag with an

fragments,

sign

adhesive

and bacteria in urine.

drinking enough fluid.

pigment

that

called

That

on

you're

color

not

from

infants

young children into

may

disposable

of

backing

around the opening

that

urine

and

be

can

be

fastened

to

the

perineal

area

or

Clarity:

Clarity:

Cloudy

Cloudy

Clear

caused by either normal

around the penis to

or abnormal processes.

permit

voiding

Normal conditions giving

rise to turbid urine include
precipitation of crystals,
mucus,

or

discharge.

vaginal
Abnormal

causes of turbidity include

the

presence

of blood

cells, yeast, and bacteria.

directly to the bag.

2. Depending
on
hospital policy, the
collected urine can
be transferred to an
appropriate
specimen
container.
3. Cover
specimens

all
tightly,

label properly and

Specific

Specific

Within

normal

range.

Gravity:

Gravity:

Above normal- may be

1.010

1.005-

associated

1.030

dehydration,

diarrhea,
excessive

sweating,

urinary

tract/bladder infection and

Below

normal-

may be associated with

renal

failure,

pyelonephritis,
insipidus,

immediately

to the laboratory.
with 4. Observe standard

emesis,

others.

send

acute

diabetes
tubular

precautions

when

handling

urine

specimens.
5. If the specimen
cannot be delivered
to the laboratory or
tested

within

an

hour, it should be
refrigerated or have
an

appropriate

necrosis,

interstitial

nephritis, and excessive

fluid intake

Albumin:

Albumin: Trace simply means

that

Trace

Negative the amount of albumin is

quite low and just above
the upper limit of detection
ability.

Having trace

albumin in

your urine

means that your kidneys

are abnormally spilling a
tiny amount of protein into
the urine from the blood.

Sugar:

Sugar:

Sugar

can

be

found

Trace

Negative in urine when the kidneys

are damaged or diseased.

preservative
added.

pH: 6.0

pH:

Within normal range. A

4.6-8.0

high pH can be caused by

severe vomiting, a kidney
disease,

some

tract

urinary

infections,

and asthma. A low pH

may

be

caused

uncontrolled

by,

diabetes,

aspirin overdose, severe

diarrhea,

dehydration,

starvation, or drinking too

much alcohol.

WBC:

0-3/

High WBC is a sign of

11/HPF

HPF

infection

RBC: 3/HPF

RBC:
0-2/HPF

Above normal- maybe due

to:
urinary

-kidney and other

tract

problems,

such as infection, tumor,

or stones, kidney injury,
prostate

problems

or

bladder/kidney cancer.

Epithelial cells: Epithelia

3/HPF

l cells:

Presence

0-3/HPF

cells, the cells in the lining

of

epithelial

of the bladder or urethra,

may suggest inflammation
within

the bladder,

but

they also may originate

from the skin and could be
contamination.

Mucus

Mucus

Threads:

Threads: mucus threads is not an

0/HPF

0-3/HPF

Presence or absence of
issue because it is usually
found in the urine.

Bacteria:

Bacteria: Indicates infection.

125

030/HPF

Radiologic Findings
It is a result where you may know what you have after your physical examination using imaging techniques that
"reads" the images and produces a report of their findings and impression or diagnosis.
DATE

COMPONENTS

NORMAL
RESULT

11/05/15

Chest PA

Clear

ACTUAL
RESULT
Clear

RATIONALE

There was no apparent

problem or any
unusualities during the
imaging study.

Nursing Responsibilities

1. Nurses

may

need

to

reduce anxiety in some

patients,

particularly

in

those who are very young

or confused.
2. Simple, loose clothing is
important to gain access to
that part of the body under
examination.
IMP: Normal
Chest Findings

This

may

mean a loose fitting gown

for hospital patients
3. Some specialized

X-ray

investigations may require

nothing by mouth for a few

hours before the test, or a
particular

bowel

preparation.
radiography
will

appointment
these

the

department

issue

instructions
Nurses

Often,

specific
when

the

is

made.

should

ensure

instructions

are

carried out for all hospital

patients
4. Check to see if a female
patient is, or could be
pregnant. Exposure of the
unborn fetus to X-rays can
be damaging to the child
5. After the test, the patient
should be returned to their
normal activities if these
have been disturbed, i.e.
eating

and

drinking, as

quickly as possible

Possible Diagnostic Tests

Colonoscopy- Colonoscopy is the most accurate and versatile diagnostic test for Rectosigmoid Adenocrcinoma, since it
can localize and biopsy lesions throughout the large bowel, detect synchronous neoplasms, and remove polyps
Barium enema- Barium enema is widely available and may be used to investigate patients with symptoms suggesting of
rectosigmoid adenocarcinoma. However, the diagnostic yield of both double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) alone and
the combination of DCBE plus flexible sigmoidoscopy is less than that of colonoscopy or CT colonography for the
evaluation of lower tract symptom
CT colonography- CT colonography (also called virtual colonoscopy or CT colography) provides a computer-simulated
endoluminal perspective of the air-filled distended colon. The technique uses conventional spiral or helical CT scan or
magnetic resonance images acquired as an uninterrupted volume of data, and employs sophisticated postprocessing
software to generate images that allow the operator to fly-through and navigate a cleansed colon in any chosen direction.
CT colonography requires a mechanical bowel prep that is similar to that needed for barium enema, since stool can
simulate polyps.
Digital rectal examination (DRE)- may be used as an initial screening examination; however, tumors located more than
7 centimeters from the anal verge may be missed during this examination. Additional studies include barium enema,
usually with flexible sigmoidoscopy and/or colonoscopy used as a complementary procedure. The average finger can
reach approximately 8 cm above the dentate line; rectal tumors can be assessed for size, ulceration, and presence of any
pararectal lymph nodes, as well as fixation to surrounding structures (eg, sphincters, prostate, vagina, coccyx and
sacrum); sphincter function can be assessed

Rigid proctoscopy- This examination helps to identify the exact location of the tumor in relation to the sphincter
mechanism
Fecal immunochemical test may also be done using monoclonal antibodies to identify hemoglobin present in rectal
lesions, indicating bleeding. A complete blood count (CBC) is done to rule out anemia; the presence of hypochromic,
microcytic anemia suggests iron deficiency. Additional blood tests, including measurement of a molecule that is
associated with cancer cells (carcinoembryonic antigen, or CEA test), a cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 assay, and liver function
tests, may indicate possible metastasis of the rectal cancer to other organs. Stool DNA screening may be done to
evaluate genetic changes that may have led to cancer development.

CA125 Testing is a blood test that can be performed to help the physician to determine the risk of ovarian cancer.
However, an elevated CA125 is nonspecific and can be elevated in the face of many common benign findings, such as
pregnancy, uterine fibroids, menses, and endometriosis. It can also be elevated by non-ovarian malignancies such as
stomach cancer, colon cancer, and cancer of the liver.
In postmenopausal patients, however, the accuracy of predicting ovarian malignancy increases considerably. The higher
the level of CA125, the more it is likely that an ovarian mass is malignant. A note of caution, however: CA125 is elevated
above normal in only 50% of patients with Stage 1 ovarian cancer and may miss half of the patients with a localized
tumor. In other words, when the CA125 is elevated, it raises your concern; but if the CA125 is normal, it is not a guarantee
of normal findings.

MRI Some patients may benefit from further imagining studies. The elderly, the sick, or patients who simply refuse surgery
may benefit from an MRI. An MRI of the ovary is not diagnostic for cancer; however, it is very sensitive for benign ovarian
masses such as dermoids or uterine fibroids that can be confused with ovarian masses. Thus, MRIs should be reserved
for patients with indeterminate ultrasound findings who cannot have surgery because of the costs, the need for
intravenous dye, and claustrophobia of the machine.