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Mcanique des fluides
Rappels
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Jean-Martial Cohard
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Jean-martial.cohard@hmg.inpg.fr
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GENERALITE
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les gaz :
Molcules libres
(mouvement brownien)
les fluides :
tat intermdiaire
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T
S : domaine matriel de masse m
S : surface qui dlimite S
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F
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Force de pesanteur
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P=m.g
f=g
ez
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dep = -g dl = -g dz ez = g dz
Soit :
ep = g.z + cte
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P
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Rciproquement :
g = -grad ep = -grad(g.z)
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Vecteur contrainte
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en
Torseur des actions exerces sur A :
{dF; dM}
dF
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dM
dA
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Contrainte normale :
n = t . e n
Contrainte tangentielle :
t et = t - n en
dF
n.en
en
t.et
dA
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Dformation
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xy
Plastique
0
t
pen
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Fluide newtonien
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Fluide paississant
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dU/dy
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Variables : , P, T
Pour un gaz :
Loi des gaz parfaits :
p/ = R.T/M ; avec R = 8,32 J.K-1.kg 1
Ou quation de Van der Waals :
p.M/(.R.T) = 1+ .C(T) + 2.D(T) +
Lair est en gnral considr comme un gaz parfait
incompressible si U 100 m.s-1
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= cte
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Pour un liquide :
( - 0)/ 0 = - .(T-T0) + .(p - p0)
Avec est le coefficient de dilatation et , le coefficient de
compressibilit
- dp = d/ 0 0
Pour leau : = 1/5000 K-1; = 1/22400 bar 1 (5. 10-10 Pa-1)
Pourtant les ondes se propagent (coup de blier, chant des
baleines ) la vitesse c tel que :
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c2 = (p/ )T=cte
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Air
Coef.
De compressibilit
1,00E-05
Clrit du son
c (m/s)
330
eau
5E-10
1420
Nombre de Mach :
Ma = U/c
Fluide incompressible pour Ma << 1
Dans le cadre de ce cours on supposera leau et lair comme des
fluides incompressibles :
air = 1,3 kg/m3
eau = 103 kg/m3
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Notion de Pression
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Contrainte normale rsultant des chocs des molcules sur
les parois. Lintensit de cette contrainte est caractrise par
un scalaire : la pression
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Force de Pression
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en
dF = - p en dA
n = - p
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dM
dA
La pression sexprime en
N. m -2 = kg.s-2.m 1
dF
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F = A - p en dA
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Pa
bar
mm CE
mm Hg
atm
Pascal
1,00E+00
1,00E-05
1,02E-01
7,50E-03
9,87E-06
bar
1,00E+05
1,00E+00
1,02E+04
7,50E+02
9,87E-01
9,68E-05
mm C.E.
9,81E+00
9,81E-05
1,00E+00
7,35E-02
mmHg = torr
1,33E+02
1,33E-03
1,36E+01
1,00E+00
1,32E-03
Atmosphre
1,01E+05
1,01E+00
7,60E+02
1,00E+00
1,033.10
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Viscosit
Fluide rel
z
u(z)
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Fluide parfait
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z
u(z)
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de gaz parfait
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Viscosit
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Paroi mobile
z
Pour maintenir la vitesse u0, il faut
exercer sur la paroi mobile une force
F tel que
u0
h
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F = u0/h
Paroi fixe
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z
u + du
u
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t = u/y
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dF
dA
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dF
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Viscosit
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Ordre de grandeur
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Masse
Viscosit
Viscosit
volumique (kg/m3) dynamique (kg/(m.s)) dynamique (m2/s)
Air
1,29E+00
1,85E-05
1,43E-05
eau
1,00E+03
1,00E-03
1,00E-06
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(p+dp).dx.dy
p/z - .fz = 0
fz.dV
dz
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dy
z
dx
y
x
p.dx.dy
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Proprit du PFS
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Si il y a quilibre alors :
rot grad p - rot .f = 0 = rot f
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- grad ep = f
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grad p + .grad ep = 0
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p + .g.z = cte = pg
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loi de lhydrostatique
p + .g.z = cte = pg
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z
A
zA
p = - .g. z
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B
zB
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B s zB
zA
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F/S = f/s
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loi de lhydrostatique
p + .g.z = cte = pg
Patm
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P(z)
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Patm
g
Fluide au repos
U
Patm
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Force de pression
z
dF = - p en dA
avec p(zA) + .g.zA = patm +.g.zh
zh
zA
Patm
P(z)
z=0
F = A - p en dA = - p (zA) z A dA
= - p (zA) z A
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z
z=0
zA
Patm
P(z)
zB
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Pression effective
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z
Patm
A
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dF = - p en dA
avec p(z) + .g.z = patm ; vrai pour z <0
z=0
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dF due patm
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dF due peff
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Centre de pousse
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Mc = A CM ^ dF = 0
Mc = A CM ^ - p en dA = 0
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Mc = A -(-.g. z ).(z-zC).y.dA = 0
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z
peff(z) = - .g.z
z (z2- z.zC).dz = 0
[z3/3 zc.z2/2]AB = 0
zC = zA+2.(zB- zA)/3
z=0
zA
zC
zB
Patm
P(z)
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Notion de flux
La quantit B convecte pendant dt par
lcoulement travers la surface dA est
contenue dans un cylindre dV de base
dA et de hauteur :
u.dt.cos(u.en) = u.en dt
Soit
dV = u.en dt.dA
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dA
en
M
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Notion de flux
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Dbit masse : b = 1
dqm = . u.en.dA
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dA
en
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Vitesse particulaire
Ecoulement permanent non-uniforme :
acclration convective
ds = u.dt
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ds = u.dt
u+du
N
u+du
t+dt
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N
u+du
t+dt
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u+du
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du = u/t. dt + u/s. ds
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Conservation de la masse
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dqm(x)
= . u(x).dy.dz
dqm(x+dx) = . u(x+dx).dy.dz
Dans la direction x la variation de
masse pendant le temps dt est :
m/t
= (.dV)/t =dV. /t
= - (.u )/x.dx.dy.dz
= - (.u)/x .dV
.dV
u(x+dx)
dz
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u(x)
dy
z
dx
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Conservation de la masse
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Pour un coulement permanent :
/t = 0 = div (.u)
Pour un fluide incompressible :
= cte
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u2
A2
div u = 0
Cas dun tube de courant
A1 .u1.e1 dA = A2 .u2.e2 dA = cte
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e2
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u1
e1
x
A1
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Pas de viscosit
==0
Fluide parfait
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Fluide rel
u(z)
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u(z)
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Cest une bonne approximation tant que lon ne sintresse
pas ce qui se passe proximit dune paroi, dun sillage,
dune zone de mlange
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quation dEuler
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(p+dp).dx.dy
ux(t)
dz
fz.dV
dy
dx
p.dx.dy
du/dt = - grad pg
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et
u = u et
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du/dt = du/dt et +
= --1 grad pg
u2/R
en
trajectoire
s0
en
s
eb
et
u(s)
Il vient
u/t + u. u/s = --1 pg /s
quation tangentielle
u2/R = --1 pg /r
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pg
rivire
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R=
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pg /r = 0
pas de variation de pression
+++
-- arrachement , creusement
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quation normale
u(s)
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= u/t + u.grad u
pg
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patm
patm
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Relation de Bernoulli
u.grad u =
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Il vient alors :
.u/t + grad( u2/2 + p + .g.z) = 0
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Relation de Bernoulli
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M1
Ep
u12/2 + p1 + .g.z1 =
u22/2 + p2 + .g.z2
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Ec + Ep = Et = Cte
Conservation de lnergie totale
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Fluide parfait
Fluide incompressible
coulement permanent
coulement irrotationnel ou sur une ligne de courant
coulement dans le champs de pesanteur f = .g
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Plan de charge
U2/2.g
Ligne pizomtrique
p/.g
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H
z
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u(r)
D=2R
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4Ud
2Ud Ud
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umoy(r)
D=2R
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Ud
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..u2/2
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viscosit
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+ p + .g.z + pperte = Cte
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S2
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S1
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Convection
Thermique
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Nombre de REYNOLDS
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Re =
V D
v
D
[kg/m 3],
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laminaire
critique
turbulent
laminaire
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= FextD
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D .u.u.en.ds = FextD
D .u.u.en.ds est le flux de quantit de mouvement travers dD
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ud
Q = ud.S
e1
P1
e2
ud
P2
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e3
D .u.u.en.ds = FextD
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F = g(
0 = (F,
n=
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p=
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Cf = f(Re)
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Re =
F=
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Dfinition
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Patm
P
coulement en charge
La section de lcoulement
est celle de la conduite
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La section de passage
dpend du dbit
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exemples
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doc.Ph.Bois
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z
u(y)
y
u(z)
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Frottement
sur les
parois
u(y)
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Gomtrie
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Section mouille S :
Primtre mouill :
Contour mouill (sans la surface
libre) ; zone de frottement solide
Rayon hydraulique :
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Gomtrie
cas du canal rectangulaire
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y
S=
=
RH =
DH =
b
y
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Gomtrie
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u(z)
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Fr = U/(gh)
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V=0
C+ = + gh
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C- = - gh
X0
V =0
V <
gh
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V >
point dimpact
gh
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point dimpact
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Ecoulement uniforme : la section mouille reste constante le long
de lcoulement.
Ecoulement permanent : ./t = 0.
Exemple : pour un canal prismatique de grande longueur.
S(x) = Cte h = Cte
Ligne de ch
arge
u(z)
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air
g.sin
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paroi
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Formule de CHEZY
U = Cte F = 0
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U2 = 2.g/(Cf+Cf.b/).S/.i
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C=
Alors :
2g
Cf + C'f b
U = C RHi
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[C] = m1/2.T-1
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Formule de CHEZY
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U = C RHi
En gnral Cf.b/ << Cf
C=
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2g
Cf
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U = C RHi
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K = S.C.RH
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Alors : Q = K. i
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Coefficient de frottement
En gnral Re est grand rgime turbulent rugueux
Cf = Cte
y
u(y)
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Profil externe : U = y
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Profil logarythmique : U = a.lny + b
a 1/ 2,5; b 5
Sous couche visqueuse,
Profil linaire : U = y.paroi/
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Bazin, Manning,
Dans la littrature les formules empiriques abondent
Formule de Bazin
C=
87
1+
RH
C=
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1/6
RH
1/6
= K sRH
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l = 4m
Berge revtu de bton
Pente de fond : i = 0,3m/km
h = 1,6 m
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S=
RH =
Bazin : = 0,16
K=
Q=
45
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C=
___________________________________
U=
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Q m3/s
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40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
0,00
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___________________________________
1,00
h (m)
2,00
3,00
4,00
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U
P(y)
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Ligne de
charge
U2/2g
U
___________________________________
j
h(x)
Patm = 0
dh/dx = ?
=i
z(x)
En x la charge est dfinie par : H = p/g + z + U2/2g
= h(x) + z(x) + U2/2g
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Charge Spcifique
La cote du fond tant donne, il est plus simple dtudier la charge
compte partir du fond, cest ce quon appelle la charge spcifique Hs:
H = Hs + z
Hs = h(x) + U2/2g = h(x) + Q2/(2gS2)
Ep
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Charge Spcifique
___________________________________
Hs
L
h = hm
hm = S/L
dS = L.dh
___________________________________
___________________________________
Ec
Hs
dHs/dh = 0
= 1 + Q2/(gS3) dS/dh
___________________________________
hc = [Q2/(gL2)]1/3
___________________________________
Hs(hc) = 3.hc/2
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hc
h
___________________________________
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs = h(x) + Q2/(2gS2)
___________________________________
Q
Hs
Hs
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hc
___________________________________
Hc
h
hc
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs + zf = H0 = Cte
zf Hs
hn
___________________________________
Hs
hn
___________________________________
hc
C
hn
___________________________________
Hc
___________________________________
hc
h
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs = h(x) + Q2/(2gS2)
Q = S.[2.g.(Hs - h(x))]1/2
h
Rg
im
Hs
e flu
vial
___________________________________
hc = 3Hs/2
Hc
___________________________________
l
tie
ren
tor
e
gim
___________________________________
___________________________________
Qmax
___________________________________
Lign
e de
charg
U2/2g
U
___________________________________
ligne deau
e
___________________________________
H = z + p/g + U2/2g
___________________________________
y(x)
___________________________________
i
z(x)
___________________________________
-j = -i + dHs/dx
Or dHs/dx = dHs/dh . dh/dx
Pente de fond :
i = - dz/dx
Perte de charge :
j = - dH/dx
___________________________________
= (1 - Fr2).dh/dx
dh/dx = (i - j)/(1 - Fr2)
___________________________________
___________________________________
ligne deau
___________________________________
___________________________________
j = Q2/(S2.C2.RH) = Q2/(S2.Ks2.RH4/3)
S
___________________________________
___________________________________
h
L
S
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
on retrouve le cas de
lcoulement uniforme
i = Q2/(S2.Ks2.RH4/3)
___________________________________
ic = gS/(L.Ks2.RH4/3)
___________________________________
___________________________________
Ligne de ch
arge
U
h(x)
hc
i
___________________________________
Ligne de ch
arge
U
h(x)
hc
i
___________________________________
Lign
e de
charg
e
___________________________________
Cas torrentiel
ligne deau
Lign
e de
charg
___________________________________
j
U
hc
h(x)
h(x)
z(x)
Ligne de charge
j
U
___________________________________
i
z(x)
j
hc
___________________________________
hc
hc
h(x)
___________________________________
Ligne de charge
___________________________________
h(x)
z(x)
z(x)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
hc
-
1 - F2
dh/dx
hn > hc
hn
i-j
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
M1
M2
M3
hn
hc
=i
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Exemples
y
M1
hn
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
=i
___________________________________
y
M2
Q
M3
hn
hc
___________________________________
S2
hn
=i
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
i-j
hn
-
1 - F2
dh/dx
hn < hc
hc
+
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
y
S1
S2
S3
___________________________________
hc
hn
=i
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Exemples
y
___________________________________
hc
S3
hn
___________________________________
=i
___________________________________
y
S1
___________________________________
hc
hn
S2
=i
___________________________________
___________________________________
Le ressaut
___________________________________
Hs
Hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
h
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs
hc
M2
___________________________________
___________________________________
hn
S2
___________________________________
B
hn
Hc
h
___________________________________
___________________________________
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs
B hn
H
A hn
M3
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hc
h
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Equation du ressaut
___________________________________
hn
hn
___________________________________
hc
M3
S1
___________________________________
S2
___________________________________
Equation du ressaut
hn
___________________________________
hc
M3
___________________________________
___________________________________
hn
___________________________________
___________________________________
S1
S2
___________________________________
___________________________________
hc3
Q2/g.L2
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
hn
hn
M3
___________________________________
hc
S1
___________________________________
S2
___________________________________
M3
S1
___________________________________
hc
___________________________________
S2
___________________________________
)2
+ h1).(h1.h2)-2]
___________________________________
___________________________________
hn
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Localisation du ressaut
Le ressaut se fixe de telle sorte que h1 (amont) et h2 (aval) soient
conjugues, c.a.d. quils vrifient tous les deux lquation du ressaut.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Conjugue de la torrentielle
hn
___________________________________
hc
hn
M3
Conjugue de la fluviale
S1
S2
___________________________________
___________________________________
Le ressaut
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs
B
Q
Hs
hn
hc
Rg
im
Rgime
permanent
e flu
vial
hc = 3Hs/2
___________________________________
C
___________________________________
Hs
B
S2
hc
___________________________________
l
tie
en
orr
et
m
i
g
R
Hc
___________________________________
Qmax
___________________________________
hn
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs
hn M1
___________________________________
M2
hc
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hs
hc
___________________________________
Q
hn
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Q
Section contracte
___________________________________
Hs
B
En rgime fluvial
___________________________________
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Hc
En rgime torentiel
Section naturelle
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h
hc
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Hs
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Hc
Section naturelle
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h
hc
Au niveau du convergent :
(en C)
H convergent = K con
Au niveau du divergent :
(en D)
H divergent = K div
(Vcon Vam )
2g
(Vcon Vav )
2g
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K con 0
K div 1
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hc
B B
hn
C
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Hs
___________________________________
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Hc
Section naturelle
h
hc
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B
B
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hc
C
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hn
C
M3
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Hs
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D
Hc
Section naturelle
hc
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Le dbit dpend de lexcs
de hauteur par rapport au
niveau du seuil H
h= hc= 2/3 H
H
Q
Canal
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Bassin
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h= hc= 2/3 H
Q
= ghc
Bhc
H
Q
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2
hc = H
3
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En rgime noy :
(y
amont
y aval
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V2
2g
H
Q
Qnoy
1
=K
2 g B y amont y seuil
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En rgime dnoy :
(
h
(
= 0, 4 + 0, 05
amont
hseuil
hseuil
Ls = L 0, 2 hamont hseuil
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2,5
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En rgime noy :
)( y
amont
y aval
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B
Q
hc
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Hs
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A
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Hc
h
hc