Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2010
Nick Hershman
nhershman@riverdale.k12.or.us
1 “Manipulating Powers”
Key Vocab
Example: 43 = 4 · 4 · 4
Check in: Confident with these ideas? Zero Powers and Negative Exponents
Zero Exponents
a4
Example: = a0 . . . that’s just our Quotient of Powers Rule
a4
Evaluate the truth of the following assertions:
1. if a = 0 then a0 = 0
2. if a = 0 then a0 does not exist
→ Assertion: If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1. Note 00 does not compute/exist
Example: (−4.8)0 = 1
Negative Exponents
1 1
Example: 2−3 = 3
and −3 = 23 . “xy is the reciprocal of x−y
2 2
1 1 1
Example: 2−4 = = , likewise −2 = 52
24 16 5
4x5 y 8
5 8
x8
4 x y 1 5 3
1
Example: = = x x =
8x−3 y 9 8 x−3 y9 2 y 2y
−3
25x−3 y −10
Example: General strategy: Order of Operations. First simplify within grouping symbols,
75x−12 y −4
then apply exponents. Note, we will not simplify powers larger than about 1000 by hand, expressing these
terms as powers is perfectly fine.
x9
−3 −3
25x−3 y −10
= (1)
75x−12 y −4 3y 6
x−27
= (2)
3−3 y −18
33 y 18
= (3)
x27
2 Scientific Notation
Example: Mr. H is 6.8 × 101 inches tall. 6.8 × 101 = 6.8 × 10 = 68. So I’m 68 inches tall.
1
Example: An ant might be about 3.1 × 10−2 inches tall. 3.1 × 10−2 = 3.1 × 2 = 3.1 × .01 = .031. An
10
ant is .031 inches tall.
Answer:
6.8 × 101 6.8 101
= ·
3.1 × 10−2 3.1 10−2
≈ 2.19354 × 103
≈ 2, 193.54 times larger
Tip: Notice the relationship between the exponent (n) and the number of places the decimal point moves
= 9 × 109
3.5 × 10−4
Example:
1.75 × 10−12
3.5 × 10−4 3.5 10−4
=
1.75 × 10−12 1.75 10−12
= 2 × 108
Shortcuts
Notice:
Place Power of 10
ones 100
tens 101
hundreds 102
thousands 103
ten-thousands 104
hundred-thousands 105
... ...
Example: 3x2 + 4x2 y 3 + 4bc2 consists of three monomials with degrees, 2, 5, 3, the greatest degree of any
of these is 5, so we say this is a 5th degree polynomial.
The degree of a polynomial can effect it’s shape. Do you notice a pattern?
Example: (3 − 5) − (−2 + 4) = (3 − 5) + (2 − 4) . . .
× with Polynomials aka The Distributive Property is Your Friend, FOIL can be your acquaintance. . .
Example: (x + 2)(x + 3) = x2 + 5x + 6
Example: (x − 4)(x + 3) = x2 − x − 12
Example: (x2 + x + 3)(x + 2) can’t use FOIL, but follow a similar strategy . . .
Important Patterns
Square of a Sum:
Square of a Difference:
Example: (x − 4)2 = x2 − 8x + 16
Example: (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
Example: (x − 3)(x + 3) = x2 − 9