M.sc. Steel 03 Prof. Zahid Siddiqi

Steel Structures
M.Sc. Structural Engineering
SE-505
Lecture # 3
Design for Torsion
Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem
Steel Structures
Torque
Moment about longitudinal axis

Corresponding deformation produced is twist or
torsion.
T, Twisting Moment
Torque can be resisted in two different ways

1. Pure Torsion (St. Venant Torsion)
2. Warping Torsion
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion
In this case the various cross-sections along the length of the
member rotate relative to each other causing twist of the member.
Any particular cross section twists as a whole

Typical example is the torque applied on a circular rod.
Warping Torsion
The whole cross-sections do not rotate as a whole
Steel Structures
C
Under the Action of Torque

Plane section do not remain plane in
warping torsion
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section
(Pure Torsion)
1.
Plane section remains plane.
2.
Radial lines remain straight.
3.
Moment is applied along longitudinal axis.
4.
Material remains elastic.
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd)
= total rotation of any
section w.r.t. the reference
point.
= change of angle per unit
length
= /L for linear increase
= d/dz in general
= radial distance up to any
point where stresses are to be
calculated.
= shear stress at any point
= shear strain at any point
Tr
C
L
dz
Helix, deformed position

of line AB after twist
Steel Structures
Shear stress due to pure torsion is always
perpendicular to the redial distance at that
point.
B' C'
=
dz
d
=
dz
d
=
dz
Reference
point
dz
Steel Structures
dT = dA
= (G )dA
T = GJ
Q = G
= ( ) GdA
= GdA
2
GJ = torsional rigidity
J = Ix + Iy
Now
For circular section
= G
T = Tr = GdA
T
= G
GJ
T = G 2 dA
T
=
J
Steel Structures
max
Tr
=
J
Shear stress
due to torsion
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
(Experimental Method)
Soap Film Analogy
The volume between the bubble
and the original plane (by the
analogy of governing differential
equation) is proportional to the
total torque resistance (applied).
Steeper the slope of tangent at any
point greater will be the shear
stress.
SFA is more useful for noncircular
and irregular section for which
formulas are difficult to derive.
Slope at any point is equal to shear

stress at that point
AIR
Steel Structures
Soap Film Analogy (contd)
Tmax
Square Cross Section

When material behaves
in-elastically
At the
mid of
Longer
side
Rectangular Cross Section
Steel Structures
Soap Film Analogy (contd)
At one section , two

directional shear is
present, GIVING
RESISTING
TORQUE
Soap Film
Steel Structures
By Timoshenko
max
Tt
=
bt 3
Valid for Rectangular Section only

t ( smaller side)
Tt
=C
z
z
bt 3
C, Torsion constant =
3
depends on b/t ratio.
b/t 1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
= 1/3 for practical section

with large b/t ratio.
For section consisting of
more than one rectangular
5.0
.208 .219 .246 .267 .290 1/3
bt 3
C=
3
Steel Structures
Plastic Torsion
Whole the section will yield in torsion, = y
Plastic analysis assumes uniform shear intensity all
around the surface and all around the cross section.
Plastic torsions can be envisioned in

terms of SAND HEAP ANALOGY
Steel Structures
Sand Heap Analogy
Put sand on a plate having a shape same as that of cross section
(Circular, Rectangular, Irregular)
Slope of sand
heap is constant
everywhere as
= y
throughout
Steel Structures
Sand Heap Analogy (contd)
Volume under the sand heap is proportional to the torque.
p max
Tt
=
3
p bt
p = 0.33 for b/t = 1.0

= 0.5 for b/t =
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes
A
D
ds
dz
A
t1
VDA
4
D
VAB
1
VBC
3
VDC
t2 C
2
1=2
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes
V = Resultant shear force at a face
1 remains constant throughout the length
VAB = 1 t1 dz
VCD = 4 t 2 dz
= 0 VAB = VCD
To maintain equilibrium
1 t1 = 4 t 2
For equilibrium of infinitesimal element at corner B, 1 = 2
Similarly, at corner C, 3 = 4
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd)
1 t1 = 4 t 2
2 t1 = 3 t 2
Shear stress is more in the portion where thickness is less but x t
remains constant
The product t is referred to as the shear flow,

q having units of N/mm. The shear flow remains
constant around the perimeter of the tube.
This term comes from an analogy to water flowing
in a loop of pipes having different diameters,
where the total discharge remains the same.
Steel Structures
t = q
(Shear flow)
qB = qC
In general shear flow is same throughout the cross section.
Torsional shear force acting on ds length of wall = q ds
Resisting moment of this force = r q ds
Integrating this differential resisting torque around the perimeter
gives the total resisting torque.
T = r q ds
P
Steel Structures
T = q r ds
r ds
T = 2q
2
P
r
ds
T = 2q A o
Ao = Area enclosed by shear flow path
T = 2 t A o
T
=
2A o t
For hollow closed tube
Steel Structures
Shear Center
Shear center is defined as the point in the cross-sectional plane of a
beam through which the transverse loads must pass so that the beam
bends without twisting.
In other words, loads applied through the shear center will cause no
torsional stresses to develop.
n
( t ) r ds
= 0
T = Pe
e is from Shear Center
S.C.
Steel Structures
Shear Center (contd)
r
T = ( t ) r ds = 0
0
ds
Closed Thin Walled Section
Magnitude of Shear Flow for Transverse Loads

Through Shear Center
VQ
q=
I
(1)
Valid for sections having Ixy = 0
I is about the axis of bending

s
s
I ytds I xy xtds
q=
2 y
I x I y I xy 0
0
Vy
If we put Ixy = 0, we will get (1)
Open Thin Walled Section
Steel Structures
Shear Flow In Thin Walled Open Sections
Due to Applied Shear Force
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram
1. The shear flow in the part of element parallel
to the applied shear is always in a direction
opposite to this applied shear.
2. Shear flow due to direct shear occurs in one
direction through thin walls of open sections.
3. At junction of elements, incoming shear flow
is equal to outgoing shear flow.
Steel Structures
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram (contd)
4. The value of shear flow is zero at free tips of
the element and more shear flow is generated
as more area is added.
5. Shear flow is assumed to be generated on one side of
the neutral axis and consumed/absorbed on the other
side.
6. Shear flow generated is proportional to the first
moment of the area added.
Steel Structures
7. Shear flow increases linearly for the elements
perpendicular to the load and parabolically for
the elements parallel to the load.
8. Shear flow is considered zero for elements which
have insignificant contribution in corresponding
I value.
Steel Structures
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram (contd)
Applied Load
q3
q1
q2
q3 = q1 + q2
Ix is very small so this portion

can be neglected
Steel Structures
General Rules For Locating Shear Center
1. Shear center always lie on axis of symmetry.
2. If two axes of symmetry exist for a section, S.C. will be
at the intersection of these two axis.
3. If the centerlines of all the elements of a section
intersect at a single point this is the shear center.
4. Shear center of Z section is at the centroid.
Shear Center
Shear Center
Steel Structures
Procedure to Locate Shear Center
1. To find horizontal location (ex) apply vertical load (V)
at ex from reference point.
2. Plot shear flow diagram due to applied load.
3. Find the internal shear force in each element.
4. Apply M = 0 at convenient location and find ex
5. Similarly apply horizontal load at a vertical distance
ey from reference point (say centroid) and repeat the
above procedure to calculate ey
6. The distances exand ey locate the shear center.
Steel Structures
Example:
Locate the Shear Center for the given channel section.
tf
d
tw
bf
h = d tf
b = bf
tw
2
Centerline Representation
Steel Structures
Solution
By symmetry about z-axis, the shear center must lie at
half the depth. Only horizontal location is to be found.
V
P
qP
ex
A
VQ
q=
I
qA
Steel Structures
Point A
Point P
h
Q = (b t f )
2
h
V
q A = (b t f )
Ix
2
V
qP = q A +
Ix
V
qP =
Ix
h
h
tw
2
4
h h2
bt f + t w
2 8
Steel Structures
Solution
Shear force in flange
1 V bt f h
Vf =
b
2 Ix
2
V
Vf =
Ix
b 2t f h
4
Shear force in web
P
ex
2 V twh 2
V bt f h
Vw =
h +
h
2
3 Ix
8
Ix
V
Vw =
Ix
bt f h 2 t w h 3
+
2
12
Vf
Vw
Vf
Steel Structures
Solution
M P = 0
h
h
V ex V f V f = 0
2
2
V ex = V f h
Vf
P
ex
Vw
b
tf h
h V
ex =
4
V I x
b 2t f h 2
Positive means on the
ex =
assumed left side.
4I x
Vf
Steel Structures
Solution
N.A.
For vertical location of shear center.
h
ey =
2
Vw
V
ey
Vf
P
Vw
Vf
Applied Torque = Load x Perpendicular distance from S.C.
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Sections
uf = lateral deflection of one of the
flanges
= twist angle at the selected section
y
uf
Vf
h
2
Vf = Shear force in flange due to

torsion. (internal force developed)
is smaller and is in radians, so
h
uf
2
(1)
Vf
h
2
tf
bf
Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd)
The lateral curvature relationship of one flange alone is:
d uf
dz 2
Mf
EI f
(2)
Mf = Lateral Bending moment on one flange

If = Moment of inertia of one flange about y-axis of beam
If =
t f bf
12
Steel Structures
dM f
dM
Vf =
V=
dz
dz
(3)
Differentiating (2) and using (3):
d 3u f
dz
Vf
EI f
V f = EI f
V f = EI f
(h 2)d 3
dz 3
(4)
d 3u f
dz 3
h d 3
V f = EI f
2 dz 3
(5)
Steel Structures
Torsion resistance due to warping
Warping Constant
M w = Vf h
h2
Cw = I f
2
3
t f bf
h2
Cw =
12
2
I y h2
Cw =
2 2
h d 3
M w = EI f 3 h
2 dz
h 2 d 3
= EI f
3
2 dz
d 3
M w = ECw 3
dz
(6)
Cw =
I y h2
4
Steel Structures
Torsion resistance due to Pure torsion
d
M s = GJ
dz
OR
For Circular Section

Total Torque Applied
d
M s = GC
dz
For Non-Circular Section
Mz = Ms + Mw
d
d 3
M z = GC ECw 3
dz
dz
(8)
Steel Structures
Dividing by -ECw
d 3 GJ d
Mz
=
3
dz
ECw dz
ECw
d 3
Mz
2 d
=
3
dz
dz
ECw
(9)
(10)
Non homogeneous differential equation
where
GC
=
ECw
2
GC
ECw
2 = Ratio of pure torsion rigidity to warping torsion rigidity
(11)
Steel Structures
Total Solution
= h + P
= Total Solution
h = Homogeneous Solution
P = Particular Solution
Homogeneous Equation
3
d
2 d
=0
3
dz
dz
Steel Structures
Trial Function
h = Ae
mz
A, m are constants. z is independent variable

3
d
3 mz
= Am e
3
dz
3 mz
2
mz
Am e Ame = 0
Ae mz m3 2 m = 0
For non-trivial solution
A0
Steel Structures
m3 2 m = 0
m(m 2 2 ) = 0
Possible Solutions: m = 0, m = + , m = -
Sum of all solutions is total homogeneous solution
h = A1e + A2 e
z
+ A3e
= A1e z + A2 e z + A3
We know
sinh ( x ) + cosh( x ) = e x
and
sinh ( x ) cosh( x ) = e x
Steel Structures
h = A1 [sinh ( z ) + cosh ( z )] + A2 [cosh ( z ) sinh ( z )] + A3

h = sinh ( z )( A1 A2 ) + cosh ( z )( A1 + A2 ) + A3
h = A sinh ( z ) + B cosh( z ) + C
Homogeneous solution
(13)
Steel Structures
Particular solution
Consider Mz to be constant or linearly varying along the length
Mz = f(z) [Constant or function of first degree]. p may assumed to
be a polynomial of degree up to 2, as twist due to pure torque is first
integral of moment.
Let
e.g.
P = f1 ( z )
(14)
f1 ( z ) = Dz 2 + Ez + F
Polynomial of second order. One

order higher that applied torque.
Uniform torque
Steel Structures
Try this particular integral in (10)
d f1 (z ) 2 df1 ( z )
1
=
f (z )
3
dz
dz
ECw
3
df1 ( z )
1
=
f (z )
dz
ECw
2
As
M z = f (z )
Polynomial of Ist order

(15)
Boundary conditions
1- Torsionally Simply Supported
2
d
=0
=0
2
dz
d
0
dz
weld
Flanges can bend laterally
Steel Structures
This is equivalent to deflection and moment made equal to zero for
simple support for bending. Change of twist d / dz may have any
value at the end.
Flange may displace at the end but web is held at its position.
2- Torsionally Fixed End
2
d
d
=0
=0
0
2
dz
dz
The constant of integration will be

evaluated for individual cases.
weld
Both Flanges and Web are

connected
Steel Structures
After getting the value of constants and full solution for , the
stresses may be evaluated as follows:
Pure Torsional Shear Stress
where
Tr
s =
C
d
T = GC
dz
d
s = Gt
dz
(16)
Steel Structures
Warping Shear Stress

No stress in the web
w =
( w )max. mag.
Vf Qf
Iftf
From (5)
bf bf
h d 3
EI f 3 t f
2 dz
2 4
=
Iftf
(w )max. mag.
b f h d 3
=E
16 dz 3
(16)
Steel Structures
Normal Warping Stress

(in the flanges)
f bw =
(M )
f mag
= EI f
d 2u f
dz
If
(M )
f mag
(M )
f mag
( f bw )max
Mfx
h d 2 b f
EI f
2
2 dz
2
=
If
h d 2
= EI f
2 dz 2
C w d 2
=E
h dz 2
( f bw )max
hb f d 2
=E
4 dz 2
(fbw)max is at
the tips of
flange
Steel Structures
DESIGN AND ALLOWABLE
TORSION STRENGTHS
The design and allowable torsion strengths are below:
Design torsional strength in LRFD
= t T n
Allowable torsional strength in ASD
= Tn / t
Resistance factor for torsion in LRFD
= t = 0.9
Safety factor for torsion in ASD
= t = 1.67
Steel Structures
The nominal torsional strength (Tn) according to
the limit states of torsional yielding and torsional
buckling is:
Tn
= Fn C
The following nomenclature may be used in the

further discussion:
C
torsion constant
2(B t)(H t) 4.5(4 )t3

rectangular HSS
for
Steel Structures
(D t) t
2
overall width of rectangular HSS
overall height of HSS
clear distance between the flanges

less the inside corner radius on each
side
outside diameter of round HSS
length of the member
for round HSS
Steel Structures
Fn For Round HSS
Fn
= Fcr = larger of
1.23E
L D

D t
5/ 4
and
0.60 E
D

t
3/ 2
but the value should not exceed 0.6Fy

Fn For Rectangular HSS
i)
h
For
t
E
2.45
Fy
Fn
= Fcr = 0.6Fy
Steel Structures
ii)
iii)
For
E
2.45
<
Fy
Fn
= Fcr =
For
E
3.07
<
Fy
Fn
= Fcr =
h
E
3.07
t
Fy
E h
0.6 Fy 2.45
t
F
y
h
260
t
0.458 2 E
(h / t ) 2
Steel Structures
Fn For Other Sections
a)
For the limit state of yielding under normal stress:

Fn
b)
For the limit state of shear yielding under shear

stress:
Fn
c)
= Fy
= 0.6Fy
For the limit state of buckling

Fn
= Fcr
where Fcr for buckling is to be determined by detailed

analysis.
Steel Structures
Example:
A W460 x 106 simply supported beam of span 7.5 m is subjected to
a concentrated load of 90kN at mid-span at an eccentricity of 50mm
from the plane of the web. The ends of the member are simply
supported with respect to torsional restrain. Develop the
expression for the angle and compute combined bending and
torsional stresses.
90kN
90kN
e = 50mm
W460 x 106
Steel Structures
Solution:
=0
T/2
T/2 d 2
dz
T/2
3.75 m
=0
3.75 m
Total Torsional
Resistance
T/2
Ms (Pure Torsion)
Mw (Warping Torsion)
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
f (z ) = T
1 T
0 (C 2 ) =
EC w 2
2
T = P e = 90 50
= 4500 kN mm
P = C1 + C 2 z = f1 ( z )
One order ahead
1
d 3 f1 ( z ) 2 df1 ( z )
=
f (z )
3
dz
dz
EC w
GJ
2
where
=
EC w
EC w
T 1
T
C2 =
=
2 EC w GJ
2GC
So, the particular solution is:
T
P = C1 +
z
2GC
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
The total solution is
T
= A sinh (z ) + B cosh ( z ) + C + C1 +
z
2GC
T
= A sinh (z ) + B cosh ( z ) +
z+C
2GC
Boundary Conditions
z = 0, = 0
z = 0,
(I)
d
=0
2
dz
(II)
L
z= ,
2
d
=0
dz
(III)
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
To apply the boundary condition first we have to take Ist and 2nd derivatives
d
T
= A cosh ( z ) + B sinh ( z ) +
dz
2GC
2
d
2
2
(
)
=
A
sinh
z
+
B
cosh ( z )
2
dz
d 3
3
3
(
)
=
A
cosh
z
+
B
sinh ( z )
3
dz
(I ) 0 = 0 + B + 0 + C
B+C = 0
(II) 0 = 0 + B 2 1
C=0
B=0
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
(III)
T
L
0 = A cosh + 0 +
2GC
2
T
1
A=
2GC cosh L
T
T
1
Sinh ( z ) +
z
=
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
2GC
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
sinh ( z )
T
z
=
2GC
cosh ( L 2 )
d
T cosh ( z )
=
dz 2GC cosh ( L 2 )
d
T cosh ( z )
1
=
dz 2GC cosh ( L 2 )
d 2
T sinh ( z )
=
2
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
dz
d 3 T 2 cosh ( z )

=
3
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
dz
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
W 460 x 106
Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3
Ix = 48, 700 x 104 mm4
C = J = 145 x 104 mm4
Cw = 12,62,119 x 106 mm6
1/ = 1501 mm
L = 7500 mm
h = d tf = 448.4 mm
tf = 20.6 mm
tw = 12.6 mm
bf = 194 mm
d = 469 mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
z
0
0.1L
0.2L
0.3L
0.4L
0.5L
z
0
0.5
0.999
1.499
1.999
2.498
E
2,00,000
G=
=
= 76,923MPa
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3)
Sinh(z)
0
0.521
1.174
2.127
3.623
6.038
Cosh(z)
1.000
1.128
1.542
2.350
3.759
6.120
GC = 76,923 145 10 4 = 1115 108 N mm 2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Pure Torsional Shear Stress
d
s = Gt
dz
Tt
cosh ( z )
1
=
2 J cosh ( L 2 )
4500 1000t
cosh ( z )
1
=
4
2 145 10 cosh (2.49 )
cosh ( z )
= 1.552t 1
6.120
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Maximum pure torsional shear stress is at the ends
cosh ( 0 )
(s )max . = 1.55t 1
6.120
z =0 ,L
(s )max . = 1.297t
z =0 ,L
(s )max . = 1.297t f
= 1.297 20.6 = 26.72 MPa
for flange
(s )max . = 1.297t w = 1.297 12.6 = 16.34 MPa

for web
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Warping Shear Stress
In flanges
(w )max
Eb f h d 3
=
16 dz 3
2
Eb f h T 2 cosh ( z )

16
2GC cosh ( L 2 )
T b f h cosh ( z )
=
2C w 16
6.12
2
= 0.307 cosh ( z )
2 =
GC
EC w
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Along the length maximum value will occur at z=L/2
(w )max at midspan z = L/ 2
= 0.307 cosh
2
= 1.88MPa
(w ) at ends z =0 = 0.31MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Normal Warping Stress
( f bw )max
( f bw )max
Eb f h d 2
=
4 dz 2
Eb f h T sinh ( z )
=
4
2GC
6.12
( f bw )max = 9.56 sinh (z )

As flanges are simply supported at ends, the maximum stress will be at
mid-span
( f bw )max
= 9.56 sinh = 57 .69 MPa

2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Maximum Normal Stress due to Ordinary Flexure
M PL 4
fb =
=
Sx
Sx
90 ,000 7500 4
=
2080 10 3
f b = 81.13MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Shear Stress due to Ordinary Bending
VQ
=
Ib
At the N.A.:
448.4
427.8 427.8
45000194 20.6
+ 12.6
2
2
4
=
48,700 10 4 12.6
= 8.68 MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
At face of Web:
With in flange at edge of web
VQ
=
Ib
448.4
194 12.6
45000
20.6
2
2
=
48,700 10 4 12.6
= 1.88 MPa
= 1.88 MPa
Steel Structures
Summary of Stresses
Type of Stress
Normal Stress
z Vertical Bending, fb
z Torsional Bending, fbw
Shear Stress in Web

z Pure Torsion, s
z Vertical Bending,
Shear Stress in Flange

z Pure Torsion, s
z Warping Torsion, w
z Vertical Bending,
Support
Mid Span
0
0
81.13
57.69
Sum = 138.82 MPa < 0.9 x 250 = 225
MPa O.K.
16.34
8.68
Sum = 25.02 MPa
< 0.9x 0.6x 250 = 135 OK
0
8.68
Sum = 8.68 MPa
< 0.9x 0.6x 250 = 135 OK
26.72
0.31
1.88
Sum = 28.91 MPa
< 135 MPa
0
1.88
1.88
Sum = 3.76 MPa < 135 MPa,
O.k.
OK
Results: Beam is safe in flexure, torsion and shear at all the sections
Steel Structures
Analogy Between Warping Torsion and Lateral
Bending
PH
T
h
PH
PHx h = T
PH = T/h
Steel Structures
Because the differential equation solution is time consuming, and

really suited only for analysis, design of a beam to include torsion is most
conveniently done by making the analogy between torsion and ordinary
bending
It is assumed that all the torque is resisted by warping torsion which

is not the actual situation (solution will be approximate).
factor is used to reach near to actual solution.
factors are problem specific values, depending on end conditions.

Tables have been proposed for factor to cover different situations.
factor tables are available in the Textbook and Book by Salmon &
Johnson.
1
Steel Structures
Table 12.2. Values of Factor for Equivalent Lateral Bending Analogy of Torsion.
Type of Torque
Torsional End
Conditions
Location of
Concentrated
Torque
Positive Mf Factor
at Load Point or
0.5L in case of UDL
Point torque
Negative Mf Factor
at z = 0
Negative Mf Factor
at z = L
Simple
z = 0.5L
1.08
0.186(L)
+ 0.0099(L)2
Point torque
Simple
z = 0.3L
1.065
0.133(L)
+ 0.00569(L)2
Point torque
Fixed
z = 0.5L
1.024
0.0475(L)
0.00405(L)2
1.055
0.0799(L)
+ 0.0012(L)2
1.055
0.0799(L)
+ 0.0012(L)2
Point torque
Fixed
z = 0.3L
1.017
0.0261(L)
0.00371(L)2
1.046
0.062(L)
+ 0.000333(L)2
1.059
0.0858(L)
+ 0.00197(L)2
Uniformly
Distributed
Simple
Uniformly
Distributed
Fixed
1.029
0.0498(L)
0.00126(L)2
1.029
0.0498(L)
0.00126(L)2
1.096
0.228(L)
+ 0.0128(L)2
Steel Structures
Analogy For Torsion (contd)
PH
f bw
PH/2
T t
vs =
C
Mf
2M f
=
=
Sy / 2
Sy
PH/2
vw =
Vf Qf
Iftf
Vf=PH/2
PHL/4 =VfL/2
L
M f = V f
2
Correction factor
Steel Structures
Example:
Select a W section for a beam to carry 9kN/m dead load including the self
weight, and a live load of 24 kN/m. The load is applied at an eccentricity
of 175mm from center of web. The simply supported span is 8.0 m.
Assume that ends of beam are simply supported for torsion.
Solution:
wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.2 9 + 1.6 24
= 49.2 kN / m
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
wu = 49.2 kN / m
175 mm
8.0 m
mu
mu L
2
Torque diagram
mu L
2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
49.2 8.0 2
M ux =
= 393.60 kN m
8
175
mu = 49.2
= 8.61 kN m / m
1000
d min
Let
Assume
L 8000
=
=
= 364mm
22
22
h 364mm
L = 3.0
Initial assumption
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
z = 0.5L, a = 0.5
wH L2
Mf =
8
2
mu L
=
h 8
mu
wH =
h
L = 3 = 1.096 0.228(3) + 0.0128(3)2 = 0.527

2
8.61 8.0
= 96.51 kN m
M f = 0.51
0.364 8
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
(S x )req
M ux 2 M f (S x S y )
=
+
b Fy
b Fy
Approximate value
(S x )req
393.60 106 2 96.51106 (2.75)

=
+
0.9 250
0.9 250
(S x )req = 4109 103 mm3
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Where high torsional strength is required, W360 sections are preferable
because these usually give less stresses due to torsional warping.
Trial Section
W 360 x 237
Check conditions of
compact section
bf = 395 mm
bf/2tf = 6.5
Iy = 31100 x 104 mm4
tf = 30.2 mm
h/tw = 13.7
tw = 18.9 mm
Sy = 1580 x 103 mm3
d = 380 mm
C = J = 824 x 104 mm4
Sx = 4160 x 103 mm3
Ix = 79100 x 104 mm4
1/ = 1735 mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Assuming that Lb Lp, no problem of LTB
1
L =
8000 = 4.61
1735
= 1.096 0.228(L) + 0.0128(L)2

= 1.096 0.228(4.61) + 0.0128(4.61)2 = 0.317
h = d t f = 380 30.2 = 349.8mm
mu L2
Mf =
h 8
8.0 2
1
= 0.309 8.61
= 60.85kN m
8 0.3498
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Normal Bending Stress At Mid-span
M ux 2M f
f un =
+
Sx
Sy
393.60 106 2 60.85 106
=
+
3
4160 10
1580 103
= 171.64 MPa
< b Fy = 225MPa O.K.
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Shear Stress
Warping torsionCritical at ends

Vertical bendingCritical at ends
Pure torsion...Critical at ends
Warping Shear Stress At Supports (Center of Flanges):
w =
Vf Qf
Iftf
mu
8.611000
Vf =
= 0.309
= 7606 N
h
0.3498
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Qf =
If =
bf
Iy
2
t f
bf
4
= 589 103 mm3
= 15550 10 4 mm 4
7606 589 103

w =
= 1.524 MPa
4
15550 10 18.9
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Web Shear Stress (end section):
(
w L 2) Q
=
At N.A.
I x tw
htf
h
Q = b f t f + t w
2
htf

4
= 2328 103 mm3
(
49.2 8.0 2) 1000 2328 103
=
79100 10 4 18.9
= 30.65MPa
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd)
Pure Torsion (end section):
T tw
s =
C
mu L
T=
= 34.44 kN mm
2
34.44 106 18.9
s =
= 79.00 MPa
4
824 10
Warping shear stress in the web = vw = 0
Total web shear stress at end section = v + vs + vw
= 30.65 + 79.00 + 0 = 109.65MPa
< 135MPa O.K.
Steel Structures
Flange Shear Stress (end section):
(
w L 2) Q
=
I x tw
At Junction of Web and Flange

Q=
bf
2
t f
bf
4
= 1043 103 mm3
196.8 1000 1043 103

=
79100 10 4 30.2
= 8.59MPa
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion (end section):
T tw
s =
C
Including small
mu L
warping
T=
= 34.44 kN mm
contribution in the
2
same formula
6
34.44 10 30.2
s =
= 113.62 MPa
4
824 10
Total shear stress at end section
= v + vs + vw
= 8.59 + 113.62 + 1.53 = 123.74 MPa

< 135MPa O.K.
Steel Structures
Concluded

M.sc. Steel 03 Prof. Zahid Siddiqi

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

M.sc. Steel 03 Prof. Zahid Siddiqi

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Steel Structures

M.Sc. Structural Engineering

Design for Torsion

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Moment about longitudinal axis

Torque can be resisted in two different ways

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Any particular cross section twists as a whole

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Under the Action of Torque

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Plane section remains plane.

Radial lines remain straight.

Moment is applied along longitudinal axis.

Material remains elastic.

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Helix, deformed position

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

For circular section

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Slope at any point is equal to shear

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Square Cross Section

Rectangular Cross Section

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

At one section , two

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Valid for Rectangular Section only

= 1/3 for practical section

.208 .219 .246 .267 .290 1/3

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Plastic torsions can be envisioned in

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

p = 0.33 for b/t = 1.0

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

The product t is referred to as the shear flow,

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

For hollow closed tube

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Closed Thin Walled Section

Magnitude of Shear Flow for Transverse Loads

Valid for sections having Ixy = 0

I is about the axis of bending

If we put Ixy = 0, we will get (1)

Open Thin Walled Section

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Ix is very small so this portion

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi and Dr. Azhar Saleem

Shear force in web