Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

A)
B)
C)
D)

1.Learning is best defined as

any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked.
a change in the behavior of an organism.
a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.
behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.

A)
B)
C)
D)

2.In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as

CS.
CR.
US.
UR.

A)
B)
C)
D)

3.In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus;
after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.
conditioned; neutral
neutral; conditioned
conditioned; unconditioned
unconditioned; conditioned

A)
B)
C)
D)

4.To obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not
when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?
extinction
generalization
classical conditioning
discrimination

A)
B)
C)
D)

5.When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned

stimulus, ________ will soon take place.
generalization
discrimination
extinction
aversion

A)
B)
C)
D)

6.In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the
CS.
CR.
US.
UR.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

7.Which of the following is a form of associative learning?

classical conditioning
cognitive learning
observational learning
all of these types of learning

A)
B)
C)
D)

8.For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

about 1 second after the US.
about one-half second before the US.
about 15 seconds before the US.
at the same time as the US.

A)
B)
C)
D)

9.During extinction, the ________ is omitted; as a result, the ________ seems to disappear.
US; UR
CS; CR
US; CR
CS; UR

A)
B)
C)
D)

10.In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat
was the ________.
CS; CR
US; CS
CS; US
US; CR

A)
B)
C)
D)

11.In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?

emotional problems
the body's immune response
helping drug addicts
in all of these cases

A)
B)
C)
D)

12.In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous

recovery occurred
during acquisition, when the CS was first paired with the US.
during extinction, when the CS was first presented by itself.
when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.
during discrimination training, when several conditioned stimuli were introduced.

A)

13.Which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct?

Learning is most rapid with intermittent reinforcement, but continuous

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B)
C)
D)

reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction.

Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent
reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction.
Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest after continuous
reinforcement.
Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest following intermittent
reinforcement.

A)
B)
C)
D)

14.The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval

A)
B)
C)
D)

15.A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being
positively reinforced.
negatively reinforced.
punished.
extinguished.

16.One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

in classical conditioning the responses operate on the environment to produce
rewarding or punishing stimuli.
B)
in operant conditioning the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli.
C)
in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli.
D)
in operant conditioning the responses are reflexive.
A)

A)
B)
C)
D)

17.Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because

behavior is not forgotten and may return.
punishing stimuli often create fear.
punishment often increases aggressiveness.
of all of these reasons.

A)
B)
C)
D)

18.Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

presenting a positive stimulus after a response
removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
being told that you have done a good job
All of these are examples.
19.Shaping is a(n) ________ technique for ________ a behavior.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

operant; establishing
operant; suppressing
respondent; establishing
respondent; suppressing
20.For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented
in relation to the desired response?
immediately before
immediately after
at the same time as
at least a half-hour before

21.In distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment, we note that

punishment, but not negative reinforcement, involves use of an aversive stimulus.
in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a
response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
C)
in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a
response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
D)
in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a
response by the termination of an aversive stimulus.
A)
B)

A)
B)
C)
D)

22.The piecework, or commission, method or payment is an example of which

reinforcement schedule?
fixed-interval
variable-interval
fixed-ratio
variable ratio

A)
B)
C)
D)

23.Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by

discrimination learning.
punishment.
negative reinforcement.
classical conditioning.

A)
B)
C)
D)

24.On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given

in very small amounts.
randomly.
for successive approximations of a desired behavior.
only some of the time.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

25.You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This
is an example of
operant conditioning.
classical conditioning.
conditioned reinforcement.
partial reinforcement.

A)
B)
C)
D)

26.Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon
will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is
because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval

A)
B)
C)
D)

27.Operant conditioning is to ________ as classical conditioning is to ________.

Pavlov; Watson
Skinner; Bandura
Pavlov; Skinner
Skinner; Pavlov

A)
B)
C)
D)

28.Online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant
conditioning principles of
shaping and immediate reinforcement.
immediate reinforcement and punishment.
shaping and primary reinforcement.
continuous reinforcement and punishment.

A)
B)
C)
D)

29.Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

putting on a coat on a cold day
relief from pain after the dentist stops drilling your teeth
receiving a cool drink after washing your mother's car on a hot day
receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done

A)
B)
C)
D)

30.Cognitive processes are

unimportant in classical and operant conditioning.
important in both classical and operant conditioning.
more important in classical than in operant conditioning.
more important in operant than in classical conditioning.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

31.In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate
taste with electric shock.
sights and sounds with sickness.
taste with sickness.
taste and sounds with electric shock.

A)
B)
C)
D)

32.Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best
known for studying this type of learning is ________.
secondary; Skinner
observational; Bandura
secondary; Pavlov
observational; Watson

A)
B)
C)
D)

33.Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an

important factor in conditioning is
the research participant's age.
the strength of the stimuli.
the predictability of an association.
the similarity of stimuli.

A)
B)
C)
D)

34.Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ________ and are believed by some scientists to
be the neural basis for ________.
frontal lobe; observational learning
frontal lobe; classical conditioning
temporal lobe; operant conditioning
temporal lobe; observational learning

A)
B)
C)
D)

35.In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive
as
similar to ourselves.
respected and admired.
successful.
having any of these characteristics.

A)
B)
C)
D)

36.A cognitive map is a

mental representation of one's environment.
sequence of thought processes leading from one idea to another.
set of instructions detailing the most effective means of teaching a particular
concept.
biological predisposition to learn a particular skill.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

37.After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze
with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This
performance illustrates
classical conditioning.
discrimination learning.
observational learning.
latent learning.

38.Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that

for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS.
any perceivable stimulus can become a CS.
all animals are biologically primed to associate illness with the taste of a tainted
food.
D)
all of these statements are true.
A)
B)
C)

A)
B)
C)
D)

39.Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers

believe that
aggressive children simply prefer violent programs.
television simply reflects, rather than contributes to, violent social trends.
watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.
there is only a weak correlation between exposure to violence and aggressive
behavior.

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Answer Key
1.C
2.C
3.B
4.D
5.C
6.D
7.A
8.B
9.C
10.B
11.D
12.C
13.B
14.B
15.B
16.C
17.D
18.D
19.A
20.B
21.D
22.C
23.C
24.D
25.A
26.C
27.D
28.A
29.D
30.B
31.C
32.B
33.C
34.A
35.D
36.A
37.D
38.A
39.C

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