Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

CHAPTER

19

Probability Distributions

1. (a) X = {Number of heads}

= {0, 1, 2, 3}

3. Let X represent the number of blue marbles obtained.

3
8
p = , q =
5
20
2
=
5

(b) X = {Number of blue marbles}

= {0, 1, 2}
(c) X = {Number of trials that hit the target}
= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(a) P(X = 1) = 5C1p1q4

2 3

= 5C1
5 5

= 0.2592

2. Let X represents the number of heads.

p = P(H), q = P(T)
1
1
= =
2
2
(a) P(X = 3) = 3C3p3q0
1 3 1

= 3C3
2
2
1

=
8

(b) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 5C0p0q5 + 5C1pq4 + 5C2p2q3
2 0 3 5
2 3 4

= 5C0 + 5C1
5
5
5 5
2
3
2
3
5
+ C2
5
5

= 0.6826

1 21 2
1 21 2

1 21 2

(b) P(X = 1) = 3C1p1q2

1 1 1

= 3C1
2
2
3
=
8

(c) P(X > 1) = 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 5C0p0q5
2 0 3

= 1 5C0
5
5

= 0.9222

1 21 2

1 21 2

1 21 2

(c) P(X > 1) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 3C1p1q2 + 3C2p2q1 + 3C3p3q0
1 1 2
1 2 1
3

=
C1 + 3C2
2 2
2
2
3
0
1
1
+ 3C3
2
2
1
3
3

=++
8
8
8
7

=
8

1 21 2

4. 2(y + 2y) = 1
1
3y =
2
1
y =
6

1 21 2

1 21 2

Alternative
P(X > 1) = 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 3C0p0q3
1 0 1

= 1 3C0
2
2
1

=1
8
7

=
8

1 21 2

4
1
5. p = , q = , n = 50
5
5
(a) Mean = np
1

= 50
5

= 10
(b) Variance = npq

4
= 10
5

=8

Standard deviation = AB
8

1 21 2

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

6. Let X represents the number of goals scored.

p = 0.85, q = 0.15
(a) P(X = 10) = 10C10p10q0

= 10C10(0.85)10(0.15)0

= 0.1969
(b) P(X < 3)

= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= 10C0p0q10 + 10C1p1q9 + 10C2p2q8 + 10C3p3q7
10
=
C 0 (0.85) 0 (0.15) 10 + 10 C 1 (0.85) 1 (0.15) 9
+ 10C2(0.85)2(0.15)8 + 10C3(0.85)3(0.15)7

= 0.0001346

f(z)
0.703

10. = 50, s = 5
x
(a) z =
s
65
50
=
5
= 3

Substitute 1 into 2,
120q = 40
1
q =
3
p = 1 q
2
=
3
2
Substitute p = into 1,
3
2
n = 120
3
3
n = 120
2
= 180

45 50
(b) z =
5
= 1

1 2

52.4 50
(c) z =
5
= 0.48
11. = 1.5, s = 0.3
Let X represents the diameters of ball bearing
(a) P(X . 1.8)

8. Y = {y : 29C < y < 39C}

9. (a) P(Z < 1) = 1 0.1587

= 0.8413

(b) P(X , 1.2)

(c) P(1.2 , X , 1.8)

f(z)
0.8413

(b) P(1.2 , Z , 0.52)

= P(Z , 0.52) P(Z , 1.2)

= 0.3015 0.1151

= 0.1864

1.2 1.5
(b) P(X , 1.2) = P Z ,
0.3

= P(Z , 1)

= 0.1587

(c) P(1.2 , X , 1.8)

1.2 1.5
1.8 1.5

= P , Z ,
0.3
0.3

= P(1 , Z , 1)

= 1 2P(Z . 1)

= 1 2(0.1587)

= 0.6826

0.1864

1.2 0.52 0

1.8 1.5
12. (a) P(X . 1.8) = P Z .
0.3

= P(Z . 1)

= 0.1587

f(z)

(c) P(Z , 1.043)

= P(1.043 , Z , 1.043)

= 1 2P(Z . 1.043)

= 1 2 0.1485

= 0.703

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1.043

(d) P(Z . 0.416)

= P(Z , 0.416 or Z . 0.416)

= P(Z , 0.416) + P(Z . 0.416)

= 0.3387 + 0.3387

= 0.6774

7. np = 120................................ 1
npq = 40.................................. 2

1.043 0

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

13. = m gram, s = 0.2 gram

Let X be the weight of the prawn.
P(X , 2) = 0.1
2m
P Z , = 0.1
0.2
zm = 1.282
2m
= 1.282

0.2
m = 2 + 1.282 0.2
= 2.256

1
1. (a) Probability of picking a white marble, p =
5

\ Number of white marbles are expected to be
picked
= n p
1
= 20
5
= 4

f(z)

(b) Let X represent the number of time the white

marble is picked for the remaining 10 trials.
1 4 4 6
(i) P(X = 4) = 10C4
5
5

= 0.08808

0.1

zm

1 21 2

(ii) P(X 12)

= 1 P(X = 0) P(X = 1)
1 0 4 10
1

= 1 10C0 10C1
5
5
5

= 0.6242

14. = 12 cm, s = 0.08 cm

Let X be the length of straw.
P(X . t) = 0.8
t 12
P Z . = 0.8
0.08
zt = 0.842
t 12
= 0.842

0.08
t = 12 0.842 0.08
= 11.93

15. (a) = 25 cm, s = m cm

Let X represents the diameter of the wheel.
1
P(X . 26) =
100
26 25
P Z . = 0.01
m

zm = 2.326
26 25
= 2.326

m
1

m =
2.326
= 0.4299

3. (a) The mean of the distribution of success

=
np
1
= 8 1
4
3
= 8
4
= 6

(b) P(X 1) = 1 P(X = 0)

3 0 1

= 1 8C0
4
4
8
1

= 1
4

1
= 1
65 536
65 535

=
65 536

zm

1 21 2

1 2

0.01

f(z)

(b) = 80, s2 = 9

s = 3
x
zk =
s
x
80

1.03 =
3
x = 80 + 3 1.03
= 83.09

0.8

0.697
2. (a) P(Z . k) = 0.5
2
= 0.1515
k = 1.03

f(z)

zt

1 2 145 2

1 21 2

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

1.21 = 1.1
4. = 6.3, s = ABBB
x
(a) z =
s
5.9 6.3
=
1.1
= 0.3636

(b) P(5.9 < X < 6.3)

6.3 6.3
5.9 6.3

= P < Z <
1.1
1.1

= P(0.3636 < Z < 0)

= 0.5 P(Z > 0.3636)

= 0.5 0.3581

= 0.1419

(ii)
q = 1 0.4 = 0.6
Let X be the number of times hitting the
target.
P(X > 1)

= 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 8C0p0q8

= 1 8C0(0.4)0(0.6)8

= 0.9832

5. (a) 4k2 + 2t + 1 = 1
2

(b) = 55.5 kg, s = 12 kg

Let X represents the mass of worker.
(i) P(X , 45)
45 55.5

= P Z ,
12

= P(Z , 0.875)

= 0.1908

2t = 1 1 4k2
2
1
4k2
=
2

t = 1 2k2
4

(b) When k = 1 ,
4
t = 1 2 1
4
4
1
=
8

0.1908
z

0.875 0

1 2

(ii)

P(X . k) = 0.15
k
55.5
P Z . = 0.15
12

zk = 1.036
k

55.5
= 1.036
12

k = 12(1.036) + 55.5
= 67.93

P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 4k2 + t + 1
2

= 1 + 1 + 1
4
8
2

= 7
8

f(z)

6. p = 0.3, q = 0.7
Let X be the number of girls selected.
(a) P(X > 3)

= 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)]

= 1 [8C0p0q8 + 8C1p1q7 + 8C2p2q6]

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f(z)

1 2

4k2 = 4 1
4
= 1
4

C 1 (0.3) 1 (0.7) 7

7. (a) n = 8, mean = 3.2

(i) Mean = 3.2
np = 3.2
8p = 3.2
p = 0.4

0.1419

0.3636 0

(b)
npq = 212
n(0.3)(0.7) = 212
212

n =
(0.3)(0.7)
= 2100

The population of the pupils is 2100.

f(z)

= 1 [ 8 C 0 (0.3) 0 (0.7) 8 +
+ 8C2(0.3)2(0.7)6]
= 0.4482

0.15

zk

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

8. = 12 g, s = 4 g
(a) P(Grade B) = P(15 , X < 20)
15 12
20 12

= P , Z <
4
4

= P(0.75 , Z < 2)

= P(Z . 0.75) P(Z . 2)

= 0.2266 0.0228

= 0.2038

2. Let P be the probability running below 15 seconds.

p = 0.6, q = 0.4
n=8

P(exactly 5 persons ran below 15 seconds)

= 8C5p5q3
= 8C5(0.6)5(0.4)3
= 0.2787

3. Let p represents the probability a family has at least

one car, p = 0.9, q = 0.1, n = 10
Let X represents the number of families having at least
one car.
P(X > 8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)
= 10C8p8q2 + 10C9p9q1 + 10C10p10q0
10
=
C 8 (0.9) 8 (0.1) 2 + 10 C 9 (0.9) 9 (0.1)
+ 10C10(0.9)10(0.1)0

= 0.9298

f(z)
0.2038

0.75

(b) P(Grade A) = P(X . 20)

20 12

= P Z .
4

= P(Z . 2)

= 0.0228

4. Let p represents the probability that the bulb is not

defective.
p = 0.8 and q = 0.2, n = 8

Number of eggs of grade A = 0.0228 20 000

= 456

Let X be the number of bulbs that are not defective.

P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 8C0p0q8 + 8C1p1q7 + 8C2p2q6
8
=
C 0 (0.8) 0 (0.2) 8 + 8 C 1 (0.8) 1 (0.2) 7
+ 8C2(0.8)2(0.2)6

= 0.001231

(c)

P(X , m) = 0.75
m 12
P Z , = 0.75
4
m
12
= zm
4
= 0.674

m = 4 0.674 + 12
= 14.696

5. P(Z . k) = 0.1
k = 1.282
P(0 , Z , k) = 2P(m , Z , 0)

0.5 0.1 = 2P(m , Z , 0)
P(m , Z , 0) = 0.2
m = 0.525

f(z)
0.75

zm

f(z)
0.2

0.3 m

6. (a) P(Z , k) = 0.3

k = 0.524
1. (a) P(X = 3) = 1 P(X = 0) P(X = 1) P(X = 2)

= 1 0.1 0.2 0.3

= 0.4

x
z =
s
x
63

0.524 =
3
x = 63 + 3(0.524)
= 61.428

(b)

(b) P(X > 1) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4

= 0.9

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

Let X represents the number of tries that hit the

target.
(i) P(X . 6) = P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)

= 8C7p7q1 + 8C8p8q0

= 8C7(0.7)7(0.3)1 + 8C8(0.7)8(0.3)0

= 0.2553

x
7. z =
s
58

0.5 =
2
= 58 2(0.5)
= 57

(ii) P(X = 3) = 8C3p5q3

= 8C3(0.7)5(0.3)3

= 0.2541

8. = 60 kg, s = 5 kg
(a)
P(60 , X , k) = 0.35

k 60 = 0.35
60 60 , Z ,
P
5
5
k

60 = 0.35
P 0 , Z ,
5
k 60 = 1.036

5 k = 60 + 5(1.036)

2
2

(b) = mean = median = 500 ml, s = 10 ml

Let X be the volume of bottle.
(i) P(488 , X , 502)
488 500
502 500

= P , Z ,
10
10

= P(1.2 , Z , 0.2)

= 1 P(Z , 1.2) P(Z . 0.2)

= 1 0.1151 0.4207

= 0.4642

= 65.18
f(z)
0.35

f(z)
0.4642

k 60

(b) P(X . k) = P(X . 65.18)
65.18 60

= P Z .
5

= P(Z . 1.036)

= 0.15

P(500 , X , t) = 0.4
500

500
t 500
P , Z , = 0.4
10
10
t

500

P 0 , Z , = 0.4
10
t 500

= 1.282
10

t = 1.282 10 + 500
= 512.82

f(z)
0.4

Variance = 100
npq = 100................ 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
300q = 100
1
q =
3
p = 1 q
2
=
3

probability on target
0.7
1 0.7
0.3
8

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t
500
10

11. (a) p = The probability of family having one child.

Mean = 300, variance = 100

Mean = 300
np = 300..................... 1

Number of rulers that have length more than

14.5 cm
= 0.6915 50 000
= 34 575

10. (a) p =
=
q =
=
n =

2
2

(b) P(X . 14.5)

= 1 0.3085

= 0.6915

0 0.2

(ii)

9. Median = mode = 15 cm, s = 1 cm

Let X be the length of ruler.
(a) P(X , 14.5)
14.5 15

= P Z ,
1

= P(Z , 0.5)

= 0.3085

1.2

The number of washing machines that have mass

greater than k
= 1200 0.15
= 180

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

2
Substitute p = into 1,
3
2
n = 300
3
3
n = 300
2
= 450
2
Therefore, p = and n = 450.
3

(ii)

P(X . n) = 0.08
n 1500
P Z . = 0.08
30
n

1500
= 1.405
30

n = 1500 + 30(1.405)
= 1542.15

1 2

f(z)

(b) Let X be the marks.

(i) Let m be the minimum mark to score band
1.
P(X > m) = 0.2
m 70
P Z . = 0.2
5

zm = 0.842
m 70
= 0.842
5

m = 70 + 5 0.842
= 74.21

0.08

(i) Let X be the number of times hitting the

target.
P(X = 1) = P(X = 2)
n
C1p1qn 1 = nC2p2qn 2
1 1 n 1 n(n 1)
1 2
1 n2
n
=
2 2
2
2
2
n
n
1
1
n(n

1)
n =
2
2
2
n(n 1)

n =
2

2n = n2 n
n2 3n = 0
n(n 3) = 0

n = 0, 3
Therefore, n = 3.

1 21 2

zm

12. (a) Mean = 1500 months,

standard deviation = 30 months
Let X be the life span.
(i) P(X , 1480)
1480 1500

= P Z ,
30

= P(Z , 0.667)

= 0.2524

(ii) Mean = np = 50
1
r = 50
2

r = 100

1 2

13. (a) p = 0.8, q = 0.2

Let X be the number of scores.

f(z)

(i) P(X < 3)

= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= 8C0p0q8 + 8C1p1q7 + 8C2p2q6 + 8C3p3q5
8
=
C0(0.8)0(0.2)8 + 8C1(0.8)(0.2)7
+ 8C2(0.8)2(0.2)6 + 8C3(0.8)3(0.2)5

= 0.01041

0.2524

1 2

0.667 0

1 21 2

1 2

0.2
0

(b) p = probability of hitting the target

1
=
2
1

q =
2

f(z)

zt

z = 1.405

Therefore, n = 1542

0.1

(ii) Let t be the maximum mark for band 3.

P(X , t) = 0.1
t 70
P Z , = 0.1
5
t
70
= 1.282
5

t = 70 + 5(1.282)
= 63.59

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

14. (a) (i) Mean = 12

np = 12.............. 1

(ii) P(X > 1) = 0.92

1 P(X = 0) = 0.92
1 nC0p0qn = 0.92

1 (1)(1)(0.2)n = 0.92

(0.2)n = 1 0.92
= 0.08
n log10 0.2 = log10 0.08
log10 0.08

n =
log10 0.2
= 1.569

Variance = 4
npq = 4........... 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
12q = 4
1
q =
3
2
p =
3

Therefore, n = 2

2
In 1, n = 12
3
3

n = 12
2
= 18
2
Therefore, p = and the number of trials,
3
n = 18

1 2

x
(b) (i)
z =
s
10
1 =
s

10 = s

s = 10.......................... 1
12

2 =
s
2s = 12
+ 2s = 12......................... 2

(ii) P(X > 6)

= P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= 8C6p6q2 + 8C7p7q1 + 8C8p8q0
2 6 1 2
2 7 1 1
8
=
C6 + 8C7
3
3
3
3
2 8 1 0
+ 8C8
3
3

= 0.4682

2 1,
3s = 2
2
s =
3

1 21 2
1 21 2

2
Substitute s = into 1,
3
2
= 10
3
2
= 10 +
3
2
= 10
3
(ii) P(9 , X , 11)
2
2
11 10
9 10
3
3

= P , Z ,
2
2

3
3

= P(2.5 , Z , 0.5)

= 1 P(Z , 2.5) P(Z . 0.5)

= 1 0.00621 0.3085

= 0.6853

1 21 2

(b) = 5.2, s = 0.5

Let X represents the time, in hour.
(i) P(X , 5)
5 5.2

= P Z ,
0.5

= P(Z , 0.4)

= 0.3446

(ii)

P(X . t) = 0.6
t 5.2
P Z . = 0.6
0.5

zt = 0.253
t 5.2

= 0.253
0.5

t = (0.253)(0.5) + 5.2
= 5.0735

f(z)

f(z)

0.6853

2.5

0.6

0 0.5

Hence, the percentage is 68.53%.

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zt

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

3. Let p be the percentage who fail and q be the

percentage who pass.
p = 40%, q = 60%
= 0.4
= 0.6

1. (a) There are 2 vowels, a and e.

2

P(vowel) =
8
1

=
4

Let X be the number of candidates who fail.

1 8 3 2
C8 = 0.0003862
4
4
(ii) P(X > 2)

= 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]
1 0 3 10
1

= 1 10C0 + 10C1
4
4
4

= 0.756
(b) (i)

10

P(X > 8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)

= 10C8(0.4)8(0.6)2 + 10C9(0.4)9(0.6)1
+ 10C10(0.4)10(0.6)0

= 0.01229

1 21 2

4. Let p be the percentage who fail to get a credit and q

be the percentage who pass with a credit
p = 10%
q = 90%
= 0.1 = 0.9

1 2 134 2 4

3 1 21 2

(iii) P(X < 2)

= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X
1 0 3 10
1 1
= 10C0 + 10C1
4
4
4
2
8
1
3
+ 10C2
4
4

= 0.5256

1 21 2

Let X be the number of students who fail to get a

credit.

= 2)
3 9

P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 8C0(0.1)0(0.9)8 + 8C1(0.1)1(0.9)7
+ 8C2(0.1)2(0.9)6

= 0.9619

1 21 2

1 21 2

5. Let
p be the percentage of pencils which are defective
and q be the percentage of pencils which are not
defective.
p = 10%
q = 90%
= 0.1 = 0.9

2. (a) = 55, s = 10
Let X be the mark.

35 55
P(X > 35) = P Z .
10

= P(Z . 2)

= 1 0.0228

= 0.9772

Let X be the number of defective pencils.

(a) P(X = 0) = 20C0(0.1)0(0.9)20

= 0.1216
(b) P(X = 2) = 20C2(0.1)2(0.9)18

= 0.2852

f(z)
0.9772

6. p =
=
q =
=

(b) 0.9772 500 = 488

(a) Let X be the number of flights on time.

P(X > 5)

= P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)
= 6C5(0.9)5(0.1)1 + 6C6(0.9)6(0.1)0

= 0.8857

(c) P(Z . t) = 0.13

t = 1.127
f(z)

(b) Let Y be the number of Good service award.

P(Y > 9) = P(Y = 9) + P(Y = 10) + P(Y = 11)
+ P(Y = 12)

= 12C9(0.8857)9(0.1143)3
+ 12C10(0.8857)10(0.1143)2
+ 12C11(0.8857)11(0.1143)
+ 12C12(0.8857)12(0.1143)0

= 0.9603

13%

x 55
= 1.127
10
x = 11.27 + 55
= 66.27

probability of arrival on time

0.9
probability of arrival not on time
0.1

Therefore, the minimum mark is 66.27.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 19

7. Let X be the radius of the wheel.

P(X . 12.52) = 5%
12.52
= 0.05
P Z .
s
12.52
= 1.645

s

12.52 = 1.645s

= 12.52 1.645s....................1

8. (a) = 40 kg, s = 5 kg
Let X represents the weight of the student.
50 40
P(X . 50) = P Z .
5

= P(Z . 2)

= 0.0228

f(z)

f(z)

0.0228
5%

1.645

Therefore, the percentage is 2.28%.

(b) = t kg, s = 5 kg
P(X . 60) = 5%
60 t
P Z . = 0.05
5
60 t

= 1.645
5

t = 60 5 1.645
= 51.775

P(X , 11.02) = 1%
11.02
P Z ,
= 0.01
s
11.02
= 2.326

s

11.02 = 2.326s...............................2

f(z)

f(z)
1%
2.326

5%
0

Substitute 1 into 2,
11.02 (12.52 1.645s) = 2.326s

11.02 12.52 = 2.326s 1.645s

1.5 = 3.971s
1.5

s =
3.971
= 0.3777
Substitute s = 0.3777 into 1,
= 12.52 1.645(0.3777)
= 11.9
Therefore, the mean is 11.9 and the standard deviation
is 0.3777.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

10

0 1.645