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Plaxis Vietnam Seminar 2008

PRESENTATION
Dr. William CHEANG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1.Dennis WATERMAN
2.Dr.Ronald BRINKGREVE
3.Prof.Harry TAN

PART 1
1:GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY SPACE,
SPACE BOUNDARIES AND MESHING.
MESHING
PART 2: INITIAL STRESSES AND PHI-C REDUCTION

ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL GEOTECHNICS

Contents
2

Planestrain,Axisymmetry,3Dmodel
Model boundaries
Modelboundaries

Generalconsiderations
Excavations
Shallowfoundations
Embankments
Tunnels

Meshing
Conclusions&Discussion
References

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Plane strain
3

Considerations:

Onedimensionisrelativelylong
Similargeometryandstressorloadingconditionsinanycross
section longdimension

Consequences:

Nostrain longdimension(stresscanchange!)
Noshearstressandarching longdimension
Modelrepresents1lengthunit longdimension

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Plane strain
4

Examples:

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Plane strain
5

NOTaplanestrainsituation:

30 m

45 m
45 m

8m

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Axi-symmetry
6

Considerations:

Geometryiscircular
Geometry
is circular
Similargeometryandstressorloadingconditionsinanycross
sectionthatincludesthecentralaxis

Consequences:

Stressandstrain centralaxisareradial
Modelrepresents1radianaroundcentralaxis

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Axi-symmetry
7

Examples:

NOTpossiblewithgravity!

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Axi-symmetry
8

NOTanaxisymmetricsituation:

Gravity!

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3D models
9

Considerations:

DoIreallyneeda3Dmodel?
IfIstillusea2Dmodel:
Wouldthisgiveconservativeoroptimisticresults?
Howlargeistheerror?

Consequences:

Moredifficultmodellingandinterpretationofresults
Longercalculationtimes
Generallylessaccurateresults(duetocoarsermeshes)

Nevertheless:3Dcalculationsarefeasible!
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3D models
10

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3D models
11

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3D models
12

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Model boundaries
13

Generalconsiderations

Typeofanalysis:Deformation,stability,dynamics,(flow).
Typeofbehaviour:Drainedorundrained.
Isthesituation(fully!)symmetric?Canwemodelonlyhalfthe
problem?
Boundariesshouldnotinfluenceresults.
Changesinstressandstrainatboundariesshouldbelow(exceptfor
g
(
p
symmetryboundaries).
Whatistheconsequenceoftakingboundariescloserorfurther
away?

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Model boundaries
14

Stabilityanalysis:

Mechanismmustfitinmodel
Onlyplasticdeformationisrelevant
Stressstatemaynotbedisturbedbyboundaries(arching!)
Modelcangenerallybesmallerthanfordeformationanalysis

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Model boundaries
15

Deformationanalysis:

Deformationsmaystilloccuratalargedistancefromtheaction,
especiallyforundrainedanalysis(preservationofvolume!).
Bothelasticandplasticdisplacementsareofinfluence.
Modelshouldgenerallybelargerthanforstabilityanalysis

drained

undrained
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Model boundaries
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Dynamicanalysis:

Vibrationsmayoccuratverylargedistancefromtheaction.
Evenverysmalldisplacements(vibrations)areofinfluence.
Evenifmeasuresaretakentoavoidspuriousreflectionsat
boundaries,itisbettertotakeboundariesfaraway(considering
wavespeedanddurationofanalysis).
Modelshouldgenerallybelargerthanfordeformationanalysis
~

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Model boundaries
17

Stability analysis

Drained
deformation analysis

Undrained
deformation analysis

Dynamic analysis

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Model boundaries Shallow foundations

18

a
w

Suggestions:

initial stress
distribution

after loading

(0.1 to 0.2) accepted

Stability analysis:
Drained deformation:
Undrained deformation:

a 2w
a 3w
a 4w

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Model boundaries Shallow foundations

19

Takeaccountofthefollowing:

Fordeformationanalysis:
WhenusingMohrCoulomb,usedifferentlayerswithincreasing
stiffness;bottomlayerwithheightw shouldhavelargesmall
strainstiffness.
WhenusingHardeningSoil,usebottomlayerwithheightw
withlargesmallstrainstiffnessforEurref.
BestresultsusingHSsmallmodel.
Forhorizontalloadingcomponents:Increasedwidthinloading
direction.

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Model boundaries Embankments

20

a
h

Similarity with shallow footings

Suggestions:

Stability analysis:
Drained deformation:
Undrained deformation:

a 2w
a 3w
a 4w

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Model boundaries Embankments

21

Takeaccountofthefollowing:

Embankmentsareconsideredtofollowsimilarrulesasshallow
foundationswiththesamebasewidthw

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Model boundaries Excavations

22

Suggestion for deformation analysis (based on Dutch situations):

(K.J. Bakker, PAO course Damwanden)
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Model boundaries Excavations

23

Settlement behind a sheetpile wall

reelative displacement dv/dh

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Clay
Sand low stiff

-0.5
-0.6

Sand medium stiff

Sand Higher friction

-0.7
-0.8
relative distance x/h

Motivation: Settlement trough behind the wall from FE analyses

(K.J. Bakker, PAO course Damwanden)
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Model boundaries Excavations

24

w
l

a
d
Generall
G
SStability
b l analysis:
l
a l and
d a 2d
suggestions: Structural forces analysis: a 2d (Vermeer & Wehnert, 2005)
Deformation analysis:
a = 2d to 3d or 2w to 3w (max. of d and w)
(Meiner (2002)
Deformation analysis:
a 2d ; bottom layer d with small-strain
stiffness for Eurref (Vermeer & Wehnert, 2005)
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Model boundaries Excavations

25

Takeaccountofthefollowing:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Suggestedmodeldepthrequiresthatlargesmallstrainstiffnessis
usedbelowtheexcavation.
WhenusingHardeningSoil,usebottomlayerwithheightd with
largesmallstrainstiffnessforEurref.
UsinganormalstiffnessforEurref willresultinunrealisticheaveof
excavationbottom(andwall);alowermodeldepthshouldthenbe
considered(but2ispreferred).
Ignoringsmallstrainstiffnesswillgenerallyresultinatoowide
settlementtroughbehindthewall,regardlessthemodelwidth.
Fora <3d significantsettlementsmaybeexpectedatuppermodel
corners.Thisisevenmorepronouncedforundrained behaviour.

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Model boundaries Excavations

26

Consideringthewall:
1.

2.
3.

Unrealisticheaveofexcavationbottomgivesunrealisticheaveof
wall>uselargestiffnessbelowexcavation
Fora <2d verticalmodelboundariesinfluencewalldisplacements
Modeldepthandwidthseemtohavelittleinfluenceonthewall
forces(bendingmoments)
(Vermeer&Wehnert,2005)

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Model boundaries Tunnels

w

27

w
D
a
Suggestions:

D
a

TBM or
NATM excavation

Face stability: a D ; w 2D (Ruse, 2003)

Structural forces, probably w 2D
Drained deformation:
w 3D
Undrained deformation:
w 4D

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Model boundaries Tunnels

28

Takeaccountofthefollowing:
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Largeunloadingandsmallstrainstiffnessbelowthetunnel
Suggestedmodeldepthrequiresthatlargesmallstrainstiffnessisused
belowthetunnel(MC:differentsublayers;HS:largeEurref).
Ignoringsmallstrainstiffnesswillresultinunrealisticheaveoftunnel;a
lowermodeldepthshouldthenbeconsidered(but2ispreferred).
Ignoringsmallstrainstiffnesswillgenerallyresultinatoowide
settlementtroughabovethetunnel,regardlessthemodelwidth.
F
Forw
<3D
3D significantsettlementsmaybeexpectedattheupper
i ifi
l
b
d
h
modelcorners.Thisisevenmorepronouncedforundrainedbehaviour.
Fordeeptunnelstheoverburdenmaybemodelledasload,provided
thatatleastaheightw abovethetunnelisincludedinthemodel.

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Meshing
29

Typeofelement:

TwotypesofvolumeelementsareavailableinPlaxisV8:
node (ux, uy)

y-axis

stress point (, )

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

x-axis
6-node triangle

(quadraticinterpolation)

15-node triangle

(4th orderinterpolation)

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Meshing
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Typeofelement:

Whichtypeofelementinwhichsituation?
6-node elements

15-node elements

Plane strain
Working load

Failure loads
Phi c reduction
Phi-c
Axi-symmetry

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Meshing
31

Typeofelement:

3Delement(onlyonetype):

3
12
1

7
10

15

14

(quadraticinterpolation)

11

13
5

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Meshing
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Generalconsiderations:

Finemeshesrequirednearloadsandstructures(alsoattunnelfaces;
Ruse,2003).
Coarsermeshesmaybeusedtowardsthemodelboundaries.
Bettertouselargermodelswithrelativelylargeelements(coarsemesh)
neartheboundarythantousesmallermodels.

Suggestion:

Uselocalelementsizefactorstomakemeshesfinenearloadsand
structuresandcoarseatmodelboundaries(localelementsizefactormay
belargerthan1.0!).

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Meshing
33

Using local refinement:

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Conclusions & Discussion

34

Conclusions:

Modelsizeandboundariesdepend,a.o.,ontypeofanalysisandtypeof
Model
size and boundaries depend a o on type of analysis and type of
behaviour(stabilityanalysis,draineddeformationundraineddeformation,
dynamicanalysis).

Smallstrainstiffnessandrelativelylargemodelsareneededtoaccurately
predictdeformations.

Makeuseoflocalrefinementorlocalelementsizefactorstooptimise
mesh!

Discussionpoints:

Suggestedvaluesforboundarydistances.

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References
35

PottsD.M.,ZdravkovicL.(2001).Finiteelementanalysisingeotechnical
engineering Application.ThomasTelford,London.
MeinerH.(2002).Baugruben EmpfehlungendesArbeitskreises1.6
NumerikinderGeotechnik,Abschnitt3,Geotechnik25Nr.1,pp.4446.
SchweigerH.F.(2002).MusterlsungundParameterstudiefrdreifach
verankerteBaugrube,Geotechnik25Nr.2,pp.101109.
RuseN.M.(2003).RumlicheBetrachtungderStandsicherheitder
OrtsbrustbeimTunnelvortrieb.PhDthesis.InstitutfrGeotechnik.
UniversittStuttgart.
Vermeer P A Wehnert M (2005) Beispiele von FE Anwendungen Man
VermeerP.A.,WehnertM.(2005).BeispielevonFEAnwendungen
Man
lerntnieaus.In:FEMinderGeotechnik(ed.Grabeet.al.).Technische
UniversittHamburgHarburg.

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Thank you for your attention

Q ti
Questions
?

36

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Plaxis Vietnam Seminar 2008

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INITIAL STRESSES & PHI-C REDUCTIONS

William Cheang
Plaxis Asia

Initial stresses
38

Initialstressesrepresenttheequilibriumstateof
the undisturbed soil and consist of:
theundisturbedsoilandconsistof:
Soilweight
Loadinghistory

GeneratedinPlaxisbyalternatively:
K0

procedure
Gravityloading

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K0-procedure

Generation of initial stresses during input

'v = v u = z. u
' h = 'v K 0

Needed:
Coefficient for lateral earth pressure K0.
Advantage:
No displacements are generated, only stresses.
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage
No equilibrium for inclined surface

Gravity loading
40

Calculationofinitialstressesbyweightloading
Advantage:
Ad
t
Equilibrium satisfied in all cases.
Disadvantage:
Nonphysical displacements are created

For 1D compression:

' h = 'v

so

K0 =

(1 )

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Gravity loading
41

Procedure
Initialphase
SkipK0 procedure,Mweightremainszero

Phase1
ChoosePlasticcalculation,Totalmultipliers
SetweightmultiplierMweight=1

Phase2
SelectResetdisplacementstozero todiscardall

displacementsfromraisingthegravity

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Gravity loading
42

Notes
Undrainedmaterial
Undrained material
Select

Ignoreundrainedbehaviour inPhase1to
preventthegenerationofunrealisticexcesspore
pressures

K0

procedurehasbeenusedfirst

IntheInitialphaseredotheK0

procedure,butwith
Mweight=0;thiswillresetallinitialstressesto
zero.

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Gravity loading
43

Caseswheregravityloadingshouldbeused
instead of K0procedure:
insteadofK
procedure:

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SAFETY FACTOR
ANALYSIS

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Safety factor analysis

45

New possibilities: Phi/c reduction

Provides a conventional safety factor
Same numerical tool as for serviceabilityy design
g
Automatically detects most critical failure mechanism

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Safety factor analysis

46

Phi/creduction:
Reductionofstrengthparametersc
g p
andtan(() until
failureisreached.
ThefactorofsafetyMsf:

q is kept constant < qu

Msf =

c
creduced

tan
tan reduced

Lowered incrementally

tan reduced

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Example, undrained stability of a slope:

H = 12m

2
1

cu = 50 kPa

Plaxis:
F = 1,35

cu = 100 kPa

Stability charts:

F = N0

cu
50
= 6.6
= 1,38
Pd
12 20

Example undrained stability:

Automatic detection of most critical shear surface:

Plaxis:
F = 1.34

cu = 50 kPa

cu = 60 kPa

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Example undrained stability:

Automatic detection of most critical shear surface:

Plaxis:
F = 1,19

cu = 50 kPa

cu = 50 kPa

Safety factor analysis

50

Calculationprocedure:
Createaphi/creductionphase
AcceptthedefaultincrementforMsf=0.1fromthe
Accept the default increment for Msf 0 1 from the
multipliertabsheet.
Calculate

Notes:

Select control point within failing body

Use sufficient number of load steps
U a sufficiently
Use
ffi i l fi
fine meshh
Remember that anchors and structures may complicate

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Carefully examine results:

1.16

1.16

1.12

1.12

Sum-Msf

Sum-Msf

Msf vs. displacement curve of control point in Plaxis Curves, (May also
be seen during calculation)

1.08
1.04
1.0
0.0

1.08
1.04

0.3

0.6
0.9
1.2
displacement

1.5

1.0
0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

displacement

Insufficient no of load steps

Sufficient load steps

Carefully examine results:

Plot of incremental displacements or strains:

1 Arrows of
1.
incremental
displacements

2 Shadings of
2.
incremental
displacements

3 Shadings of
3.
incremental shear
strains

26

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Thank you for your attention

Q ti
Questions
?

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Plaxis Vietnam Seminar 2008

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