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Nailis Syifa
Compounding (USP):
The preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging, or labeling of a drug or device:
(i). as the result of a practitioners Prescription Drug Order or initiative based on the
pharmacist/patient/prescriber relationship in the course of professional practice, or
(ii). For the purpose of, as an incident to research, teaching, or chemical analysis and not
for sale or dispensing. Compounding also includes the preparation of drugs and devices in
anticipation of Prescription Drug Orders based on routine, regularly observed patterns.
Dispensing:
Reviewing the order for correctness of dosing and indication for use; processing the order;
compounding/ preparing the drug; and dispensing the drug in a timely manner.
Prescribing:
Assessing the need for/selecting the correct drug; individualizing the therapeutic regimen;
and designing the desired therapeutic response.
Administering:
Administering the right medication to the right patient; administering the medication when
indicated; and informing the patient about the medication
Monitoring:
Monitoring and documenting the patients response; identifying and reporting ADR;
reevaluating the drug selection, drug regimen, frequency, and duration.
The prescription dispensing is likely to be the major activity occupying pharmacists time.
There are steps involved in preparing and distributing medications to patients.
In a pharmaceutical care practice, the role of pharmacist must be focused on professional
activities that address patients drug therapy needs. Daily operations management by the
pharmacist should be minimized to allow for uninterrupted patient interaction.
FUNCTIONS OF PRACTICING PHARMACISTS
Types of Functions:
1. professional functions;
2. technical functions essential to practice;
3. administrative, supervisory, and managerial functions;
4. Entrepreneurial functions related to the investment of capital and ownership of
pharmacies.
PROFESSIONAL FUNCTIONS
The commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education of the
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) identified 10 (ten) functions
of professional pharmacy practice.
These functions are:
1. participating in the process of drug use decisions;
2. selecting the drug product dosage form;
3. Selecting drug product source of supply;
4. determining the dose and dosage schedule;
5. preparing the drug product for patient use;
6. providing the drug product to the patient;
7. providing drug information to the patient;
8. monitoring the patient to maximize compliance;
9. monitoring the patient to detect adverse drug reactions and drug interactions;
10. Monitoring the patient to enhance the outcomes of drug therapy.
The Practice of Pharmacy (The NABPs Model State Pharmacy Practice Act (MSPPA))
means:
Pharmacist: SMRT
Date: 27/11/04
Dr. Mujarab
Practical Pharmacy
13 Kartoiboro Street
Sleman, Jogjakarta
Rx 123
Pharmacist: SMRT
Ba Yar Utang
Date: 27/11/04
Dr. Baik Hati
Take one tablet every four to six hours as needed for severe pain
Tylenol w/ Codeine no.3 tablets Quantity: 30
Mfg: Punyaku Labs
Refills: 1
Discard after: 00/00/00
Beyond-Use Date
This is the date put on the dispensing container by the pharmacist.
USP 27 (2004) states:
1. The dispenser shall place on the label of the prescription container a suitable
beyond-use date to limit the patients use of the article based on any information
supplied by the manufacturer and the General Notices and Requirements of this
Pharmacopeia. The beyond-use date placed on the label shall not be later than the
expiration date on the manufacturers container.
2. The beyond-use date is the date after which an article must not be used.
Drug products labeled, packed, and dispensed by the pharmacist on prescription orders:
3. The non-sterile solid and liquid dosage forms are to be repackaged and stored under
conditions specified in the product monograph; otherwise, the conditions should be
controlled room temperature and relative humidity should not exceed 75% at 23oC.
4. The USP also prohibits reprocessing of repackaged unit-dose containers, i.e., the
pharmacist may not remove dosage units from one unit-dose container and dispense
it in another unit-dose container.
Assigning Beyond-Use Dates to Compounded Drug Preparations
1. The General Notices of the USP state that compounded drug preparations shall be
labeled with a beyond-use date.
2. The general rules for assigning beyond-use dates state that pharmacist must take
into account the nature of the drug or drugs involved; the characteristics of the
preparation container, and the expected storage conditions.
3. Before compounding any drug product, consult the available literature for stability
information.
4. When assigning a beyond-use date to a compounded preparation, the pharmacist
must take into consideration the expiration dates of all the ingredients used in
formulating the preparation.
5. The USP Chapter on pharmacy compounding has established some basic guidelines
that are useful in assigning beyond-use dates for non-sterile compounded
preparations.
a. the guidelines are quoted as follows.
In the absence of stability information that is applicable to a specific drug
and preparation, the following maximum beyond-use dates are
recommended for non-sterile compounded drug preparations that are
packed in tight, light-resistant containers and stored at controlled room
temperature unless otherwise indicated.
For Non-aqueous Liquids and Solid Formulations:
where the manufactured drug product is the source of active ingredients:
The beyond-use date is not later than 25% of the time remaining until the products
expiration date or 6 months, whichever is earlier.
-where a USP or NF substance is the source of active ingredient:
The beyond-use date is not later than 6 months.
For Water-Containing Formulations (prepared from ingredients in solid
form):
The beyond-use date is not later than 14 days when stored at cold
temperatures.